produced by david widger following the equator a journey around the world by mark twain samuel l clemens hartford connecticut this book is affectionately inscribed to my young friend harry rogers with recognition of what he is and apprehension of what he may become unless he form himself a little more closely upon the model of the author the pudd'nhead maxims these wisdoms are for the luring of youth toward high moral altitudes the author did not gather them from practice but from observation to be good is noble but to show others how to be good is nobler and no trouble contents chapter i the party across america to vancouver on board the warrimo steamer chairs the captain going home under a cloud a gritty purser the brightest passenger remedy for bad habits the doctor and the lumbago a moral pauper limited smoking remittance men chapter ii change of costume fish snake and boomerang stories tests of memory a brahmin expert general grant's memory a delicately improper tale chapter iii honolulu reminiscences of the sandwich islands king liholiho and his royal equipment the tabu the population of the island a kanaka diver cholera at honolulu honolulu past and present the leper colony chapter iv leaving honolulu flying fish approaching the equator why the ship went slow the front yard of the ship crossing the equator horse billiards or shovel board the waterbury watch washing decks ship painters the great meridian the loss of a day a babe without a birthday chapter v a lesson in pronunciation reverence for robert burns the southern cross troublesome constellations victoria for a name islands on the map alofa and fortuna recruiting for the queensland plantations captain warren's notebook recruiting not thoroughly popular chapter vi missionaries obstruct business the sugar planter and the kanaka the planter's view civilizing the kanaka the missionary's view the result repentant kanakas wrinkles the death rate in queensland chapter vii the fiji islands suva the ship from duluth going ashore midwinter in fiji seeing the governor why fiji was ceded to england old time fijians convicts among the fijians a case where marriage was a failure immortality with limitations chapter viii a wilderness of islands two men without a country a naturalist from new zealand the fauna of australasia animals insects and birds the ornithorhynchus poetry and plagiarism chapter ix close to australia porpoises at night entrance to sydney harbor the loss of the duncan dunbar the harbor the city of sydney spring time in australia the climate information for travelers the size of australia a dust storm and hot wind chapter x the discovery of australia transportation of convicts discipline english laws ancient and modern flogging prisoners to death arrival of settlers new south wales corps rum currency intemperance everywhere $100 000 for one gallon of rum development of the country immense resources chapter xi hospitality of english speaking people writers and their gratitude mr gane and the panegyrics population of sydney an english city with american trimming squatters palaces and sheep kingdoms wool and mutton australians and americans costermonger pronunciation england is home table talk english and colonial audiences 124 chapter xii mr x a missionary why christianity makes slow progress in india a large dream hindoo miracles and legends sampson and hanuman the sandstone ridge where are the gates chapter xiii public works in australasia botanical garden of sydney four special socialties the government house a governor and his functions the admiralty house the tour of the harbor shark fishing cecil rhodes' shark and his first fortune free board for sharks chapter xiv bad health to melbourne by rail maps defective the colony of victoria a round trip ticket from sydney change cars from wide to narrow gauge a peculiarity at albury customs fences my word the blue mountains rabbit piles government r r restaurants duchesses for waiters sheep dip railroad coffee things seen and not seen chapter xv wagga wagga the tichborne claimant a stock mystery the plan of the romance the realization the henry bascom mystery bascom hall the author's death and funeral chapter xvi melbourne and its attractions the melbourne cup races cup day great crowds clothes regardless of cost the australian larrikin is he dead australian hospitality melbourne wool brokers the museums the palaces the origin of melbourne chapter xvii the british empire its exports and imports the trade of australia to adelaide broken hill silver mine a roundabout road the scrub and its possibilities for the novelist the aboriginal tracker a test case how does one cow track differ from another chapter xviii gum trees unsociable trees gorse and broom a universal defect an adventurer wanted l200 got l20 000 000 a vast land scheme the smash up the corpse got up and danced a unique business by one man buying the kangaroo skin the approach to adelaide everything comes to him who waits a healthy religious sphere what is the matter with the specter chapter xix the botanical gardens contributions from all countries the zoological gardens of adelaide the laughing jackass the dingo a misnamed province telegraphing from melbourne to san francisco a mania for holidays the temperature the death rate celebration of the reading of the proclamation of 1836 some old settlers at the commemoration their staying powers the intelligence of the aboriginal the antiquity of the boomerang chapter xx a caller a talk about old times the fox hunt an accurate judgment of an idiot how we passed the custom officers in italy chapter xxi the weet weet keeping down the population victoria killing the aboriginals pioneer days in queensland material for a drama the bush pudding with arsenic revenge a right spirit but a wrong method death of donga billy chapter xxii continued description of aboriginals manly qualities dodging balls feats of spring jumping where the kangaroo learned its art 'well digging endurance surgery artistic abilities fennimore cooper's last chance australian slang chapter xxiii to horsham colony of victoria description of horsham at the hotel pepper tree the agricultural college forty pupils high temperature width of road in chains perches etc the bird with a forgettable name the magpie and the lady fruit trees soils sheep shearing to stawell gold mining country $75 000 per month income and able to keep house fine grapes and wine the dryest community on earth the three sisters gum trees and water chapter xxiv road to ballarat the city great gold strike 1851 rush for australia great nuggets taxation revolt and victory peter lalor and the eureka stockade pencil mark fine statuary at ballarat population ballarat english chapter xxv bound for bendigo the priest at castlemaine time saved by walking description of bendigo a valuable nugget perseverence and success mr blank and his influence conveyance of an idea i had to like the irishman corrigan castle and the mark twain club my bascom mystery solved chapter xxvi where new zealand is but few know things people think they know the yale professor and his visitor from n z chapter xxvii the south pole swell tasmania extermination of the natives the picture proclamation the conciliator the formidable sixteen chapter xxviii when the moment comes the man appears why ed jackson called on commodore vanderbilt their interview welcome to the child of his friend a big time but under inspection sent on important business a visit to the boys on the boat chapter xxix tasmania early days description of the town of hobart an englishman's love of home surroundings neatest city on earth the museum a parrot with an acquired taste glass arrow beads refuge for the indigent too healthy chapter xxx arrival at bluff n z where the rabbit plague began the natural enemy of the rabbit dunedin a lovely town visit to dr hockin his museum a liquified caterpillar the unperfected tape worm the public museum and picture chapter xxxi the express train a hell of a hotel at maryborough clocks and bells railroad service chapter xxxii description of the town of christ church a fine museum jade stone trinkets the great man the first maori in new zealand women voters person in new zealand law includes woman taming an ornithorhynchus a voyage in the 'flora' from lyttelton cattle stalls for everybody a wonderful time chapter xxxiii the town of nelson the mongatapu murders the great event of the town burgess' confession summit of mount eden rotorua and the hot lakes and geysers thermal springs district kauri gum tangariwa mountains chapter xxxiv the bay of gisborne taking in passengers by the yard arm the green ballarat fly false teeth from napier to hastings by the ballarat fly train kauri trees a case of mental telegraphy chapter xxxv fifty miles in four hours comfortable cars town of wauganui plenty of maoris on the increase compliments to the maoris the missionary ways all wrong the tabu among the maoris a mysterious sign curious war monuments wellington chapter xxxvi the poems of mrs moore the sad fate of william upson a fellow traveler imitating the prince of wales a would be dude arrival at sydney curious town names with poem chapter xxxvii from sydney for ceylon a lascar crew a fine ship three cats and a basket of kittens dinner conversations veuve cliquot wine at anchor in king george's sound albany harbor more cats a vulture on board nearing the equator again dressing for dinner ceylon hotel bristol servant brampy a feminine man japanese jinriksha or cart scenes in ceylon a missionary school insincerity of clothes chapter xxxviii steamer rosettes to bombay limes 14 cents a barrel bombay a bewitching city descriptions of people and dress woman as a road decoration india the land of dreams and romance fourteen porters to carry baggage correcting a servant killing a slave arranging a bedroom three hours' work and a terrible racket the bird of birds the indian crow chapter xxxix god vishnu 108 names change of titles or hunting for an heir bombay as a kaleidoscope the native's man servant servants' recommendations how manuel got his name and his english satan a visit from god chapter xl the government house at malabar point mansion of kumar shri samatsin hji bahadur the indian princess a difficult game wardrobe and jewels ceremonials decorations when leaving the towers of silence a funeral chapter xli jain temple mr roychand's bungalow a decorated six gun prince human fireworks european dress past and present complexions advantages with the zulu festivities at the bungalow nautch dancers entrance of the prince address to the prince chapter xlii a hindoo betrothal midnight sleepers on the ground home of the bride of twelve years dressed as a boy illumination nautch girls imitating snakes later illuminated porch filled with sleepers the plague chapter xliii murder trial in bombay confidence swindlers some specialities of india the plague juggernaut suttee etc everything on gigantic scale india first in everything 80 states more custom houses than cats rich ground for thug society chapter xliv thug book supplies for traveling bedding and other freight scene at railway station making way for white man waiting passengers high and low caste touch in the cars our car beds made up dreaming of thugs baroda meet friends indian well the old town narrow streets a mad elephant chapter xlv elephant riding howdahs the new palace the prince's excursion gold and silver artillery a vice royal visit remarkable dog the bench show augustin daly's back door fakeer chapter xlvi the thugs government efforts to exterminate them choking a victim a fakeer spared thief strangled chapter xlvii thugs continued record of murders a joy of hunting and killing men gordon gumming killing an elephant family affection among thugs burial places chapter xlviii starting for allahabad lower berths in sleepers elderly ladies have preference of berths an american lady takes one anyhow how smythe lost his berth how he got even the suttee chapter xlix pyjamas day scene in india clothed in a turban and a pocket handkerchief land parceled out established village servants witches in families hereditary midwifery destruction of girl babies wedding display tiger persuader hailstorm discourages the tyranny of the sweeper elephant driver water carrier curious rivers arrival at allahabad english quarter lecture hall like a snowstorm private carriages a milliner early morning the squatting servant a religious fair chapter l on the road to benares dust and waiting the bejeweled crowd a native prince and his guard zenana lady the extremes of fashion the hotel at benares an annex a mile away doors in india the peepul tree warning against cold baths a strange fruit description of benares the beginning of creation pilgrims to benares a priest with a good business stand protestant missionary the trinity brahma shiva and vishnu religion the business at benares chapter li benares a religious temple a guide for pilgrims to save time in securing salvation chapter lii a curious way to secure salvation the banks of the ganges architecture represents piety a trip on the river bathers and their costumes drinking the water a scientific test of the nasty purifier hindoo faith in the ganges a cremation remembrances of the suttee all life sacred except human life the goddess bhowanee and the sacrificers sacred monkeys ugly idols everywhere two white minarets a great view with a monkey in it a picture on the water chapter liii still in benares another living god why things are wonderful sri 108 utterly perfect how he came so our visit to sri a friendly deity exchanging autographs and books sri's pupil an interesting man reverence and irreverence dancing in a sepulchre chapter liv rail to calcutta population the city of palaces a fluted candle stick ochterlony newspaper correspondence average knowledge of countries a wrong idea of chicago calcutta and the black hole description of the horrors those who lived the botanical gardens the afternoon turnout grand review military tournament excursion on the hoogly the museum what winter means calcutta chapter lv on the road again flannels in order across country from greenland's icy mountain swapping civilization no field women in india how it is in other countries canvas covered cars the tiger country my first hunt some elephants get away the plains of india the ghurkas women for pack horses a substitute for a cab darjeeling the hotel the highest thing in the himalayas the club kinchinjunga and mt everest thibetans the prayer wheel people going to the bazar chapter lvi on the road again the hand car a thirty five mile slide the banyan tree a dramatic performance the railroad the half way house the brain fever bird the coppersmith bird nightingales and cue owls chapter lvii india the most extraordinary country on earth nothing forgotten the land of wonders annual statistics everywhere about violence tiger vs man a handsome fight annual man killing and tiger killing other animals snakes insurance and snake tables the cobra bite muzaffurpore dinapore a train that stopped for gossip six hours for thirty five miles a rupee to the engineer ninety miles an hour again to benares the piety hive to lucknow chapter lviii the great mutiny the massacre in cawnpore terrible scenes in lucknow the residency the siege chapter lix a visit to the residency cawnpore the adjutant bird and the hindoo corpse the tai mahal the true conception the ice storm true gems syrian fountains an exaggerated niagara chapter lx to lahore the governor's elephant taking a ride no danger from collision rawal pindi back to delhi an orientalized englishman monkeys and the paint pot monkey crying over my note book arrival at jeypore in rajputana watching servants the jeypore hotel our old and new satan satan as a liar the museum a street show blocks of houses a religious procession chapter lxi methods in american deaf and dumb asylums methods in the public schools a letter from a youth in punjab highly educated service a damage to the country a little book from calcutta writing poor english embarrassed by a beggar girl a specimen letter an application for employment a calcutta school examination two samples of literature chapter lxii sail from calcutta to madras thence to ceylon thence for mauritius the indian ocean our captain's peculiarity the scot has one too the flying fish that went hunting in the field fined for smuggling lots of pets on board the color of the sea the most important member of nature's family the captain's story of cold weather omissions in the ship's library washing decks pyjamas on deck the cat's toilet no interest in the bulletin perfect rest the milky way and the magellan clouds mauritius port louis a hot country under french control a variety of people and complexions train to curepipe a wonderful office holder the wooden peg ornament the prominent historical event of mauritius paul and virginia one of virginia's wedding gifts heaven copied after mauritius early history of mauritius quarantines population of all kinds what the world consists of where russia and germany are a picture of milan cathedral newspapers the language best sugar in the world literature of mauritius chapter lxiii port louis matches no good good roads death notices why european nations rob each other what immigrants to mauritius do population labor wages the camaron the palmiste and other eatables monkeys the cyclone of 1892 mauritius a sunday landscape chapter lxiv the steamer arundel castle poor beds in ships the beds in noah's ark getting a rest in europe ship in sight mozambique channel the engineer and the band thackeray's madagascar africanders going home singing on the after deck an out of place story dynamite explosion in johannesburg entering delagoa bay ashore a hot winter small town no sights no carriages working women barnum's purchase of shakespeare's birthplace jumbo and the nelson monument arrival at durban chapter lxv royal hotel durban bells that did not ring early inquiries for comforts change of temperature after sunset rickhaws the hotel chameleon natives not out after the bell preponderance of blacks in natal hair fashions in natal zulus for police a drive round the berea the cactus and other trees religion a vital matter peculiar views about babies zulu kings a trappist monastery transvaal politics reasons why the trouble came about chapter lxvi jameson over the border his defeat and capture sent to england for trial arrest of citizens by the boers commuted sentences final release of all but two interesting days for a stranger hard to understand either side what the reformers expected to accomplish how they proposed to do it testimonies a year later a woman's part the truth of the south african situation jameson's ride a poem chapter lxvil jameson's raid the reform committee's difficult task possible plans advice that jameson ought to have the war of 1881 and its lessons statistics of losses of the combatants jameson's battles losses on both sides the military errors how the warfare should have been carried on to be successful chapter lxviii judicious mr rhodes what south africa consists of johannesburg the gold mines the heaven of american engineers what the author knows about mining description of the boer what should be expected of him what was a dizzy jump for rhodes taxes rhodesian method of reducing native population journeying in cape colony the cars the country the weather tamed blacks familiar figures in king william's town boer dress boer country life sleeping accommodations the reformers in boer prison torturing a black prisoner chapter lxix an absorbing novelty the kimberley diamond mines discovery of diamonds the wronged stranger where the gems are a judicious change of boundary modern machinery and appliances thrilling excitement in finding a diamond testing a diamond fences deep mining by natives in the compound stealing reward for the biggest diamond a fortune in wine the great diamond office of the de beer co sorting the gems cape town the most imposing man in british provinces various reasons for his supremacy how he makes friends conclusion table rock table bay the castle government and parliament the club dutch mansions and their hospitality dr john barry and his doings on the ship norman madeira arrived in southampton following the equator chapter i a man may have no bad habits and have worse pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the starting point of this lecturing trip around the world was paris where we had been living a year or two we sailed for america and there made certain preparations this took but little time two members of my family elected to go with me also a carbuncle the dictionary says a carbuncle is a kind of jewel humor is out of place in a dictionary we started westward from new york in midsummer with major pond to manage the platform business as far as the pacific it was warm work all the way and the last fortnight of it was suffocatingly smoky for in oregon and columbia the forest fires were raging we had an added week of smoke at the seaboard where we were obliged awhile for our ship she had been getting herself ashore in the smoke and she had to be docked and repaired we sailed at last and so ended a snail paced march across the continent which had lasted forty days we moved westward about mid afternoon over a rippled and summer sea an enticing sea a clean and cool sea and apparently a welcome sea to all on board it certainly was to the distressful dustings and smokings and swelterings of the past weeks the voyage would furnish a three weeks holiday with hardly a break in it we had the whole pacific ocean in front of us with nothing to do but do nothing and be comfortable the city of victoria was twinkling dim in the deep heart of her smoke cloud and getting ready to vanish and now we closed the field glasses and sat down on our steamer chairs contented and at peace but they went to wreck and ruin under us and brought us to shame before all the passengers they had been furnished by the largest furniture dealing house in victoria and were worth a couple of farthings a dozen though they had cost us the price of honest chairs in the pacific and indian oceans one must still bring his own deck chair on board or go without just as in the old forgotten atlantic times those dark ages of sea travel ours was a reasonably comfortable ship with the customary sea going fare plenty of good food furnished by the deity and cooked by the devil the discipline observable on board was perhaps as good as it is anywhere in the pacific and indian oceans the ship was not very well arranged for tropical service but that is nothing for this is the rule for ships which ply in the tropics she had an over supply of cockroaches but this is also the rule with ships doing business in the summer seas at least such as have been long in service our young captain was a very handsome man tall and perfectly formed the very figure to show up a smart uniform's best effects he was a man of the best intentions and was polite and courteous even to courtliness there was a soft and finish about his manners which made whatever place he happened to be in seem for the moment a drawing room he avoided the smoking room he had no vices he did not smoke or chew tobacco or take snuff he did not swear or use slang or rude or coarse or indelicate language or make puns or tell anecdotes or laugh intemperately or raise his voice above the moderate pitch enjoined by the canons of good form when he gave an order his manner modified it into a request after dinner he and his officers joined the ladies and gentlemen in the ladies' saloon and shared in the singing and piano playing and helped turn the music he had a sweet and sympathetic tenor voice and used it with taste and effect the music he played whist there always with the same partner and opponents until the ladies' bedtime the electric lights burned there as late as the ladies and their friends might desire but they were not allowed to burn in the smoking room after eleven there were many laws on the ship's statute book of course but so far as i could see this and one other were the only ones that were rigidly enforced the captain explained that he enforced this one because his own cabin adjoined the smoking room and the smell of tobacco smoke made him sick i did not see how our smoke could reach him for the smoking room and his cabin were on the upper deck targets for all the winds that blew and besides there was no crack of communication between them no opening of any sort in the solid intervening bulkhead still to a delicate stomach even imaginary smoke can convey damage the captain with his gentle nature his polish his sweetness his moral and verbal purity seemed pathetically out of place in his rude and autocratic vocation it seemed another instance of the irony of fate he was going home under a cloud the passengers knew about his trouble and were sorry for him approaching vancouver through a narrow and difficult passage densely befogged with smoke from the forest fires he had had the ill luck to lose his bearings and get his ship on the rocks a matter like this would rank merely as an error with you and me it ranks as a crime with the directors of steamship companies the captain had been tried by the admiralty court at vancouver and its verdict had acquitted him of blame but that was insufficient comfort a sterner court would examine the case in sydney the court of directors the lords of a company in whose ships the captain had served as mate a number of years this was his first voyage as captain the officers of our ship were hearty and companionable young men and they entered into the general amusements and helped the passengers pass the time voyages in the pacific and indian oceans are but pleasure excursions for all hands our purser was a young scotchman who was equipped with a grit that was remarkable he was an invalid and looked it as far as his body was concerned but illness could not subdue his spirit he was full of life and had a gay and capable tongue to all appearances he was a sick man without being aware of it for he did not talk about his ailments and his bearing and conduct were those of a person in robust health yet he was the prey at intervals of ghastly sieges of pain in his heart these lasted many hours and while the attack continued he could neither sit nor lie in one instance he stood on his feet twenty four hours fighting for his life with these sharp agonies and yet was as full of life and cheer and activity the next day as if nothing had happened the brightest passenger in the ship and the most interesting and felicitous talker was a young canadian who was not able to let the whisky bottle alone he was of a rich and powerful family and could have had a distinguished career and abundance of effective help toward it if he could have conquered his appetite for drink but he could not do it so his great equipment of talent was of no use to him he had often taken the pledge to drink no more and was a good sample of what that sort of unwisdom can do for a man for a man with anything short of an iron will the system is wrong in two ways it does not strike at the root of the trouble for one thing and to make a pledge of any kind is to declare war against nature for a pledge is a chain that is always clanking and reminding the wearer of it that he is not a free man i have said that the system does not strike at the root of the trouble and i venture to repeat that the root is not the drinking but the desire to drink these are very different things the one merely requires will and a great deal of it both as to bulk and staying capacity the other merely requires watchfulness and for no long time the desire of course precedes the act and should have one's first attention it can do but little good to refuse the act over and over again always leaving the desire unmolested unconquered the desire will continue to assert itself and will be almost sure to win in the long run when the desire intrudes it should be at once banished out of the mind one should be on the watch for it all the time otherwise it will get in it must be taken in time and not allowed to get a lodgment a desire constantly repulsed for a fortnight should die then that should cure the drinking habit the system of refusing the mere act of drinking and leaving the desire in full force is unintelligent war tactics it seems to me i used to take pledges and soon violate them my will was not strong and i could not help it and then to be tied in any way naturally irks an otherwise free person and makes him chafe in his bonds and want to get his liberty but when i finally ceased from taking definite pledges and merely resolved that i would kill an injurious desire but leave myself free to resume the desire and the habit whenever i should choose to do so i had no more trouble in five days i drove out the desire to smoke and was not obliged to keep watch after that and i never experienced any strong desire to smoke again at the end of a year and a quarter of idleness i began to write a book and presently found that the pen was strangely reluctant to go i tried a smoke to see if that would help me out of the difficulty it did i smoked eight or ten cigars and as many pipes a day for five months finished the book and did not smoke again until a year had gone by and another book had to be begun i can quit any of my nineteen injurious habits at any time and without discomfort or inconvenience i think that the dr tanners and those others who go forty days without eating do it by resolutely keeping out the desire to eat in the beginning and that after a few hours the desire is discouraged and comes no more once i tried my scheme in a large medical way i had been confined to my bed several days with lumbago my case refused to improve finally the doctor said my remedies have no fair chance consider what they have to fight besides the lumbago you smoke extravagantly don't you yes you take coffee immoderately yes and some tea yes you eat all kinds of things that are dissatisfied with each other's company yes you drink two hot scotches every night yes very well there you see what i have to contend against we can't make progress the way the matter stands you must make a reduction in these things you must cut down your consumption of them considerably for some days i can't doctor why can't you i lack the will power i can cut them off entirely but i can't merely moderate them he said that that would answer and said he would come around in twenty four hours and begin work again he was taken ill himself and could not come but i did not need him i cut off all those things for two days and nights in fact i cut off all kinds of food too and all drinks except water and at the end of the forty eight hours the lumbago was discouraged and left me i was a well man so i gave thanks and took to those delicacies again it seemed a valuable medical course and i recommended it to a lady she had run down and down and down and had at last reached a point where medicines no longer had any helpful effect upon her i said i knew i could put her upon her feet in a week it brightened her up it filled her with hope and she said she would do everything i told her to do so i said she must stop swearing and drinking and smoking and eating for four days and then she would be all right again and it would have happened just so i know it but she said she could not stop swearing and smoking and drinking because she had never done those things so there it was she had neglected her habits and hadn't any now that they would have come good there were none in stock she had nothing to fall back on she was a sinking vessel with no freight in her to throw over lighten ship withal why even one or two little bad habits could have saved her but she was just a moral pauper when she could have acquired them she was dissuaded by her parents who were ignorant people though reared in the best society and it was too late to begin now it seemed such a pity but there was no help for it these things ought to be attended to while a person is young otherwise when age and disease come there is nothing effectual to fight them with when i was a youth i used to take all kinds of pledges and do my best to keep them but i never could because i didn't strike at the root of the habit the desire i generally broke down within the month once i tried limiting a habit that worked tolerably well for a while i pledged myself to smoke but one cigar a day i kept the cigar waiting until bedtime then i had a luxurious time with it but desire persecuted me every day and all day long so within the week i found myself hunting for larger cigars than i had been used to smoke then larger ones still and still larger ones within the fortnight i was getting cigars made for me on a yet larger pattern they still grew and grew in size within the month my cigar had grown to such proportions that i could have used it as a crutch it now seemed to me that a one cigar limit was no real protection to a person so i knocked my pledge on the head and resumed my liberty to go back to that young canadian he was a remittance man the first one i had ever seen or heard of passengers explained the term to me they said that dissipated ne'er do wells belonging to important families in england and canada were not cast off by their people while there was any hope of reforming them but when that last hope perished at last the ne'er do well was sent abroad to get him out of the way he was shipped off with just enough money in his pocket no in the purser's pocket for the needs of the voyage and when he reached his destined port he would find a remittance awaiting him there not a large one but just enough to keep him a month a similar remittance would come monthly thereafter it was the remittance man's custom to pay his month's board and lodging straightway a duty which his landlord did not allow him to forget then spree away the rest of his money in a single night then brood and mope and grieve in idleness till the next remittance came it is a pathetic life we had other remittance men on board it was said at least they said they were r m 's there were two but they did not resemble the canadian they lacked his tidiness and his brains and his gentlemanly ways and his resolute spirit and his humanities and generosities one of them was a lad of nineteen or twenty and he was a good deal of a ruin as to clothes and morals and general aspect he said he was a scion of a ducal house in england and had been shipped to canada for the house's relief that he had fallen into trouble there and was now being shipped to australia he said he had no title beyond this remark he was economical of the truth the first thing he did in australia was to get into the lockup and the next thing he did was to proclaim himself an earl in the police court in the morning and fail to prove it chapter ii when in doubt tell the truth pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar about four days out from victoria we plunged into hot weather and all the male passengers put on white linen clothes one or two days later we crossed the 25th parallel of north latitude and then by order the officers of the ship laid away their blue uniforms and came out in white linen ones all the ladies were in white by this time this prevalence of snowy costumes gave the promenade deck an invitingly cool and cheerful and picnicky aspect from my diary there are several sorts of ills in the world from which a person can never escape altogether let him journey as far as he will one escapes from one breed of an ill only to encounter another breed of it we have come far from the snake liar and the fish liar and there was rest and peace in the thought but now we have reached the realm of the boomerang liar and sorrow is with us once more the first officer has seen a man try to escape from his enemy by getting behind a tree but the enemy sent his boomerang sailing into the sky far above and beyond the tree then it turned descended and killed the man the australian passenger has seen this thing done to two men behind two trees and by the one arrow this being received with a large silence that suggested doubt he buttressed it with the statement that his brother once saw the boomerang kill a bird away off a hundred yards and bring it to the thrower but these are ills which must be borne there is no other way the talk passed from the boomerang to dreams usually a fruitful subject afloat or ashore but this time the output was poor then it passed to instances of extraordinary memory with better results blind tom the negro pianist was spoken of and it was said that he could accurately play any piece of music howsoever long and difficult after hearing it once and that six months later he could accurately play it again without having touched it in the interval one of the most striking of the stories told was furnished by a gentleman who had served on the staff of the viceroy of india he read the details from his note book and explained that he had written them down right after the consummation of the incident which they described because he thought that if he did not put them down in black and white he might presently come to think he had dreamed them or invented them the viceroy was making a progress and among the shows offered by the maharajah of mysore for his entertainment was a memory exhibition the viceroy and thirty gentlemen of his suite sat in a row and the memory expert a high caste brahmin was brought in and seated on the floor in front of them he said he knew but two languages the english and his own but would not exclude any foreign tongue from the tests to be applied to his memory then he laid before the assemblage his program a sufficiently extraordinary one he proposed that one gentleman should give him one word of a foreign sentence and tell him its place in the sentence he was furnished with the french word 'est' and was told it was second in a sentence of three words the next gentleman gave him the german word 'verloren' and said it was the third in a sentence of four words he asked the next gentleman for one detail in a sum in addition another for one detail in a sum of subtraction others for single details in mathematical problems of various kinds he got them intermediates gave him single words from sentences in greek latin spanish portuguese italian and other languages and told him their places in the sentences when at last everybody had furnished him a single rag from a foreign sentence or a figure from a problem he went over the ground again and got a second word and a second figure and was told their places in the sentences and the sums and so on and so on he went over the ground again and again until he had collected all the parts of the sums and all the parts of the sentences and all in disorder of course not in their proper rotation this had occupied two hours the brahmin now sat silent and thinking a while then began and repeated all the sentences placing the words in their proper order and untangled the disordered arithmetical problems and gave accurate answers to them all in the beginning he had asked the company to throw almonds at him during the two hours he to remember how many each gentleman had thrown but none were thrown for the viceroy said that the test would be a sufficiently severe strain without adding that burden to it general grant had a fine memory for all kinds of things including even names and faces and i could have furnished an instance of it if i had thought of it the first time i ever saw him was early in his first term as president i had just arrived in washington from the pacific coast a stranger and wholly unknown to the public and was passing the white house one morning when i met a friend a senator from nevada he asked me if i would like to see the president i said i should be very glad so we entered i supposed that the president would be in the midst of a crowd and that i could look at him in peace and security from a distance as another stray cat might look at another king but it was in the morning and the senator was using a privilege of his office which i had not heard of the privilege of intruding upon the chief magistrate's working hours before i knew it the senator and i were in the presence and there was none there but we three general grant got slowly up from his table put his pen down and stood before me with the iron expression of a man who had not smiled for seven years and was not intending to smile for another seven he looked me steadily in the eyes mine lost confidence and fell i had never confronted a great man before and was in a miserable state of funk and inefficiency the senator said mr president may i have the privilege of introducing mr clemens the president gave my hand an unsympathetic wag and dropped it he did not say a word but just stood in my trouble i could not think of anything to say i merely wanted to resign there was an awkward pause a dreary pause a horrible pause then i thought of something and looked up into that unyielding face and said timidly mr president i i am embarrassed are you his face broke just a little a wee glimmer the momentary flicker of a summer lightning smile seven years ahead of time and i was out and gone as soon as it was ten years passed away before i saw him the second time meantime i was become better known and was one of the people appointed to respond to toasts at the banquet given to general grant in chicago by the army of the tennessee when he came back from his tour around the world i arrived late at night and got up late in the morning all the corridors of the hotel were crowded with people waiting to get a glimpse of general grant when he should pass to the place whence he was to review the great procession i worked my way by the suite of packed drawing rooms and at the corner of the house i found a window open where there was a roomy platform decorated with flags and carpeted i stepped out on it and saw below me millions of people blocking all the streets and other millions caked together in all the windows and on all the house tops around these masses took me for general grant and broke into volcanic explosions and cheers but it was a good place to see the procession and i stayed presently i heard the distant blare of military music and far up the street i saw the procession come in sight cleaving its way through the huzzaing multitudes with sheridan the most martial figure of the war riding at its head in the dress uniform of a lieutenant general and now general grant arm in arm with major carter harrison stepped out on the platform followed two and two by the badged and uniformed reception committee general grant was looking exactly as he had looked upon that trying occasion of ten years before all iron and bronze self possession mr harrison came over and led me to the general and formally introduced me before i could put together the proper remark general grant said mr clemens i am not embarrassed are you and that little seven year smile twinkled across his face again seventeen years have gone by since then and to day in new york the streets are a crush of people who are there to honor the remains of the great soldier as they pass to their final resting place under the monument and the air is heavy with dirges and the boom of artillery and all the millions of america are thinking of the man who restored the union and the flag and gave to democratic government a new lease of life and as we may hope and do believe a permanent place among the beneficent institutions of men we had one game in the ship which was a good time passer at least it was at night in the smoking room when the men were getting freshened up from the day's monotonies and dullnesses it was the completing of non complete stories that is to say a man would tell all of a story except the finish then the others would try to supply the ending out of their own invention when every one who wanted a chance had had it the man who had introduced the story would give it its original ending then you could take your choice sometimes the new endings turned out to be better than the old one but the story which called out the most persistent and determined and ambitious effort was one which had no ending and so there was nothing to compare the new made endings with the man who told it said he could furnish the particulars up to a certain point only because that was as much of the tale as he knew he had read it in a volume of `sketches twenty five years ago and was interrupted before the end was reached he would give any one fifty dollars who would finish the story to the satisfaction of a jury to be appointed by ourselves we appointed a jury and wrestled with the tale we invented plenty of endings but the jury voted them all down the jury was right it was a tale which the author of it may possibly have completed satisfactorily and if he really had that good fortune i would like to know what the ending was any ordinary man will find that the story's strength is in its middle and that there is apparently no way to transfer it to the close where of course it ought to be in substance the storiette was as follows john brown aged thirty one good gentle bashful timid lived in a quiet village in missouri he was superintendent of the presbyterian sunday school it was but a humble distinction still it was his only official one and he was modestly proud of it and was devoted to its work and its interests the extreme kindliness of his nature was recognized by all in fact people said that he was made entirely out of good impulses and bashfulness that he could always be counted upon for help when it was needed and for bashfulness both when it was needed and when it wasn't mary taylor twenty three modest sweet winning and in character and person beautiful was all in all to him and he was very nearly all in all to her she was wavering his hopes were high her mother had been in opposition from the first but she was wavering too he could see it she was being touched by his warm interest in her two charity proteges and by his contributions toward their support these were two forlorn and aged sisters who lived in a log hut in a lonely place up a cross road four miles from mrs taylor's farm one of the sisters was crazy and sometimes a little violent but not often at last the time seemed ripe for a final advance and brown gathered his courage together and resolved to make it he would take along a contribution of double the usual size and win the mother over with her opposition annulled the rest of the conquest would be sure and prompt he took to the road in the middle of a placid sunday afternoon in the soft missourian summer and he was equipped properly for his mission he was clothed all in white linen with a blue ribbon for a necktie and he had on dressy tight boots his horse and buggy were the finest that the livery stable could furnish the lap robe was of white linen it was new and it had a hand worked border that could not be rivaled in that region for beauty and elaboration when he was four miles out on the lonely road and was walking his horse over a wooden bridge his straw hat blew off and fell in the creek and floated down and lodged against a bar he did not quite know what to do he must have the hat that was manifest but how was he to get it then he had an idea the roads were empty nobody was stirring yes he would risk it he led the horse to the roadside and set it to cropping the grass then he undressed and put his clothes in the buggy petted the horse a moment to secure its compassion and its loyalty then hurried to the stream he swam out and soon had the hat when he got to the top of the bank the horse was gone! his legs almost gave way under him the horse was walking leisurely along the road brown trotted after it saying whoa whoa there's a good fellow but whenever he got near enough to chance a jump for the buggy the horse quickened its pace a little and defeated him and so this went on the naked man perishing with anxiety and expecting every moment to see people come in sight he tagged on and on imploring the horse beseeching the horse till he had left a mile behind him and was closing up on the taylor premises then at last he was successful and got into the buggy he flung on his shirt his necktie and his coat then reached for but he was too late he sat suddenly down and pulled up the lap robe for he saw some one coming out of the gate a woman he thought he wheeled the horse to the left and struck briskly up the cross road it was perfectly straight and exposed on both sides but there were woods and a sharp turn three miles ahead and he was very grateful when he got there as he passed around the turn he slowed down to a walk and reached for his tr too late again he had come upon mrs enderby mrs glossop mrs taylor and mary they were on foot and seemed tired and excited they came at once to the buggy and shook hands and all spoke at once and said eagerly and earnestly how glad they were that he was come and how fortunate it was and mrs enderby said impressively it looks like an accident his coming at such a time but let no one profane it with such a name he was sent sent from on high they were all moved and mrs glossop said in an awed voice sarah enderby you never said a truer word in your life this is no accident it is a special providence he was sent he is an angel an angel as truly as ever angel was an angel of deliverance i say angel sarah enderby and will have no other word don't let any one ever say to me again that there's no such thing as special providences for if this isn't one let them account for it that can i know it's so said mrs taylor fervently john brown i could worship you i could go down on my knees to you didn't something tell you didn't you feel that you were sent i could kiss the hem of your laprobe he was not able to speak he was helpless with shame and fright mrs taylor went on why just look at it all around julia glossop any person can see the hand of providence in it here at noon what do we see we see the smoke rising i speak up and say 'that's the old people's cabin afire ' didn't i julia glossop the very words you said nancy taylor i was as close to you as i am now and i heard them you may have said hut instead of cabin but in substance it's the same and you were looking pale too pale i was that pale that if why you just compare it with this laprobe then the next thing i said was 'mary taylor tell the hired man to rig up the team we'll go to the rescue ' and she said 'mother don't you know you told him he could drive to see his people and stay over sunday ' and it was just so i declare for it i had forgotten it 'then ' said i 'we'll go afoot ' and go we did and found sarah enderby on the road and we all went together said mrs enderby and found the cabin set fire to and burnt down by the crazy one and the poor old things so old and feeble that they couldn't go afoot and we got them to a shady place and made them as comfortable as we could and began to wonder which way to turn to find some way to get them conveyed to nancy taylor's house and i spoke up and said now what did i say didn't i say 'providence will provide' why sure as you live so you did! i had forgotten it so had i said mrs glossop and mrs taylor but you certainly said it now wasn't that remarkable yes i said it and then we went to mr moseley's two miles and all of them were gone to the camp meeting over on stony fork and then we came all the way back two miles and then here another mile and providence has provided you see it yourselves they gazed at each other awe struck and lifted their hands and said in unison it's per fectly wonderful and then said mrs glossop what do you think we had better do let mr brown drive the old people to nancy taylor's one at a time or put both of them in the buggy and him lead the horse brown gasped now then that's a question said mrs enderby you see we are all tired out and any way we fix it it's going to be difficult for if mr brown takes both of them at least one of us must go back to help him for he can't load them into the buggy by himself and they so helpless that is so said mrs taylor it doesn't look oh how would this do one of us drive there with mr brown and the rest of you go along to my house and get things ready i'll go with him he and i together can lift one of the old people into the buggy then drive her to my house and but who will take care of the other one said mrs enderby we musn't leave her there in the woods alone you know especially the crazy one there and back is eight miles you see they had all been sitting on the grass beside the buggy for a while now trying to rest their weary bodies they fell silent a moment or two and struggled in thought over the baffling situation then mrs enderby brightened and said i think i've got the idea now you see we can't walk any more think what we've done four miles there two to moseley's is six then back to here nine miles since noon and not a bite to eat i declare i don't see how we've done it and as for me i am just famishing now somebody's got to go back to help mr brown there's no getting mound that but whoever goes has got to ride not walk so my idea is this one of us to ride back with mr brown then ride to nancy taylor's house with one of the old people leaving mr brown to keep the other old one company you all to go now to nancy's and rest and wait then one of you drive back and get the other one and drive her to nancy's and mr brown walk splendid! they all cried oh that will do that will answer perfectly and they all said that mrs enderby had the best head for planning in the company and they said that they wondered that they hadn't thought of this simple plan themselves they hadn't meant to take back the compliment good simple souls and didn't know they had done it after a consultation it was decided that mrs enderby should drive back with brown she being entitled to the distinction because she had invented the plan everything now being satisfactorily arranged and settled the ladies rose relieved and happy and brushed down their gowns and three of them started homeward mrs enderby set her foot on the buggy step and was about to climb in when brown found a remnant of his voice and gasped out please mrs enderby call them back i am very weak i can't walk i can't indeed why dear mr brown! you do look pale i am ashamed of myself that i didn't notice it sooner come back all of you! mr brown is not well is there anything i can do for you mr brown i'm real sorry are you in pain no madam only weak i am not sick but only just weak lately not long but just lately the others came back and poured out their sympathies and commiserations and were full of self reproaches for not having noticed how pale he was and they at once struck out a new plan and soon agreed that it was by far the best of all they would all go to nancy taylor's house and see to brown's needs first he could lie on the sofa in the parlor and while mrs taylor and mary took care of him the other two ladies would take the buggy and go and get one of the old people and leave one of themselves with the other one and by this time without any solicitation they were at the horse's head and were beginning to turn him around the danger was imminent but brown found his voice again and saved himself he said but ladies you are overlooking something which makes the plan impracticable you see if you bring one of them home and one remains behind with the other there will be three persons there when one of you comes back for that other for some one must drive the buggy back and three can't come home in it they all exclaimed why sure ly that is so! and they were all perplexed again dear dear what can we do said mrs glossop it is the most mixed up thing that ever was the fox and the goose and the corn and things oh dear they are nothing to it they sat wearily down once more to further torture their tormented heads for a plan that would work presently mary offered a plan it was her first effort she said i am young and strong and am refreshed now take mr brown to our house and give him help you see how plainly he needs it i will go back and take care of the old people i can be there in twenty minutes you can go on and do what you first started to do wait on the main road at our house until somebody comes along with a wagon then send and bring away the three of us you won't have to wait long the farmers will soon be coming back from town now i will keep old polly patient and cheered up the crazy one doesn't need it this plan was discussed and accepted it seemed the best that could be done in the circumstances and the old people must be getting discouraged by this time brown felt relieved and was deeply thankful let him once get to the main road and he would find a way to escape then mrs taylor said the evening chill will be coming on pretty soon and those poor old burnt out things will need some kind of covering take the lap robe with you dear very well mother i will she stepped to the buggy and put out her hand to take it that was the end of the tale the passenger who told it said that when he read the story twenty five years ago in a train he was interrupted at that point the train jumped off a bridge at first we thought we could finish the story quite easily and we set to work with confidence but it soon began to appear that it was not a simple thing but difficult and baffling this was on account of brown's character great generosity and kindliness but complicated with unusual shyness and diffidence particularly in the presence of ladies there was his love for mary in a hopeful state but not yet secure just in a condition indeed where its affair must be handled with great tact and no mistakes made no offense given and there was the mother wavering half willing by adroit and flawless diplomacy to be won over now or perhaps never at all also there were the helpless old people yonder in the woods waiting their fate and brown's happiness to be determined by what brown should do within the next two seconds mary was reaching for the lap robe brown must decide there was no time to be lost of course none but a happy ending of the story would be accepted by the jury the finish must find brown in high credit with the ladies his behavior without blemish his modesty unwounded his character for self sacrifice maintained the old people rescued through him their benefactor all the party proud of him happy in him his praises on all their tongues we tried to arrange this but it was beset with persistent and irreconcilable difficulties we saw that brown's shyness would not allow him to give up the lap robe this would offend mary and her mother and it would surprise the other ladies partly because this stinginess toward the suffering old people would be out of character with brown and partly because he was a special providence and could not properly act so if asked to explain his conduct his shyness would not allow him to tell the truth and lack of invention and practice would find him incapable of contriving a lie that would wash we worked at the troublesome problem until three in the morning meantime mary was still reaching for the lap robe we gave it up and decided to let her continue to reach it is the reader's privilege to determine for himself how the thing came out chapter iii it is more trouble to make a maxim than it is to do right pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar on the seventh day out we saw a dim vast bulk standing up out of the wastes of the pacific and knew that that spectral promontory was diamond head a piece of this world which i had not seen before for twenty nine years so we were nearing honolulu the capital city of the sandwich islands those islands which to me were paradise a paradise which i had been longing all those years to see again not any other thing in the world could have stirred me as the sight of that great rock did in the night we anchored a mile from shore through my port i could see the twinkling lights of honolulu and the dark bulk of the mountain range that stretched away right and left i could not make out the beautiful nuuana valley but i knew where it lay and remembered how it used to look in the old times we used to ride up it on horseback in those days we young people and branch off and gather bones in a sandy region where one of the first kamehameha's battles was fought he was a remarkable man for a king and he was also a remarkable man for a savage he was a mere kinglet and of little or no consequence at the time of captain cook's arrival in 1788 but about four years afterward he conceived the idea of enlarging his sphere of influence that is a courteous modern phrase which means robbing your neighbor for your neighbor's benefit and the great theater of its benevolences is africa kamehameha went to war and in the course of ten years he whipped out all the other kings and made himself master of every one of the nine or ten islands that form the group but he did more than that he bought ships freighted them with sandal wood and other native products and sent them as far as south america and china he sold to his savages the foreign stuffs and tools and utensils which came back in these ships and started the march of civilization it is doubtful if the match to this extraordinary thing is to be found in the history of any other savage savages are eager to learn from the white man any new way to kill each other but it is not their habit to seize with avidity and apply with energy the larger and nobler ideas which he offers them the details of kamehameha's history show that he was always hospitably ready to examine the white man's ideas and that he exercised a tidy discrimination in making his selections from the samples placed on view a shrewder discrimination than was exhibited by his son and successor liholiho i think liholiho could have qualified as a reformer perhaps but as a king he was a mistake a mistake because he tried to be both king and reformer this is mixing fire and gunpowder together a king has no proper business with reforming his best policy is to keep things as they are and if he can't do that he ought to try to make them worse than they are this is not guesswork i have thought over this matter a good deal so that if i should ever have a chance to become a king i would know how to conduct the business in the best way when liholiho succeeded his father he found himself possessed of an equipment of royal tools and safeguards which a wiser king would have known how to husband and judiciously employ and make profitable the entire country was under the one scepter and his was that scepter there was an established church and he was the head of it there was a standing army and he was the head of that an army of 114 privates under command of 27 generals and a field marshal there was a proud and ancient hereditary nobility there was still one other asset this was the tabu an agent endowed with a mysterious and stupendous power an agent not found among the properties of any european monarch a tool of inestimable value in the business liholiho was headmaster of the tabu the tabu was the most ingenious and effective of all the inventions that has ever been devised for keeping a people's privileges satisfactorily restricted it required the sexes to live in separate houses it did not allow people to eat in either house they must eat in another place it did not allow a man's woman folk to enter his house it did not allow the sexes to eat together the men must eat first and the women must wait on them then the women could eat what was left if anything was left and wait on themselves i mean if anything of a coarse or unpalatable sort was left the women could have it but not the good things the fine things the choice things such as pork poultry bananas cocoanuts the choicer varieties of fish and so on by the tabu all these were sacred to the men the women spent their lives longing for them and wondering what they might taste like and they died without finding out these rules as you see were quite simple and clear it was easy to remember them and useful for the penalty for infringing any rule in the whole list was death those women easily learned to put up with shark and taro and dog for a diet when the other things were so expensive it was death for any one to walk upon tabu'd ground or defile a tabu'd thing with his touch or fail in due servility to a chief or step upon the king's shadow the nobles and the king and the priests were always suspending little rags here and there and yonder to give notice to the people that the decorated spot or thing was tabu and death lurking near the struggle for life was difficult and chancy in the islands in those days thus advantageously was the new king situated will it be believed that the first thing he did was to destroy his established church root and branch he did indeed do that to state the case figuratively he was a prosperous sailor who burnt his ship and took to a raft this church was a horrid thing it heavily oppressed the people it kept them always trembling in the gloom of mysterious threatenings it slaughtered them in sacrifice before its grotesque idols of wood and stone it cowed them it terrorized them it made them slaves to its priests and through the priests to the king it was the best friend a king could have and the most dependable to a professional reformer who should annihilate so frightful and so devastating a power as this church reverence and praise would be due but to a king who should do it could properly be due nothing but reproach reproach softened by sorrow sorrow for his unfitness for his position he destroyed his established church and his kingdom is a republic today in consequence of that act when he destroyed the church and burned the idols he did a mighty thing for civilization and for his people's weal but it was not business it was unkingly it was inartistic it made trouble for his line the american missionaries arrived while the burned idols were still smoking they found the nation without a religion and they repaired the defect they offered their own religion and it was gladly received but it was no support to arbitrary kingship and so the kingly power began to weaken from that day forty seven years later when i was in the islands kainehameha v was trying to repair liholiho's blunder and not succeeding he had set up an established church and made himself the head of it but it was only a pinchbeck thing an imitation a bauble an empty show it had no power no value for a king it could not harry or burn or slay it in no way resembled the admirable machine which liholiho destroyed it was an established church without an establishment all the people were dissenters long before that the kingship had itself become but a name a show at an early day the missionaries had turned it into something very much like a republic and here lately the business whites have turned it into something exactly like it in captain cook's time 1778 the native population of the islands was estimated at 400 000 in 1836 at something short of 200 000 in 1866 at 50 000 it is to day per census 25 000 all intelligent people praise kamehameha i and liholiho for conferring upon their people the great boon of civilization i would do it myself but my intelligence is out of repair now from over work when i was in the islands nearly a generation ago i was acquainted with a young american couple who had among their belongings an attractive little son of the age of seven attractive but not practicably companionable with me because he knew no english he had played from his birth with the little kanakas on his father's plantation and had preferred their language and would learn no other the family removed to america a month after i arrived in the islands and straightway the boy began to lose his kanaka and pick up english by the time he was twelve be hadn't a word of kanaka left the language had wholly departed from his tongue and from his comprehension nine years later when he was twenty one i came upon the family in one of the lake towns of new york and the mother told me about an adventure which her son had been having by trade he was now a professional diver a passenger boat had been caught in a storm on the lake and had gone down carrying her people with her a few days later the young diver descended with his armor on and entered the berth saloon of the boat and stood at the foot of the companionway with his hand on the rail peering through the dim water presently something touched him on the shoulder and he turned and found a dead man swaying and bobbing about him and seemingly inspecting him inquiringly he was paralyzed with fright his entry had disturbed the water and now he discerned a number of dim corpses making for him and wagging their heads and swaying their bodies like sleepy people trying to dance his senses forsook him and in that condition he was drawn to the surface he was put to bed at home and was soon very ill during some days he had seasons of delirium which lasted several hours at a time and while they lasted he talked kanaka incessantly and glibly and kanaka only he was still very ill and he talked to me in that tongue but i did not understand it of course the doctor books tell us that cases like this are not uncommon then the doctors ought to study the cases and find out how to multiply them many languages and things get mislaid in a person's head and stay mislaid for lack of this remedy many memories of my former visit to the islands came up in my mind while we lay at anchor in front of honolulu that night and pictures pictures pictures an enchanting procession of them! i was impatient for the morning to come when it came it brought disappointment of course cholera had broken out in the town and we were not allowed to have any communication with the shore thus suddenly did my dream of twenty nine years go to ruin messages came from friends but the friends themselves i was not to have any sight of my lecture hall was ready but i was not to see that either several of our passengers belonged in honolulu and these were sent ashore but nobody could go ashore and return there were people on shore who were booked to go with us to australia but we could not receive them to do it would cost us a quarantine term in sydney they could have escaped the day before by ship to san francisco but the bars had been put up now and they might have to wait weeks before any ship could venture to give them a passage any whither and there were hardships for others an elderly lady and her son recreation seekers from massachusetts had wandered westward further and further from home always intending to take the return track but always concluding to go still a little further and now here they were at anchor before honolulu positively their last westward bound indulgence they had made up their minds to that but where is the use in making up your mind in this world it is usually a waste of time to do it these two would have to stay with us as far as australia then they could go on around the world or go back the way they had come the distance and the accommodations and outlay of time would be just the same whichever of the two routes they might elect to take think of it a projected excursion of five hundred miles gradually enlarged without any elaborate degree of intention to a possible twenty four thousand however they were used to extensions by this time and did not mind this new one much and we had with us a lawyer from victoria who had been sent out by the government on an international matter and he had brought his wife with him and left the children at home with the servants and now what was to be done go ashore amongst the cholera and take the risks most certainly not they decided to go on to the fiji islands wait there a fortnight for the next ship and then sail for home they couldn't foresee that they wouldn't see a homeward bound ship again for six weeks and that no word could come to them from the children and no word go from them to the children in all that time it is easy to make plans in this world even a cat can do it and when one is out in those remote oceans it is noticeable that a cat's plans and a man's are worth about the same there is much the same shrinkage in both in the matter of values there was nothing for us to do but sit about the decks in the shade of the awnings and look at the distant shore we lay in luminous blue water shoreward the water was green green and brilliant at the shore itself it broke in a long white ruffle and with no crash no sound that we could hear the town was buried under a mat of foliage that looked like a cushion of moss the silky mountains were clothed in soft rich splendors of melting color and some of the cliffs were veiled in slanting mists i recognized it all it was just as i had seen it long before with nothing of its beauty lost nothing of its charm wanting a change had come but that was political and not visible from the ship the monarchy of my day was gone and a republic was sitting in its seat it was not a material change the old imitation pomps the fuss and feathers have departed and the royal trademark that is about all that one could miss i suppose that imitation monarchy was grotesque enough in my time if it had held on another thirty years it would have been a monarchy without subjects of the king's race we had a sunset of a very fine sort the vast plain of the sea was marked off in bands of sharply contrasted colors great stretches of dark blue others of purple others of polished bronze the billowy mountains showed all sorts of dainty browns and greens blues and purples and blacks and the rounded velvety backs of certain of them made one want to stroke them as one would the sleek back of a cat the long sloping promontory projecting into the sea at the west turned dim and leaden and spectral then became suffused with pink dissolved itself in a pink dream so to speak it seemed so airy and unreal presently the cloud rack was flooded with fiery splendors and these were copied on the surface of the sea and it made one drunk with delight to look upon it from talks with certain of our passengers whose home was honolulu and from a sketch by mrs mary h krout i was able to perceive what the honolulu of to day is as compared with the honolulu of my time in my time it was a beautiful little town made up of snow white wooden cottages deliciously smothered in tropical vines and flowers and trees and shrubs and its coral roads and streets were hard and smooth and as white as the houses the outside aspects of the place suggested the presence of a modest and comfortable prosperity a general prosperity perhaps one might strengthen the term and say universal there were no fine houses no fine furniture there were no decorations tallow candles furnished the light for the bedrooms a whale oil lamp furnished it for the parlor native matting served as carpeting in the parlor one would find two or three lithographs on the walls portraits as a rule kamehameha iv louis kossuth jenny lind and may be an engraving or two rebecca at the well moses smiting the rock joseph's servants finding the cup in benjamin's sack there would be a center table with books of a tranquil sort on it the whole duty of man baxter's saints' rest fox's martyrs tupper's proverbial philosophy bound copies of the missionary herald and of father damon's seaman's friend a melodeon a music stand with 'willie we have missed you' 'star of the evening' 'roll on silver moon' 'are we most there' 'i would not live alway' and other songs of love and sentiment together with an assortment of hymns a what not with semi globular glass paperweights enclosing miniature pictures of ships new england rural snowstorms and the like sea shells with bible texts carved on them in cameo style native curios whale's tooth with full rigged ship carved on it there was nothing reminiscent of foreign parts for nobody had been abroad trips were made to san francisco but that could not be called going abroad comprehensively speaking nobody traveled but honolulu has grown wealthy since then and of course wealth has introduced changes some of the old simplicities have disappeared here is a modern house as pictured by mrs krout almost every house is surrounded by extensive lawns and gardens enclosed by walls of volcanic stone or by thick hedges of the brilliant hibiscus the houses are most tastefully and comfortably furnished the floors are either of hard wood covered with rugs or with fine indian matting while there is a preference as in most warm countries for rattan or bamboo furniture there are the usual accessories of bric a brac pictures books and curios from all parts of the world for these island dwellers are indefatigable travelers nearly every house has what is called a lanai it is a large apartment roofed floored open on three sides with a door or a draped archway opening into the drawing room frequently the roof is formed by the thick interlacing boughs of the hou tree impervious to the sun and even to the rain except in violent storms vines are trained about the sides the stephanotis or some one of the countless fragrant and blossoming trailers which abound in the islands there are also curtains of matting that may be drawn to exclude the sun or rain the floor is bare for coolness or partially covered with rugs and the lanai is prettily furnished with comfortable chairs sofas and tables loaded with flowers or wonderful ferns in pots the lanai is the favorite reception room and here at any social function the musical program is given and cakes and ices are served here morning callers are received or gay riding parties the ladies in pretty divided skirts worn for convenience in riding astride the universal mode adopted by europeans and americans as well as by the natives the comfort and luxury of such an apartment especially at a seashore villa can hardly be imagined the soft breezes sweep across it heavy with the fragrance of jasmine and gardenia and through the swaying boughs of palm and mimosa there are glimpses of rugged mountains their summits veiled in clouds of purple sea with the white surf beating eternally against the reefs whiter still in the yellow sunlight or the magical moonlight of the tropics there rugs ices pictures lanais worldly books sinful bric a brac fetched from everywhere and the ladies riding astride these are changes indeed in my time the native women rode astride but the white ones lacked the courage to adopt their wise custom in my time ice was seldom seen in honolulu it sometimes came in sailing vessels from new england as ballast and then if there happened to be a man of war in port and balls and suppers raging by consequence the ballast was worth six hundred dollars a ton as is evidenced by reputable tradition but the ice machine has traveled all over the world now and brought ice within everybody's reach in lapland and spitzbergen no one uses native ice in our day except the bears and the walruses the bicycle is not mentioned it was not necessary we know that it is there without inquiring it is everywhere but for it people could never have had summer homes on the summit of mont blanc before its day property up there had but a nominal value the ladies of the hawaiian capital learned too late the right way to occupy a horse too late to get much benefit from it the riding horse is retiring from business everywhere in the world in honolulu a few years from now he will be only a tradition we all know about father damien the french priest who voluntarily forsook the world and went to the leper island of molokai to labor among its population of sorrowful exiles who wait there in slow consuming misery for death to cone and release them from their troubles and we know that the thing which he knew beforehand would happen did happen that he became a leper himself and died of that horrible disease there was still another case of self sacrifice it appears i asked after billy ragsdale interpreter to the parliament in my time a half white he was a brilliant young fellow and very popular as an interpreter he would have been hard to match anywhere he used to stand up in the parliament and turn the english speeches into hawaiian and the hawaiian speeches into english with a readiness and a volubility that were astonishing i asked after him and was told that his prosperous career was cut short in a sudden and unexpected way just as he was about to marry a beautiful half caste girl he discovered by some nearly invisible sign about his skin that the poison of leprosy was in him the secret was his own and might be kept concealed for years but he would not be treacherous to the girl that loved him he would not marry her to a doom like his and so he put his affairs in order and went around to all his friends and bade them good bye and sailed in the leper ship to molokai there he died the loathsome and lingering death that all lepers die in this place let me insert a paragraph or two from the paradise of the pacific rev h h gowen poor lepers! it is easy for those who have no relatives or friends among them to enforce the decree of segregation to the letter but who can write of the terrible the heart breaking scenes which that enforcement has brought about a man upon hawaii was suddenly taken away after a summary arrest leaving behind him a helpless wife about to give birth to a babe the devoted wife with great pain and risk came the whole journey to honolulu and pleaded until the authorities were unable to resist her entreaty that she might go and live like a leper with her leper husband a woman in the prime of life and activity is condemned as an incipient leper suddenly removed from her home and her husband returns to find his two helpless babes moaning for their lost mother imagine it! the case of the babies is hard but its bitterness is a trifle less than a trifle less than nothing compared to what the mother must suffer and suffer minute by minute hour by hour day by day month by month year by year without respite relief or any abatement of her pain till she dies one woman luka kaaukau has been living with her leper husband in the settlement for twelve years the man has scarcely a joint left his limbs are only distorted ulcerated stumps for four years his wife has put every particle of food into his mouth he wanted his wife to abandon his wretched carcass long ago as she herself was sound and well but luka said that she was content to remain and wait on the man she loved till the spirit should be freed from its burden i myself have known hard cases enough of a girl apparently in full health decorating the church with me at easter who before christmas is taken away as a confirmed leper of a mother hiding her child in the mountains for years so that not even her dearest friends knew that she had a child alive that he might not be taken away of a respectable white man taken away from his wife and family and compelled to become a dweller in the leper settlement where he is counted dead even by the insurance companies and one great pity of it all is that these poor sufferers are innocent the leprosy does not come of sins which they committed but of sins committed by their ancestors who escaped the curse of leprosy! mr gowan has made record of a certain very striking circumstance would you expect to find in that awful leper settlement a custom worthy to be transplanted to your own country they have one such and it is inexpressibly touching and beautiful when death sets open the prison door of life there the band salutes the freed soul with a burst of glad music! chapter iv a dozen direct censures are easier to bear than one morganatic compliment pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar sailed from honolulu from diary sept 2 flocks of flying fish slim shapely graceful and intensely white with the sun on them they look like a flight of silver fruit knives they are able to fly a hundred yards sept 3 in 9 deg 50' north latitude at breakfast approaching the equator on a long slant those of us who have never seen the equator are a good deal excited i think i would rather see it than any other thing in the world we entered the doldrums last night variable winds bursts of rain intervals of calm with chopping seas and a wobbly and drunken motion to the ship a condition of things findable in other regions sometimes but present in the doldrums always the globe girdling belt called the doldrums is 20 degrees wide and the thread called the equator lies along the middle of it sept 4 total eclipse of the moon last night at 1 30 it began to go off at total or about that it was like a rich rosy cloud with a tumbled surface framed in the circle and projecting from it a bulge of strawberry ice so to speak at half eclipse the moon was like a gilded acorn in its cup sept 5 closing in on the equator this noon a sailor explained to a young girl that the ship's speed is poor because we are climbing up the bulge toward the center of the globe but that when we should once get over at the equator and start down hill we should fly when she asked him the other day what the fore yard was he said it was the front yard the open area in the front end of the ship that man has a good deal of learning stored up and the girl is likely to get it all afternoon crossed the equator in the distance it looked like a blue ribbon stretched across the ocean several passengers kodak'd it we had no fool ceremonies no fantastics no horse play all that sort of thing has gone out in old times a sailor dressed as neptune used to come in over the bows with his suite and lather up and shave everybody who was crossing the equator for the first time and then cleanse these unfortunates by swinging them from the yard arm and ducking them three times in the sea this was considered funny nobody knows why no that is not true we do know why such a thing could never be funny on land no part of the old time grotesque performances gotten up on shipboard to celebrate the passage of the line would ever be funny on shore they would seem dreary and less to shore people but the shore people would change their minds about it at sea on a long voyage on such a voyage with its eternal monotonies people's intellects deteriorate the owners of the intellects soon reach a point where they almost seem to prefer childish things to things of a maturer degree one is often surprised at the juvenilities which grown people indulge in at sea and the interest they take in them and the consuming enjoyment they get out of them this is on long voyages only the mind gradually becomes inert dull blunted it loses its accustomed interest in intellectual things nothing but horse play can rouse it nothing but wild and foolish grotesqueries can entertain it on short voyages it makes no such exposure of itself it hasn't time to slump down to this sorrowful level the short voyage passenger gets his chief physical exercise out of horse billiards shovel board it is a good game we play it in this ship a quartermaster chalks off a diagram like this on the deck the player uses a cue that is like a broom handle with a quarter moon of wood fastened to the end of it with this he shoves wooden disks the size of a saucer he gives the disk a vigorous shove and sends it fifteen or twenty feet along the deck and lands it in one of the squares if he can if it stays there till the inning is played out it will count as many points in the game as the figure in the square it has stopped in represents the adversary plays to knock that disk out and leave his own in its place particularly if it rests upon the 9 or 10 or some other of the high numbers but if it rests in the 10off he backs it up lands his disk behind it a foot or two to make it difficult for its owner to knock it out of that damaging place and improve his record when the inning is played out it may be found that each adversary has placed his four disks where they count it may be found that some of them are touching chalk lines and not counting and very often it will be found that there has been a general wreckage and that not a disk has been left within the diagram anyway the result is recorded whatever it is and the game goes on the game is 100 points and it takes from twenty minutes to forty to play it according to luck and the condition of the sea it is an exciting game and the crowd of spectators furnish abundance of applause for fortunate shots and plenty of laughter for the other kind it is a game of skill but at the same time the uneasy motion of the ship is constantly interfering with skill this makes it a chancy game and the element of luck comes largely in we had a couple of grand tournaments to determine who should be champion of the pacific they included among the participants nearly all the passengers of both sexes and the officers of the ship and they afforded many days of stupendous interest and excitement and murderous exercise for horse billiards is a physically violent game the figures in the following record of some of the closing games in the first tournament will show better than any description how very chancy the game is the losers here represented had all been winners in the previous games of the series some of them by fine majorities chase 102 mrs d 57 mortimer 105 the surgeon 92 miss c 105 mrs t 9 clemens 101 taylor 92 taylor 109 davies 95 miss c 108 mortimer 55 thomas 102 roper 76 clemens 111 miss c 89 coomber 106 chase 98 and so on until but three couples of winners were left then i beat my man young smith beat his man and thomas beat his this reduced the combatants to three smith and i took the deck and i led off at the close of the first inning i was 10 worse than nothing and smith had scored 7 the luck continued against me when i was 57 smith was 97 within 3 of out the luck changed then he picked up a 10 off or so and couldn't recover i beat him the next game would end tournament no 1 mr thomas and i were the contestants he won the lead and went to the bat so to speak and there he stood with the crotch of his cue resting against his disk while the ship rose slowly up sank slowly down rose again sank again she never seemed to rise to suit him exactly she started up once more and when she was nearly ready for the turn he let drive and landed his disk just within the left hand end of the 10 applause the umpire proclaimed a good 10 and the game keeper set it down i played my disk grazed the edge of mr thomas's disk and went out of the diagram no applause mr thomas played again and landed his second disk alongside of the first and almost touching its right hand side good 10 great applause i played and missed both of them no applause mr thomas delivered his third shot and landed his disk just at the right of the other two good 10 immense applause there they lay side by side the three in a row it did not seem possible that anybody could miss them still i did it immense silence mr thomas played his last disk it seems incredible but he actually landed that disk alongside of the others and just to the right of them a straight solid row of 4 disks tumultuous and long continued applause then i played my last disk again it did not seem possible that anybody could miss that row a row which would have been 14 inches long if the disks had been clamped together whereas with the spaces separating them they made a longer row than that but i did it it may be that i was getting nervous i think it unlikely that that innings has ever had its parallel in the history of horse billiards to place the four disks side by side in the 10 was an extraordinary feat indeed it was a kind of miracle to miss them was another miracle it will take a century to produce another man who can place the four disks in the 10 and longer than that to find a man who can't knock them out i was ashamed of my performance at the time but now that i reflect upon it i see that it was rather fine and difficult mr thomas kept his luck and won the game and later the championship in a minor tournament i won the prize which was a waterbury watch i put it in my trunk in pretoria south africa nine months afterward my proper watch broke down and i took the waterbury out wound it set it by the great clock on the parliament house 8 05 then went back to my room and went to bed tired from a long railway journey the parliamentary clock had a peculiarity which i was not aware of at the time a peculiarity which exists in no other clock and would not exist in that one if it had been made by a sane person on the half hour it strikes the succeeding hour then strikes the hour again at the proper time i lay reading and smoking awhile then when i could hold my eyes open no longer and was about to put out the light the great clock began to boom and i counted ten i reached for the waterbury to see how it was getting along it was marking 9 30 it seemed rather poor speed for a three dollar watch but i supposed that the climate was affecting it i shoved it half an hour ahead and took to my book and waited to see what would happen at 10 the great clock struck ten again i looked the waterbury was marking half past 10 this was too much speed for the money and it troubled me i pushed the hands back a half hour and waited once more i had to for i was vexed and restless now and my sleepiness was gone by and by the great clock struck 11 the waterbury was marking 10 30 i pushed it ahead half an hour with some show of temper by and by the great clock struck 11 again the waterbury showed up 11 30 now and i beat her brains out against the bedstead i was sorry next day when i found out to return to the ship the average human being is a perverse creature and when he isn't that he is a practical joker the result to the other person concerned is about the same that is he is made to suffer the washing down of the decks begins at a very early hour in all ships in but few ships are any measures taken to protect the passengers either by waking or warning them or by sending a steward to close their ports and so the deckwashers have their opportunity and they use it they send a bucket of water slashing along the side of the ship and into the ports drenching the passenger's clothes and often the passenger himself this good old custom prevailed in this ship and under unusually favorable circumstances for in the blazing tropical regions a removable zinc thing like a sugarshovel projects from the port to catch the wind and bring it in this thing catches the wash water and brings it in too and in flooding abundance mrs l an invalid had to sleep on the locker sofa under her port and every time she over slept and thus failed to take care of herself the deck washers drowned her out and the painters what a good time they had! this ship would be going into dock for a month in sydney for repairs but no matter painting was going on all the time somewhere or other the ladies' dresses were constantly getting ruined nevertheless protests and supplications went for nothing sometimes a lady taking an afternoon nap on deck near a ventilator or some other thing that didn't need painting would wake up by and by and find that the humorous painter had been noiselessly daubing that thing and had splattered her white gown all over with little greasy yellow spots the blame for this untimely painting did not lie with the ship's officers but with custom as far back as noah's time it became law that ships must be constantly painted and fussed at when at sea custom grew out of the law and at sea custom knows no death this custom will continue until the sea goes dry sept 8 sunday we are moving so nearly south that we cross only about two meridians of longitude a day this morning we were in longitude 178 west from greenwich and 57 degrees west from san francisco to morrow we shall be close to the center of the globe the 180th degree of west longitude and 180th degree of east longitude and then we must drop out a day lose a day out of our lives a day never to be found again we shall all die one day earlier than from the beginning of time we were foreordained to die we shall be a day behindhand all through eternity we shall always be saying to the other angels fine day today and they will be always retorting but it isn't to day it's tomorrow we shall be in a state of confusion all the time and shall never know what true happiness is next day sure enough it has happened yesterday it was september 8 sunday to day per the bulletin board at the head of the companionway it is september 10 tuesday there is something uncanny about it and uncomfortable in fact nearly unthinkable and wholly unrealizable when one comes to consider it while we were crossing the 180th meridian it was sunday in the stern of the ship where my family were and tuesday in the bow where i was they were there eating the half of a fresh apple on the 8th and i was at the same time eating the other half of it on the 10th and i could notice how stale it was already the family were the same age that they were when i had left them five minutes before but i was a day older now than i was then the day they were living in stretched behind them half way round the globe across the pacific ocean and america and europe the day i was living in stretched in front of me around the other half to meet it they were stupendous days for bulk and stretch apparently much larger days than we had ever been in before all previous days had been but shrunk up little things by comparison the difference in temperature between the two days was very marked their day being hotter than mine because it was closer to the equator along about the moment that we were crossing the great meridian a child was born in the steerage and now there is no way to tell which day it was born on the nurse thinks it was sunday the surgeon thinks it was tuesday the child will never know its own birthday it will always be choosing first one and then the other and will never be able to make up its mind permanently this will breed vacillation and uncertainty in its opinions about religion and politics and business and sweethearts and everything and will undermine its principles and rot them away and make the poor thing characterless and its success in life impossible every one in the ship says so and this is not all in fact not the worst for there is an enormously rich brewer in the ship who said as much as ten days ago that if the child was born on his birthday he would give it ten thousand dollars to start its little life with his birthday was monday the 9th of september if the ships all moved in the one direction westward i mean the world would suffer a prodigious loss in the matter of valuable time through the dumping overboard on the great meridian of such multitudes of days by ships crews and passengers but fortunately the ships do not all sail west half of them sail east so there is no real loss these latter pick up all the discarded days and add them to the world's stock again and about as good as new too for of course the salt water preserves them chapter v noise proves nothing often a hen who has merely laid an egg cackles as if she had laid an asteroid pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar wednesday sept 11 in this world we often make mistakes of judgment we do not as a rule get out of them sound and whole but sometimes we do at dinner yesterday evening present a mixture of scotch english american canadian and australasian folk a discussion broke out about the pronunciation of certain scottish words this was private ground and the non scotch nationalities with one exception discreetly kept still but i am not discreet and i took a hand i didn't know anything about the subject but i took a hand just to have something to do at that moment the word in dispute was the word three one scotchman was claiming that the peasantry of scotland pronounced it three his adversaries claimed that they didn't that they pronounced it 'thraw' the solitary scot was having a sultry time of it so i thought i would enrich him with my help in my position i was necessarily quite impartial and was equally as well and as ill equipped to fight on the one side as on the other so i spoke up and said the peasantry pronounced the word three not thraw it was an error of judgment there was a moment of astonished and ominous silence then weather ensued the storm rose and spread in a surprising way and i was snowed under in a very few minutes it was a bad defeat for me a kind of waterloo it promised to remain so and i wished i had had better sense than to enter upon such a forlorn enterprise but just then i had a saving thought at least a thought that offered a chance while the storm was still raging i made up a scotch couplet and then spoke up and said very well don't say any more i confess defeat i thought i knew but i see my mistake i was deceived by one of your scotch poets a scotch poet! o come! name him robert burns it is wonderful the power of that name these men looked doubtful but paralyzed all the same they were quite silent for a moment then one of them said with the reverence in his voice which is always present in a scotchman's tone when he utters the name does robbie burns say what does he say this is what he says 'there were nae bairns but only three ane at the breast twa at the knee ' it ended the discussion there was no man there profane enough disloyal enough to say any word against a thing which robert burns had settled i shall always honor that great name for the salvation it brought me in this time of my sore need it is my belief that nearly any invented quotation played with confidence stands a good chance to deceive there are people who think that honesty is always the best policy this is a superstition there are times when the appearance of it is worth six of it we are moving steadily southward getting further and further down under the projecting paunch of the globe yesterday evening we saw the big dipper and the north star sink below the horizon and disappear from our world no not we but they they saw it somebody saw it and told me about it but it is no matter i was not caring for those things i am tired of them any way i think they are well enough but one doesn't want them always hanging around my interest was all in the southern cross i had never seen that i had heard about it all my life and it was but natural that i should be burning to see it no other constellation makes so much talk i had nothing against the big dipper and naturally couldn't have anything against it since it is a citizen of our own sky and the property of the united states but i did want it to move out of the way and give this foreigner a chance judging by the size of the talk which the southern cross had made i supposed it would need a sky all to itself but that was a mistake we saw the cross to night and it is not large not large and not strikingly bright but it was low down toward the horizon and it may improve when it gets up higher in the sky it is ingeniously named for it looks just as a cross would look if it looked like something else but that description does not describe it is too vague too general too indefinite it does after a fashion suggest a cross across that is out of repair or out of drawing not correctly shaped it is long with a short cross bar and the cross bar is canted out of the straight line it consists of four large stars and one little one the little one is out of line and further damages the shape it should have been placed at the intersection of the stem and the cross bar if you do not draw an imaginary line from star to star it does not suggest a cross nor anything in particular one must ignore the little star and leave it out of the combination it confuses everything if you leave it out then you can make out of the four stars a sort of cross out of true or a sort of kite out of true or a sort of coffin out of true constellations have always been troublesome things to name if you give one of them a fanciful name it will always refuse to live up to it it will always persist in not resembling the thing it has been named for ultimately to satisfy the public the fanciful name has to be discarded for a common sense one a manifestly descriptive one the great bear remained the great bear and unrecognizable as such for thousands of years and people complained about it all the time and quite properly but as soon as it became the property of the united states congress changed it to the big dipper and now every body is satisfied and there is no more talk about riots i would not change the southern cross to the southern coffin i would change it to the southern kite for up there in the general emptiness is the proper home of a kite but not for coffins and crosses and dippers in a little while now i cannot tell exactly how long it will be the globe will belong to the english speaking race and of course the skies also then the constellations will be re organized and polished up and re named the most of them victoria i reckon but this one will sail thereafter as the southern kite or go out of business several towns and things here and there have been named for her majesty already in these past few days we are plowing through a mighty milky way of islands they are so thick on the map that one would hardly expect to find room between them for a canoe yet we seldom glimpse one once we saw the dim bulk of a couple of them far away spectral and dreamy things members of the horne alofa and fortuna on the larger one are two rival native kings and they have a time together they are catholics so are their people the missionaries there are french priests from the multitudinous islands in these regions the recruits for the queensland plantations were formerly drawn are still drawn from them i believe vessels fitted up like old time slavers came here and carried off the natives to serve as laborers in the great australian province in the beginning it was plain simple man stealing as per testimony of the missionaries this has been denied but not disproven afterward it was forbidden by law to recruit a native without his consent and governmental agents were sent in all recruiting vessels to see that the law was obeyed which they did according to the recruiting people and which they sometimes didn't according to the missionaries a man could be lawfully recruited for a three years term of service he could volunteer for another term if he so chose when his time was up he could return to his island and would also have the means to do it for the government required the employer to put money in its hands for this purpose before the recruit was delivered to him captain wawn was a recruiting ship master during many years from his pleasant book one gets the idea that the recruiting business was quite popular with the islanders as a rule and yet that did not make the business wholly dull and uninteresting for one finds rather frequent little breaks in the monotony of it like this for instance the afternoon of our arrival at leper island the schooner was lying almost becalmed under the lee of the lofty central portion of the island about three quarters of a mile from the shore the boats were in sight at some distance the recruiter boat had run into a small nook on the rocky coast under a high bank above which stood a solitary hut backed by dense forest the government agent and mate in the second boat lay about 400 yards to the westward suddenly we heard the sound of firing followed by yells from the natives on shore and then we saw the recruiter boat push out with a seemingly diminished crew the mate's boat pulled quickly up took her in tow and presently brought her alongside all her own crew being more or less hurt it seems the natives had called them into the place on pretence of friendship a crowd gathered about the stern of the boat and several fellows even got into her all of a sudden our men were attacked with clubs and tomahawks the recruiter escaped the first blows aimed at him making play with his fists until he had an opportunity to draw his revolver 'tom sayers ' a mare man received a tomahawk blow on the head which laid the scalp open but did not penetrate his skull fortunately 'bobby towns ' another mare boatman had both his thumbs cut in warding off blows one of them being so nearly severed from the hand that the doctors had to finish the operation lihu a lifu boy the recruiter's special attendant was cut and pricked in various places but nowhere seriously jack an unlucky tanna recruit who had been engaged to act as boatman received an arrow through his forearm the head of which apiece of bone seven or eight inches long was still in the limb protruding from both sides when the boats returned the recruiter himself would have got off scot free had not an arrow pinned one of his fingers to the loom of the steering oar just as they were getting off the fight had been short but sharp the enemy lost two men both shot dead the truth is captain wawn furnishes such a crowd of instances of fatal encounters between natives and french and english recruiting crews for the french are in the business for the plantations of new caledonia that one is almost persuaded that recruiting is not thoroughly popular among the islanders else why this bristling string of attacks and bloodcurdling slaughter the captain lays it all to exeter hall influence but for the meddling philanthropists the native fathers and mothers would be fond of seeing their children carted into exile and now and then the grave instead of weeping about it and trying to kill the kind recruiters chapter vi he was as shy as a newspaper is when referring to its own merits pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar captain wawn is crystal clear on one point he does not approve of missionaries they obstruct his business they make recruiting as he calls it slave catching as they call it in their frank way a trouble when it ought to be just a picnic and a pleasure excursion the missionaries have their opinion about the manner in which the labor traffic is conducted and about the recruiter's evasions of the law of the traffic and about the traffic itself and it is distinctly uncomplimentary to the traffic and to everything connected with it including the law for its regulation captain wawn's book is of very recent date i have by me a pamphlet of still later date hot from the press in fact by rev wm gray a missionary and the book and the pamphlet taken together make exceedingly interesting reading to my mind interesting and easy to understand except in one detail which i will mention presently it is easy to understand why the queensland sugar planter should want the kanaka recruit he is cheap very cheap in fact these are the figures paid by the planter l20 to the recruiter for getting the kanaka or catching him as the missionary phrase goes l3 to the queensland government for superintending the importation l5 deposited with the government for the kanaka's passage home when his three years are up in case he shall live that long about l25 to the kanaka himself for three years' wages and clothing total payment for the use of a man three years l53 or including diet l60 altogether a hundred dollars a year one can understand why the recruiter is fond of the business the recruit costs him a few cheap presents given to the recruit's relatives not himself and the recruit is worth l20 to the recruiter when delivered in queensland all this is clear enough but the thing that is not clear is what there is about it all to persuade the recruit he is young and brisk life at home in his beautiful island is one lazy long holiday to him or if he wants to work he can turn out a couple of bags of copra per week and sell it for four or five shillings a bag in queensland he must get up at dawn and work from eight to twelve hours a day in the canefields in a much hotter climate than he is used to and get less than four shillings a week for it i cannot understand his willingness to go to queensland it is a deep puzzle to me here is the explanation from the planter's point of view at least i gather from the missionary's pamphlet that it is the planter's when he comes from his home he is a savage pure and simple he feels no shame at his nakedness and want of adornment when he returns home he does so well dressed sporting a waterbury watch collars cuffs boots and jewelry he takes with him one or more boxes [ box is english for trunk ] well filled with clothing a musical instrument or two and perfumery and other articles of luxury he has learned to appreciate for just one moment we have a seeming flash of comprehension of the kanaka's reason for exiling himself he goes away to acquire civilization yes he was naked and not ashamed now he is clothed and knows how to be ashamed he was unenlightened now he has a waterbury watch he was unrefined now he has jewelry and something to make him smell good he was a nobody a provincial now he has been to far countries and can show off it all looks plausible for a moment then the missionary takes hold of this explanation and pulls it to pieces and dances on it and damages it beyond recognition admitting that the foregoing description is the average one the average sequel is this the cuffs and collars if used at all are carried off by youngsters who fasten them round the leg just below the knee as ornaments the waterbury broken and dirty finds its way to the trader who gives a trifle for it or the inside is taken out the wheels strung on a thread and hung round the neck knives axes calico and handkerchiefs are divided among friends and there is hardly one of these apiece the boxes the keys often lost on the road home can be bought for 2s 6d they are to be seen rotting outside in almost any shore village on tanna i speak of what i have seen a returned kanaka has been furiously angry with me because i would not buy his trousers which he declared were just my fit he sold them afterwards to one of my aniwan teachers for 9d worth of tobacco a pair of trousers that probably cost him 8s or 10s in queensland a coat or shirt is handy for cold weather the white handkerchiefs the 'senet' perfumery the umbrella and perhaps the hat are kept the boots have to take their chance if they do not happen to fit the copra trader 'senet' on the hair streaks of paint on the face a dirty white handkerchief round the neck strips of turtle shell in the ears a belt a sheath and knife and an umbrella constitute the rig of returned kanaka at home the day after landing a hat an umbrella a belt a neckerchief otherwise stark naked all in a day the hard earned civilization has melted away to this and even these perishable things must presently go indeed there is but a single detail of his civilization that can be depended on to stay by him according to the missionary he has learned to swear this is art and art is long as the poet says in all countries the laws throw light upon the past the queensland law for the regulation of the labor traffic is a confession it is a confession that the evils charged by the missionaries upon the traffic had existed in the past and that they still existed when the law was made the missionaries make a further charge that the law is evaded by the recruiters and that the government agent sometimes helps them to do it regulation 31 reveals two things that sometimes a young fool of a recruit gets his senses back after being persuaded to sign away his liberty for three years and dearly wants to get out of the engagement and stay at home with his own people and that threats intimidation and force are used to keep him on board the recruiting ship and to hold him to his contract regulation 31 forbids these coercions the law requires that he shall be allowed to go free and another clause of it requires the recruiter to set him ashore per boat because of the prevalence of sharks testimony from rev mr gray there are 'wrinkles' for taking the penitent kanaka my first experience of the traffic was a case of this kind in 1884 a vessel anchored just out of sight of our station word was brought to me that some boys were stolen and the relatives wished me to go and get them back the facts were as i found that six boys had recruited had rushed into the boat the government agent informed me they had all 'signed' and said the government agent 'on board they shall remain ' i was assured that the six boys were of age and willing to go yet on getting ready to leave the ship i found four of the lads ready to come ashore in the boat! this i forbade one of them jumped into the water and persisted in coming ashore in my boat when appealed to the government agent suggested that we go and leave him to be picked up by the ship's boat a quarter mile distant at the time! the law and the missionaries feel for the repentant recruit and properly one may be permitted to think for he is only a youth and ignorant and persuadable to his hurt but sympathy for him is not kept in stock by the recruiter rev mr gray says a captain many years in the traffic explained to me how a penitent could betaken 'when a boy jumps overboard we just take a boat and pull ahead of him then lie between him and the shore if he has not tired himself swimming and passes the boat keep on heading him in this way the dodge rarely fails the boy generally tires of swimming gets into the boat of his own accord and goes quietly on board yes exhaustion is likely to make a boy quiet if the distressed boy had been the speaker's son and the captors savages the speaker would have been surprised to see how differently the thing looked from the new point of view however it is not our custom to put ourselves in the other person's place somehow there is something pathetic about that disappointed young savage's resignation i must explain here that in the traffic dialect boy does not always mean boy it means a youth above sixteen years of age that is by queensland law the age of consent though it is held that recruiters allow themselves some latitude in guessing at ages captain wawn of the free spirit chafes under the annoyance of cast iron regulations they and the missionaries have poisoned his life he grieves for the good old days vanished to come no more see him weep hear him cuss between the lines! for a long time we were allowed to apprehend and detain all deserters who had signed the agreement on board ship but the 'cast iron' regulations of the act of 1884 put a stop to that allowing the kanaka to sign the agreement for three years' service travel about in the ship in receipt of the regular rations cadge all he could and leave when he thought fit so long as he did not extend his pleasure trip to queensland rev mr gray calls this same restrictive cast iron law a farce there is as much cruelty and injustice done to natives by acts that are legal as by deeds unlawful the regulations that exist are unjust and inadequate unjust and inadequate they must ever be he furnishes his reasons for his position but they are too long for reproduction here however if the most a kanaka advantages himself by a three years course in civilization in queensland is a necklace and an umbrella and a showy imperfection in the art of swearing it must be that all the profit of the traffic goes to the white man this could be twisted into a plausible argument that the traffic ought to be squarely abolished however there is reason for hope that that can be left alone to achieve itself it is claimed that the traffic will depopulate its sources of supply within the next twenty or thirty years queensland is a very healthy place for white people death rate 12 in 1 000 of the population but the kanaka death rate is away above that the vital statistics for 1893 place it at 52 for 1894 mackay district 68 the first six months of the kanaka's exile are peculiarly perilous for him because of the rigors of the new climate the death rate among the new men has reached as high as 180 in the 1 000 in the kanaka's native home his death rate is 12 in time of peace and 15 in time of war thus exile to queensland with the opportunity to acquire civilization an umbrella and a pretty poor quality of profanity is twelve times as deadly for him as war common christian charity common humanity does seem to require not only that these people be returned to their homes but that war pestilence and famine be introduced among them for their preservation concerning these pacific isles and their peoples an eloquent prophet spoke long years ago five and fifty years ago in fact he spoke a little too early prophecy is a good line of business but it is full of risks this prophet was the right rev m russell ll d d c l of edinburgh is the tide of civilization to roll only to the foot of the rocky mountains and is the sun of knowledge to set at last in the waves of the pacific no the mighty day of four thousand years is drawing to its close the sun of humanity has performed its destined course but long ere its setting rays are extinguished in the west its ascending beams have glittered on the isles of the eastern seas and now we see the race of japhet setting forth to people the isles and the seeds of another europe and a second england sown in the regions of the sun but mark the words of the prophecy 'he shall dwell in the tents of shem and canaan shall be his servant ' it is not said canaan shall be his slave to the anglo saxon race is given the scepter of the globe but there is not given either the lash of the slave driver or the rack of the executioner the east will not be stained with the same atrocities as the west the frightful gangrene of an enthralled race is not to mar the destinies of the family of japhet in the oriental world humanizing not destroying as they advance uniting with not enslaving the inhabitants with whom they dwell the british race may etc etc and he closes his vision with an invocation from thomson come bright improvement! on the car of time and rule the spacious world from clime to clime very well bright improvement has arrived you see with her civilization and her waterbury and her umbrella and her third quality profanity and her humanizing not destroying machinery and her hundred and eighty death rate and everything is going along just as handsome! but the prophet that speaks last has an advantage over the pioneer in the business rev mr gray says what i am concerned about is that we as a christian nation should wipe out these races to enrich ourselves and he closes his pamphlet with a grim indictment which is as eloquent in its flowerless straightforward english as is the hand painted rhapsody of the early prophet my indictment of the queensland kanaka labor traffic is this 1 it generally demoralizes and always impoverishes the kanaka deprives him of his citizenship and depopulates the islands fitted to his home 2 it is felt to lower the dignity of the white agricultural laborer in queensland and beyond a doubt it lowers his wages there 3 the whole system is fraught with danger to australia and the islands on the score of health 4 on social and political grounds the continuance of the queensland kanaka labor traffic must be a barrier to the true federation of the australian colonies 5 the regulations under which the traffic exists in queensland are inadequate to prevent abuses and in the nature of things they must remain so 6 the whole system is contrary to the spirit and doctrine of the gospel of jesus christ the gospel requires us to help the weak but the kanaka is fleeced and trodden down 7 the bed rock of this traffic is that the life and liberty of a black man are of less value than those of a white man and a traffic that has grown out of 'slave hunting' will certainly remain to the end not unlike its origin chapter vii truth is the most valuable thing we have let us economize it pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar from diary for a day or two we have been plowing among an invisible vast wilderness of islands catching now and then a shadowy glimpse of a member of it there does seem to be a prodigious lot of islands this year the map of this region is freckled and fly specked all over with them their number would seem to be uncountable we are moving among the fijis now 224 islands and islets in the group in front of us to the west the wilderness stretches toward australia then curves upward to new guinea and still up and up to japan behind us to the east the wilderness stretches sixty degrees across the wastes of the pacific south of us is new zealand somewhere or other among these myriads samoa is concealed and not discoverable on the map still if you wish to go there you will have no trouble about finding it if you follow the directions given by robert louis stevenson to dr conan doyle and to mr j m barrie you go to america cross the continent to san francisco and then it's the second turning to the left to get the full flavor of the joke one must take a glance at the map wednesday september 11 yesterday we passed close to an island or so and recognized the published fiji characteristics a broad belt of clean white coral sand around the island back of it a graceful fringe of leaning palms with native huts nestling cosily among the shrubbery at their bases back of these a stretch of level land clothed in tropic vegetation back of that rugged and picturesque mountains a detail of the immediate foreground a mouldering ship perched high up on a reef bench this completes the composition and makes the picture artistically perfect in the afternoon we sighted suva the capital of the group and threaded our way into the secluded little harbor a placid basin of brilliant blue and green water tucked snugly in among the sheltering hills a few ships rode at anchor in it one of them a sailing vessel flying the american flag and they said she came from duluth! there's a journey! duluth is several thousand miles from the sea and yet she is entitled to the proud name of mistress of the commercial marine of the united states of america there is only one free independent unsubsidized american ship sailing the foreign seas and duluth owns it all by itself that ship is the american fleet all by itself it causes the american name and power to be respected in the far regions of the globe all by itself it certifies to the world that the most populous civilized nation in the earth has a just pride in her stupendous stretch of sea front and is determined to assert and maintain her rightful place as one of the great maritime powers of the planet all by itself it is making foreign eyes familiar with a flag which they have not seen before for forty years outside of the museum for what duluth has done in building equipping and maintaining at her sole expense the american foreign commercial fleet and in thus rescuing the american name from shame and lifting it high for the homage of the nations we owe her a debt of gratitude which our hearts shall confess with quickened beats whenever her name is named henceforth many national toasts will die in the lapse of time but while the flag flies and the republic survives they who live under their shelter will still drink this one standing and uncovered health and prosperity to thee o duluth american queen of the alien seas! row boats began to flock from the shore their crews were the first natives we had seen these men carried no overplus of clothing and this was wise for the weather was hot handsome great dusky men they were muscular clean limbed and with faces full of character and intelligence it would be hard to find their superiors anywhere among the dark races i should think everybody went ashore to look around and spy out the land and have that luxury of luxuries to sea voyagers a land dinner and there we saw more natives wrinkled old women with their flat mammals flung over their shoulders or hanging down in front like the cold weather drip from the molasses faucet plump and smily young girls blithe and content easy and graceful a pleasure to look at young matrons tall straight comely nobly built sweeping by with chin up and a gait incomparable for unconscious stateliness and dignity majestic young men athletes for build and muscle clothed in a loose arrangement of dazzling white with bronze breast and bronze legs naked and the head a cannon swab of solid hair combed straight out from the skull and dyed a rich brick red only sixty years ago they were sunk in darkness now they have the bicycle we strolled about the streets of the white folks' little town and around over the hills by paths and roads among european dwellings and gardens and plantations and past clumps of hibiscus that made a body blink the great blossoms were so intensely red and by and by we stopped to ask an elderly english colonist a question or two and to sympathize with him concerning the torrid weather but he was surprised and said this this is not hot you ought to be here in the summer time once we supposed that this was summer it has the ear marks of it you could take it to almost any country and deceive people with it but if it isn't summer what does it lack it lacks half a year this is mid winter i had been suffering from colds for several months and a sudden change of season like this could hardly fail to do me hurt it brought on another cold it is odd these sudden jumps from season to season a fortnight ago we left america in mid summer now it is midwinter about a week hence we shall arrive in australia in the spring after dinner i found in the billiard room a resident whom i had known somewhere else in the world and presently made some new friends and drove with them out into the country to visit his excellency the head of the state who was occupying his country residence to escape the rigors of the winter weather i suppose for it was on breezy high ground and much more comfortable than the lower regions where the town is and where the winter has full swing and often sets a person's hair afire when he takes off his hat to bow there is a noble and beautiful view of ocean and islands and castellated peaks from the governor's high placed house and its immediate surroundings lie drowsing in that dreamy repose and serenity which are the charm of life in the pacific islands one of the new friends who went out there with me was a large man and i had been admiring his size all the way i was still admiring it as he stood by the governor on the veranda talking then the fijian butler stepped out there to announce tea and dwarfed him maybe he did not quite dwarf him but at any rate the contrast was quite striking perhaps that dark giant was a king in a condition of political suspension i think that in the talk there on the veranda it was said that in fiji as in the sandwich islands native kings and chiefs are of much grander size and build than the commoners this man was clothed in flowing white vestments and they were just the thing for him they comported well with his great stature and his kingly port and dignity european clothes would have degraded him and made him commonplace i know that because they do that with everybody that wears them it was said that the old time devotion to chiefs and reverence for their persons still survive in the native commoner and in great force the educated young gentleman who is chief of the tribe that live in the region about the capital dresses in the fashion of high class european gentlemen but even his clothes cannot damn him in the reverence of his people their pride in his lofty rank and ancient lineage lives on in spite of his lost authority and the evil magic of his tailor he has no need to defile himself with work or trouble his heart with the sordid cares of life the tribe will see to it that he shall not want and that he shall hold up his head and live like a gentleman i had a glimpse of him down in the town perhaps he is a descendant of the last king the king with the difficult name whose memory is preserved by a notable monument of cut stone which one sees in the enclosure in the middle of the town thakombau i remember now that is the name it is easier to preserve it on a granite block than in your head fiji was ceded to england by this king in 1858 one of the gentlemen present at the governor's quoted a remark made by the king at the time of the session a neat retort and with a touch of pathos in it too the english commissioner had offered a crumb of comfort to thakombau by saying that the transfer of the kingdom to great britain was merely a sort of hermit crab formality you know yes said poor thakombau but with this difference the crab moves into an unoccupied shell but mine isn't however as far as i can make out from the books the king was between the devil and the deep sea at the time and hadn't much choice he owed the united states a large debt a debt which he could pay if allowed time but time was denied him he must pay up right away or the warships would be upon him to protect his people from this disaster he ceded his country to britain with a clause in the contract providing for the ultimate payment of the american debt in old times the fijians were fierce fighters they were very religious and worshiped idols the big chiefs were proud and haughty and they were men of great style in many ways all chiefs had several wives the biggest chiefs sometimes had as many as fifty when a chief was dead and ready for burial four or five of his wives were strangled and put into the grave with him in 1804 twenty seven british convicts escaped from australia to fiji and brought guns and ammunition with them consider what a power they were armed like that and what an opportunity they had if they had been energetic men and sober and had had brains and known how to use them they could have achieved the sovereignty of the archipelago twenty seven kings and each with eight or nine islands under his scepter but nothing came of this chance they lived worthless lives of sin and luxury and died without honor in most cases by violence only one of them had any ambition he was an irishman named connor he tried to raise a family of fifty children and scored forty eight he died lamenting his failure it was a foolish sort of avarice many a father would have been rich enough with forty it is a fine race the fijians with brains in their heads and an inquiring turn of mind it appears that their savage ancestors had a doctrine of immortality in their scheme of religion with limitations that is to say their dead friend would go to a happy hereafter if he could be accumulated but not otherwise they drew the line they thought that the missionary's doctrine was too sweeping too comprehensive they called his attention to certain facts for instance many of their friends had been devoured by sharks the sharks in their turn were caught and eaten by other men later these men were captured in war and eaten by the enemy the original persons had entered into the composition of the sharks next they and the sharks had become part of the flesh and blood and bone of the cannibals how then could the particles of the original men be searched out from the final conglomerate and put together again the inquirers were full of doubts and considered that the missionary had not examined the matter with the gravity and attention which so serious a thing deserved the missionary taught these exacting savages many valuable things and got from them one a very dainty and poetical idea those wild and ignorant poor children of nature believed that the flowers after they perish rise on the winds and float away to the fair fields of heaven and flourish there forever in immortal beauty! chapter viii it could probably be shown by facts and figures that there is no distinctly native american criminal class except congress pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar when one glances at the map the members of the stupendous island wilderness of the pacific seem to crowd upon each other but no there is no crowding even in the center of a group and between groups there are lonely wide deserts of sea not everything is known about the islands their peoples and their languages a startling reminder of this is furnished by the fact that in fiji twenty years ago were living two strange and solitary beings who came from an unknown country and spoke an unknown language they were picked up by a passing vessel many hundreds of miles from any known land floating in the same tiny canoe in which they had been blown out to sea when found they were but skin and bone no one could understand what they said and they have never named their country or if they have the name does not correspond with that of any island on any chart they are now fat and sleek and as happy as the day is long in the ship's log there is an entry of the latitude and longitude in which they were found and this is probably all the clue they will ever have to their lost homes [forbes's two years in fiji ] what a strange and romantic episode it is and how one is tortured with curiosity to know whence those mysterious creatures came those men without a country errant waifs who cannot name their lost home wandering children of nowhere indeed the island wilderness is the very home of romance and dreams and mystery the loneliness the solemnity the beauty and the deep repose of this wilderness have a charm which is all their own for the bruised spirit of men who have fought and failed in the struggle for life in the great world and for men who have been hunted out of the great world for crime and for other men who love an easy and indolent existence and for others who love a roving free life and stir and change and adventure and for yet others who love an easy and comfortable career of trading and money getting mixed with plenty of loose matrimony by purchase divorce without trial or expense and limitless spreeing thrown in to make life ideally perfect we sailed again refreshed the most cultivated person in the ship was a young english man whose home was in new zealand he was a naturalist his learning in his specialty was deep and thorough his interest in his subject amounted to a passion he had an easy gift of speech and so when he talked about animals it was a pleasure to listen to him and profitable too though he was sometimes difficult to understand because now and then he used scientific technicalities which were above the reach of some of us they were pretty sure to be above my reach but as he was quite willing to explain them i always made it a point to get him to do it i had a fair knowledge of his subject layman's knowledge to begin with but it was his teachings which crystalized it into scientific form and clarity in a word gave it value his special interest was the fauna of australasia and his knowledge of the matter was as exhaustive as it was accurate i already knew a good deal about the rabbits in australasia and their marvelous fecundity but in my talks with him i found that my estimate of the great hindrance and obstruction inflicted by the rabbit pest upon traffic and travel was far short of the facts he told me that the first pair of rabbits imported into australasia bred so wonderfully that within six months rabbits were so thick in the land that people had to dig trenches through them to get from town to town he told me a great deal about worms and the kangaroo and other coleoptera and said he knew the history and ways of all such pachydermata he said the kangaroo had pockets and carried its young in them when it couldn't get apples and he said that the emu was as big as an ostrich and looked like one and had an amorphous appetite and would eat bricks also that the dingo was not a dingo at all but just a wild dog and that the only difference between a dingo and a dodo was that neither of them barked otherwise they were just the same he said that the only game bird in australia was the wombat and the only song bird the larrikin and that both were protected by government the most beautiful of the native birds was the bird of paradise next came the two kinds of lyres not spelt the same he said the one kind was dying out the other thickening up he explained that the sundowner was not a bird it was a man sundowner was merely the australian equivalent of our word tramp he is a loafer a hard drinker and a sponge he tramps across the country in the sheep shearing season pretending to look for work but he always times himself to arrive at a sheep run just at sundown when the day's labor ends all he wants is whisky and supper and bed and breakfast he gets them and then disappears the naturalist spoke of the bell bird the creature that at short intervals all day rings out its mellow and exquisite peal from the deeps of the forest it is the favorite and best friend of the weary and thirsty sundowner for he knows that wherever the bell bird is there is water and he goes somewhere else the naturalist said that the oddest bird in australasia was the laughing jackass and the biggest the now extinct great moa the moa stood thirteen feet high and could step over an ordinary man's head or kick his hat off and his head too for that matter he said it was wingless but a swift runner the natives used to ride it it could make forty miles an hour and keep it up for four hundred miles and come out reasonably fresh it was still in existence when the railway was introduced into new zealand still in existence and carrying the mails the railroad began with the same schedule it has now two expresses a week time twenty miles an hour the company exterminated the moa to get the mails speaking of the indigenous coneys and bactrian camels the naturalist said that the coniferous and bacteriological output of australasia was remarkable for its many and curious departures from the accepted laws governing these species of tubercles but that in his opinion nature's fondness for dabbling in the erratic was most notably exhibited in that curious combination of bird fish amphibian burrower crawler quadruped and christian called the ornithorhynchus grotesquest of animals king of the animalculae of the world for versatility of character and make up said he you can call it anything you want to and be right it is a fish for it lives in the river half the time it is a land animal for it resides on the land half the time it is an amphibian since it likes both and does not know which it prefers it is a hybernian for when times are dull and nothing much going on it buries itself under the mud at the bottom of a puddle and hybernates there a couple of weeks at a time it is a kind of duck for it has a duck bill and four webbed paddles it is a fish and quadruped together for in the water it swims with the paddles and on shore it paws itself across country with them it is a kind of seal for it has a seal's fur it is carnivorous herbivorous insectivorous and vermifuginous for it eats fish and grass and butterflies and in the season digs worms out of the mud and devours them it is clearly a bird for it lays eggs and hatches them it is clearly a mammal for it nurses its young and it is manifestly a kind of christian for it keeps the sabbath when there is anybody around and when there isn't doesn't it has all the tastes there are except refined ones it has all the habits there are except good ones it is a survival a survival of the fittest mr darwin invented the theory that goes by that name but the ornithorhynchus was the first to put it to actual experiment and prove that it could be done hence it should have as much of the credit as mr darwin it was never in the ark you will find no mention of it there it nobly stayed out and worked the theory of all creatures in the world it was the only one properly equipped for the test the ark was thirteen months afloat and all the globe submerged no land visible above the flood no vegetation no food for a mammal to eat nor water for a mammal to drink for all mammal food was destroyed and when the pure floods from heaven and the salt oceans of the earth mingled their waters and rose above the mountain tops the result was a drink which no bird or beast of ordinary construction could use and live but this combination was nuts for the ornithorhynchus if i may use a term like that without offense its river home had always been salted by the flood tides of the sea on the face of the noachian deluge innumerable forest trees were floating upon these the ornithorhynchus voyaged in peace voyaged from clime to clime from hemisphere to hemisphere in contentment and comfort in virile interest in the constant change of scene in humble thankfulness for its privileges in ever increasing enthusiasm in the development of the great theory upon whose validity it had staked its life its fortunes and its sacred honor if i may use such expressions without impropriety in connection with an episode of this nature it lived the tranquil and luxurious life of a creature of independent means of things actually necessary to its existence and its happiness not a detail was wanting when it wished to walk it scrambled along the tree trunk it mused in the shade of the leaves by day it slept in their shelter by night when it wanted the refreshment of a swim it had it it ate leaves when it wanted a vegetable diet it dug under the bark for worms and grubs when it wanted fish it caught them when it wanted eggs it laid them if the grubs gave out in one tree it swam to another and as for fish the very opulence of the supply was an embarrassment and finally when it was thirsty it smacked its chops in gratitude over a blend that would have slain a crocodile when at last after thirteen months of travel and research in all the zones it went aground on a mountain summit it strode ashore saying in its heart 'let them that come after me invent theories and dream dreams about the survival of the fittest if they like but i am the first that has done it! this wonderful creature dates back like the kangaroo and many other australian hydrocephalous invertebrates to an age long anterior to the advent of man upon the earth they date back indeed to a time when a causeway hundreds of miles wide and thousands of miles long joined australia to africa and the animals of the two countries were alike and all belonged to that remote geological epoch known to science as the old red grindstone post pleosaurian later the causeway sank under the sea subterranean convulsions lifted the african continent a thousand feet higher than it was before but australia kept her old level in africa's new climate the animals necessarily began to develop and shade off into new forms and families and species but the animals of australia as necessarily remained stationary and have so remained until this day in the course of some millions of years the african ornithorhynchus developed and developed and developed and sluffed off detail after detail of its make up until at last the creature became wholly disintegrated and scattered whenever you see a bird or a beast or a seal or an otter in africa you know that he is merely a sorry surviving fragment of that sublime original of whom i have been speaking that creature which was everything in general and nothing in particular the opulently endowed 'e pluribus unum' of the animal world such is the history of the most hoary the most ancient the most venerable creature that exists in the earth today ornithorhynchus platypus extraordinariensis whom god preserve! when he was strongly moved he could rise and soar like that with ease and not only in the prose form but in the poetical as well he had written many pieces of poetry in his time and these manuscripts he lent around among the passengers and was willing to let them be copied it seemed to me that the least technical one in the series and the one which reached the loftiest note perhaps was his invocation come forth from thy oozy couch o ornithorhynchus dear! and greet with a cordial claw the stranger that longs to hear from thy own own lips the tale of thy origin all unknown thy misplaced bone where flesh should be and flesh where should be bone and fishy fin where should be paw and beaver trowel tail and snout of beast equip'd with teeth where gills ought to prevail come kangaroo the good and true foreshortened as to legs and body tapered like a churn and sack marsupial i' fegs and tells us why you linger here thou relic of a vanished time when all your friends as fossils sleep immortalized in lime! perhaps no poet is a conscious plagiarist but there seems to be warrant for suspecting that there is no poet who is not at one time or another an unconscious one the above verses are indeed beautiful and in a way touching but there is a haunting something about them which unavoidably suggests the sweet singer of michigan it can hardly be doubted that the author had read the works of that poet and been impressed by them it is not apparent that he has borrowed from them any word or yet any phrase but the style and swing and mastery and melody of the sweet singer all are there compare this invocation with frank dutton particularly stanzas first and seventeenth and i think the reader will feel convinced that he who wrote the one had read the other i frank dutton was as fine a lad as ever you wish to see and he was drowned in pine island lake on earth no more will he be his age was near fifteen years and he was a motherless boy he was living with his grandmother when he was drowned poor boy xvii he was drowned on tuesday afternoon on sunday he was found and the tidings of that drowned boy was heard for miles around his form was laid by his mother's side beneath the cold cold ground his friends for him will drop a tear when they view his little mound the sentimental song book by mrs julia moore p 36 chapter ix it is your human environment that makes climate pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar sept 15 night close to australia now sydney 50 miles distant that note recalls an experience the passengers were sent for to come up in the bow and see a fine sight it was very dark one could not follow with the eye the surface of the sea more than fifty yards in any direction it dimmed away and became lost to sight at about that distance from us but if you patiently gazed into the darkness a little while there was a sure reward for you presently a quarter of a mile away you would see a blinding splash or explosion of light on the water a flash so sudden and so astonishingly brilliant that it would make you catch your breath then that blotch of light would instantly extend itself and take the corkscrew shape and imposing length of the fabled sea serpent with every curve of its body and the break spreading away from its head and the wake following behind its tail clothed in a fierce splendor of living fire and my but it was coming at a lightning gait! almost before you could think this monster of light fifty feet long would go flaming and storming by and suddenly disappear and out in the distance whence he came you would see another flash and another and another and another and see them turn into sea serpents on the instant and once sixteen flashed up at the same time and came tearing towards us a swarm of wiggling curves a moving conflagration a vision of bewildering beauty a spectacle of fire and energy whose equal the most of those people will not see again until after they are dead it was porpoises porpoises aglow with phosphorescent light they presently collected in a wild and magnificent jumble under the bows and there they played for an hour leaping and frollicking and carrying on turning summersaults in front of the stem or across it and never getting hit never making a miscalculation though the stem missed them only about an inch as a rule they were porpoises of the ordinary length eight or ten feet but every twist of their bodies sent a long procession of united and glowing curves astern that fiery jumble was an enchanting thing to look at and we stayed out the performance one cannot have such a show as that twice in a lifetime the porpoise is the kitten of the sea he never has a serious thought he cares for nothing but fun and play but i think i never saw him at his winsomest until that night it was near a center of civilization and he could have been drinking by and by when we had approached to somewhere within thirty miles of sydney heads the great electric light that is posted on one of those lofty ramparts began to show and in time the little spark grew to a great sun and pierced the firmament of darkness with a far reaching sword of light sydney harbor is shut in behind a precipice that extends some miles like a wall and exhibits no break to the ignorant stranger it has a break in the middle but it makes so little show that even captain cook sailed by it without seeing it near by that break is a false break which resembles it and which used to make trouble for the mariner at night in the early days before the place was lighted it caused the memorable disaster to the duncan dunbar one of the most pathetic tragedies in the history of that pitiless ruffian the sea the ship was a sailing vessel a fine and favorite passenger packet commanded by a popular captain of high reputation she was due from england and sydney was waiting and counting the hours counting the hours and making ready to give her a heart stirring welcome for she was bringing back a great company of mothers and daughters the long missed light and bloom of life of sydney homes daughters that had been years absent at school and mothers that had been with them all that time watching over them of all the world only india and australasia have by custom freighted ships and fleets with their hearts and know the tremendous meaning of that phrase only they know what the waiting is like when this freightage is entrusted to the fickle winds not steam and what the joy is like when the ship that is returning this treasure comes safe to port and the long dread is over on board the duncan dunbar flying toward sydney heads in the waning afternoon the happy home comers made busy preparation for it was not doubted that they would be in the arms of their friends before the day was done they put away their sea going clothes and put on clothes meeter for the meeting their richest and their loveliest these poor brides of the grave but the wind lost force or there was a miscalculation and before the heads were sighted the darkness came on it was said that ordinarily the captain would have made a safe offing and waited for the morning but this was no ordinary occasion all about him were appealing faces faces pathetic with disappointment so his sympathy moved him to try the dangerous passage in the dark he had entered the heads seventeen times and believed he knew the ground so he steered straight for the false opening mistaking it for the true one he did not find out that he was wrong until it was too late there was no saving the ship the great seas swept her in and crushed her to splinters and rubbish upon the rock tushes at the base of the precipice not one of all that fair and gracious company was ever seen again alive the tale is told to every stranger that passes the spot and it will continue to be told to all that come for generations but it will never grow old custom cannot stale it the heart break that is in it can never perish out of it there were two hundred persons in the ship and but one survived the disaster he was a sailor a huge sea flung him up the face of the precipice and stretched him on a narrow shelf of rock midway between the top and the bottom and there he lay all night at any other time he would have lain there for the rest of his life without chance of discovery but the next morning the ghastly news swept through sydney that the duncan dunbar had gone down in sight of home and straightway the walls of the heads were black with mourners and one of these stretching himself out over the precipice to spy out what might be seen below discovered this miraculously preserved relic of the wreck ropes were brought and the nearly impossible feat of rescuing the man was accomplished he was a person with a practical turn of mind and he hired a hall in sydney and exhibited himself at sixpence a head till he exhausted the output of the gold fields for that year we entered and cast anchor and in the morning went oh ing and ah ing in admiration up through the crooks and turns of the spacious and beautiful harbor a harbor which is the darling of sydney and the wonder of the world it is not surprising that the people are proud of it nor that they put their enthusiasm into eloquent words a returning citizen asked me what i thought of it and i testified with a cordiality which i judged would be up to the market rate i said it was beautiful superbly beautiful then by a natural impulse i gave god the praise the citizen did not seem altogether satisfied he said it is beautiful of course it's beautiful the harbor but that isn't all of it it's only half of it sydney's the other half and it takes both of them together to ring the supremacy bell god made the harbor and that's all right but satan made sydney of course i made an apology and asked him to convey it to his friend he was right about sydney being half of it it would be beautiful without sydney but not above half as beautiful as it is now with sydney added it is shaped somewhat like an oak leaf a roomy sheet of lovely blue water with narrow off shoots of water running up into the country on both sides between long fingers of land high wooden ridges with sides sloped like graves handsome villas are perched here and there on these ridges snuggling amongst the foliage and one catches alluring glimpses of them as the ship swims by toward the city the city clothes a cluster of hills and a ruffle of neighboring ridges with its undulating masses of masonry and out of these masses spring towers and spires and other architectural dignities and grandeurs that break the flowing lines and give picturesqueness to the general effect the narrow inlets which i have mentioned go wandering out into the land everywhere and hiding themselves in it and pleasure launches are always exploring them with picnic parties on board it is said by trustworthy people that if you explore them all you will find that you have covered 700 miles of water passage but there are liars everywhere this year and they will double that when their works are in good going order october was close at hand spring was come it was really spring everybody said so but you could have sold it for summer in canada and nobody would have suspected it was the very weather that makes our home summers the perfection of climatic luxury i mean when you are out in the wood or by the sea but these people said it was cool now a person ought to see sydney in the summer time if he wanted to know what warm weather is and he ought to go north ten or fifteen hundred miles if he wanted to know what hot weather is they said that away up there toward the equator the hens laid fried eggs sydney is the place to go to get information about other people's climates it seems to me that the occupation of unbiased traveler seeking information is the pleasantest and most irresponsible trade there is the traveler can always find out anything he wants to merely by asking he can get at all the facts and more everybody helps him nobody hinders him anybody who has an old fact in stock that is no longer negotiable in the domestic market will let him have it at his own price an accumulation of such goods is easily and quickly made they cost almost nothing and they bring par in the foreign market travelers who come to america always freight up with the same old nursery tales that their predecessors selected and they carry them back and always work them off without any trouble in the home market if the climates of the world were determined by parallels of latitude then we could know a place's climate by its position on the map and so we should know that the climate of sydney was the counterpart of the climate of columbia s c and of little rock arkansas since sydney is about the same distance south of the equator that those other towns are north of it thirty four degrees but no climate disregards the parallels of latitude in arkansas they have a winter in sydney they have the name of it but not the thing itself i have seen the ice in the mississippi floating past the mouth of the arkansas river and at memphis but a little way above the mississippi has been frozen over from bank to bank but they have never had a cold spell in sydney which brought the mercury down to freezing point once in a mid winter day there in the month of july the mercury went down to 36 deg and that remains the memorable cold day in the history of the town no doubt little rock has seen it below zero once in sydney in mid summer about new year's day the mercury went up to 106 deg in the shade and that is sydney's memorable hot day that would about tally with little rock's hottest day also i imagine my sydney figures are taken from a government report and are trustworthy in the matter of summer weather arkansas has no advantage over sydney perhaps but when it comes to winter weather that is another affair you could cut up an arkansas winter into a hundred sydney winters and have enough left for arkansas and the poor the whole narrow hilly belt of the pacific side of new south wales has the climate of its capital a mean winter temperature of 54 deg and a mean summer one of 71 deg it is a climate which cannot be improved upon for healthfulness but the experts say that 90 deg in new south wales is harder to bear than 112 deg in the neighboring colony of victoria because the atmosphere of the former is humid and of the latter dry the mean temperature of the southernmost point of new south wales is the same as that of nice 60 deg yet nice is further from the equator by 460 miles than is the former but nature is always stingy of perfect climates stingier in the case of australia than usual apparently this vast continent has a really good climate nowhere but around the edges if we look at a map of the world we are surprised to see how big australia is it is about two thirds as large as the united states was before we added alaska but where as one finds a sufficiently good climate and fertile land almost everywhere in the united states it seems settled that inside of the australian border belt one finds many deserts and in spots a climate which nothing can stand except a few of the hardier kinds of rocks in effect australia is as yet unoccupied if you take a map of the united states and leave the atlantic sea board states in their places also the fringe of southern states from florida west to the mouth of the mississippi also a narrow inhabited streak up the mississippi half way to its head waters also a narrow inhabited border along the pacific coast then take a brushful of paint and obliterate the whole remaining mighty stretch of country that lies between the atlantic states and the pacific coast strip your map will look like the latest map of australia this stupendous blank is hot not to say torrid a part of it is fertile the rest is desert it is not liberally watered it has no towns one has only to cross the mountains of new south wales and descend into the westward lying regions to find that he has left the choice climate behind him and found a new one of a quite different character in fact he would not know by the thermometer that he was not in the blistering plains of india captain sturt the great explorer gives us a sample of the heat the wind which had been blowing all the morning from the n e increased to a heavy gale and i shall never forget its withering effect i sought shelter behind a large gum tree but the blasts of heat were so terrific that i wondered the very grass did not take fire this really was nothing ideal everything both animate and inanimate gave way before it the horses stood with their backs to the wind and their noses to the ground without the muscular strength to raise their heads the birds were mute and the leaves of the trees under which we were sitting fell like a snow shower around us at noon i took a thermometer graded to 127 deg out of my box and observed that the mercury was up to 125 thinking that it had been unduly influenced i put it in the fork of a tree close to me sheltered alike from the wind and the sun i went to examine it about an hour afterwards when i found the mercury had risen to the top of the instrument and had burst the bulb a circumstance that i believe no traveler has ever before had to record i cannot find language to convey to the reader's mind an idea of the intense and oppressive nature of the heat that prevailed that hot wind sweeps over sydney sometimes and brings with it what is called a dust storm it is said that most australian towns are acquainted with the dust storm i think i know what it is like for the following description by mr gape tallies very well with the alkali duststorm of nevada if you leave out the shovel part still the shovel part is a pretty important part and seems to indicate that my nevada storm is but a poor thing after all as we proceeded the altitude became less and the heat proportionately greater until we reached dubbo which is only 600 feet above sea level it is a pretty town built on an extensive plain after the effects of a shower of rain have passed away the surface of the ground crumbles into a thick layer of dust and occasionally when the wind is in a particular quarter it is lifted bodily from the ground in one long opaque cloud in the midst of such a storm nothing can be seen a few yards ahead and the unlucky person who happens to be out at the time is compelled to seek the nearest retreat at hand when the thrifty housewife sees in the distance the dark column advancing in a steady whirl towards her house she closes the doors and windows with all expedition a drawing room the window of which has been carelessly left open during a dust storm is indeed an extraordinary sight a lady who has resided in dubbo for some years says that the dust lies so thick on the carpet that it is necessary to use a shovel to remove it and probably a wagon i was mistaken i have not seen a proper duststorm to my mind the exterior aspects and character of australia are fascinating things to look at and think about they are so strange so weird so new so uncommonplace such a startling and interesting contrast to the other sections of the planet the sections that are known to us all familiar to us all in the matter of particulars a detail here a detail there we have had the choice climate of new south wales' seacoast we have had the australian heat as furnished by captain sturt we have had the wonderful dust storm and we have considered the phenomenon of an almost empty hot wilderness half as big as the united states with a narrow belt of civilization population and good climate around it chapter x everything human is pathetic the secret source of humor itself is not joy but sorrow there is no humor in heaven pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar captain cook found australia in 1770 and eighteen years later the british government began to transport convicts to it altogether new south wales received 83 000 in 53 years the convicts wore heavy chains they were ill fed and badly treated by the officers set over them they were heavily punished for even slight infractions of the rules the cruelest discipline ever known is one historian's description of their life [the story of australasia j s laurie ] english law was hard hearted in those days for trifling offenses which in our day would be punished by a small fine or a few days' confinement men women and boys were sent to this other end of the earth to serve terms of seven and fourteen years and for serious crimes they were transported for life children were sent to the penal colonies for seven years for stealing a rabbit! when i was in london twenty three years ago there was a new penalty in force for diminishing garroting and wife beating 25 lashes on the bare back with the cat o' nine tails it was said that this terrible punishment was able to bring the stubbornest ruffians to terms and that no man had been found with grit enough to keep his emotions to himself beyond the ninth blow as a rule the man shrieked earlier that penalty had a great and wholesome effect upon the garroters and wife beaters but humane modern london could not endure it it got its law rescinded many a bruised and battered english wife has since had occasion to deplore that cruel achievement of sentimental humanity twenty five lashes! in australia and tasmania they gave a convict fifty for almost any little offense and sometimes a brutal officer would add fifty and then another fifty and so on as long as the sufferer could endure the torture and live in tasmania i read the entry in an old manuscript official record of a case where a convict was given three hundred lashes for stealing some silver spoons and men got more than that sometimes who handled the cat often it was another convict sometimes it was the culprit's dearest comrade and he had to lay on with all his might otherwise he would get a flogging himself for his mercy for he was under watch and yet not do his friend any good the friend would be attended to by another hand and suffer no lack in the matter of full punishment the convict life in tasmania was so unendurable and suicide so difficult to accomplish that once or twice despairing men got together and drew straws to determine which of them should kill another of the group this murder to secure death to the perpetrator and to the witnesses of it by the hand of the hangman! the incidents quoted above are mere hints mere suggestions of what convict life was like they are but a couple of details tossed into view out of a shoreless sea of such or to change the figure they are but a pair of flaming steeples photographed from a point which hides from sight the burning city which stretches away from their bases on every hand some of the convicts indeed a good many of them were very bad people even for that day but the most of them were probably not noticeably worse than the average of the people they left behind them at home we must believe this we cannot avoid it we are obliged to believe that a nation that could look on unmoved and see starving or freezing women hanged for stealing twenty six cents' worth of bacon or rags and boys snatched from their mothers and men from their families and sent to the other side of the world for long terms of years for similar trifling offenses was a nation to whom the term civilized could not in any large way be applied and we must also believe that a nation that knew during more than forty years what was happening to those exiles and was still content with it was not advancing in any showy way toward a higher grade of civilization if we look into the characters and conduct of the officers and gentlemen who had charge of the convicts and attended to their backs and stomachs we must grant again that as between the convict and his masters and between both and the nation at home there was a quite noticeable monotony of sameness four years had gone by and many convicts had come respectable settlers were beginning to arrive these two classes of colonists had to be protected in case of trouble among themselves or with the natives it is proper to mention the natives though they could hardly count they were so scarce at a time when they had not as yet begun to be much disturbed not as yet being in the way it was estimated that in new south wales there was but one native to 45 000 acres of territory people had to be protected officers of the regular army did not want this service away off there where neither honor nor distinction was to be gained so england recruited and officered a kind of militia force of 1 000 uniformed civilians called the new south wales corps and shipped it this was the worst blow of all the colony fairly staggered under it the corps was an object lesson of the moral condition of england outside of the jails the colonists trembled it was feared that next there would be an importation of the nobility in those early days the colony was non supporting all the necessaries of life food clothing and all were sent out from england and kept in great government store houses and given to the convicts and sold to the settlers sold at a trifling advance upon cost the corps saw its opportunity its officers went into commerce and in a most lawless way they went to importing rum and also to manufacturing it in private stills in defiance of the government's commands and protests they leagued themselves together and ruled the market they boycotted the government and the other dealers they established a close monopoly and kept it strictly in their own hands when a vessel arrived with spirits they allowed nobody to buy but themselves and they forced the owner to sell to them at a price named by themselves and it was always low enough they bought rum at an average of two dollars a gallon and sold it at an average of ten they made rum the currency of the country for there was little or no money and they maintained their devastating hold and kept the colony under their heel for eighteen or twenty years before they were finally conquered and routed by the government meantime they had spread intemperance everywhere and they had squeezed farm after farm out of the settlers hands for rum and thus had bountifully enriched themselves when a farmer was caught in the last agonies of thirst they took advantage of him and sweated him for a drink in one instance they sold a man a gallon of rum worth two dollars for a piece of property which was sold some years later for $100 000 when the colony was about eighteen or twenty years old it was discovered that the land was specially fitted for the wool culture prosperity followed commerce with the world began by and by rich mines of the noble metals were opened immigrants flowed in capital likewise the result is the great and wealthy and enlightened commonwealth of new south wales it is a country that is rich in mines wool ranches trams railways steamship lines schools newspapers botanical gardens art galleries libraries museums hospitals learned societies it is the hospitable home of every species of culture and of every species of material enterprise and there is a church at every man's door and a race track over the way chapter xi we should be careful to get out of an experience only the wisdom that is in it and stop there lest we be like the cat that sits down on a hot stove lid she will never sit down on a hot stove lid again and that is well but also she will never sit down on a cold one any more pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar all english speaking colonies are made up of lavishly hospitable people and new south wales and its capital are like the rest in this the english speaking colony of the united states of america is always called lavishly hospitable by the english traveler as to the other english speaking colonies throughout the world from canada all around i know by experience that the description fits them i will not go more particularly into this matter for i find that when writers try to distribute their gratitude here and there and yonder by detail they run across difficulties and do some ungraceful stumbling mr gane new south wales and victoria in 1885 tried to distribute his gratitude and was not lucky the inhabitants of sydney are renowned for their hospitality the treatment which we experienced at the hands of this generous hearted people will help more than anything else to make us recollect with pleasure our stay amongst them in the character of hosts and hostesses they excel the 'new chum' needs only the acquaintanceship of one of their number and he becomes at once the happy recipient of numerous complimentary invitations and thoughtful kindnesses of the towns it has been our good fortune to visit none have portrayed home so faithfully as sydney nobody could say it finer than that if he had put in his cork then and stayed away from dubbo but no heedless man he pulled it again pulled it when he was away along in his book and his memory of what he had said about sydney had grown dim we cannot quit the promising town of dubbo without testifying in warm praise to the kind hearted and hospitable usages of its inhabitants sydney though well deserving the character it bears of its kindly treatment of strangers possesses a little formality and reserve in dubbo on the contrary though the same congenial manners prevail there is a pleasing degree of respectful familiarity which gives the town a homely comfort not often met with elsewhere in laying on one side our pen we feel contented in having been able though so late in this work to bestow a panegyric however unpretentious on a town which though possessing no picturesque natural surroundings nor interesting architectural productions has yet a body of citizens whose hearts cannot but obtain for their town a reputation for benevolence and kind heartedness i wonder what soured him on sydney it seems strange that a pleasing degree of three or four fingers of respectful familiarity should fill a man up and give him the panegyrics so bad for he has them the worst way any one can see that a man who is perfectly at himself does not throw cold detraction at people's architectural productions and picturesque surroundings and let on that what he prefers is a dubbonese dust storm and a pleasing degree of respectful familiarity no these are old old symptoms and when they appear we know that the man has got the panegyrics sydney has a population of 400 000 when a stranger from america steps ashore there the first thing that strikes him is that the place is eight or nine times as large as he was expecting it to be and the next thing that strikes him is that it is an english city with american trimmings later on in melbourne he will find the american trimmings still more in evidence there even the architecture will often suggest america a photograph of its stateliest business street might be passed upon him for a picture of the finest street in a large american city i was told that the most of the fine residences were the city residences of squatters the name seemed out of focus somehow when the explanation came it offered a new instance of the curious changes which words as well as animals undergo through change of habitat and climate with us when you speak of a squatter you are always supposed to be speaking of a poor man but in australia when you speak of a squatter you are supposed to be speaking of a millionaire in america the word indicates the possessor of a few acres and a doubtful title in australia it indicates a man whose landfront is as long as a railroad and whose title has been perfected in one way or another in america the word indicates a man who owns a dozen head of live stock in australia a man who owns anywhere from fifty thousand up to half a million head in america the word indicates a man who is obscure and not important in australia a man who is prominent and of the first importance in america you take off your hat to no squatter in australia you do in america if your uncle is a squatter you keep it dark in australia you advertise it in america if your friend is a squatter nothing comes of it but with a squatter for your friend in australia you may sup with kings if there are any around in australia it takes about two acres and a half of pastureland some people say twice as many to support a sheep and when the squatter has half a million sheep his private domain is about as large as rhode island to speak in general terms his annual wool crop may be worth a quarter or a half million dollars he will live in a palace in melbourne or sydney or some other of the large cities and make occasional trips to his sheep kingdom several hundred miles away in the great plains to look after his battalions of riders and shepherds and other hands he has a commodious dwelling out there and if he approve of you he will invite you to spend a week in it and will make you at home and comfortable and let you see the great industry in all its details and feed you and slake you and smoke you with the best that money can buy on at least one of these vast estates there is a considerable town with all the various businesses and occupations that go to make an important town and the town and the land it stands upon are the property of the squatters i have seen that town and it is not unlikely that there are other squatter owned towns in australia australia supplies the world not only with fine wool but with mutton also the modern invention of cold storage and its application in ships has created this great trade in sydney i visited a huge establishment where they kill and clean and solidly freeze a thousand sheep a day for shipment to england the australians did not seem to me to differ noticeably from americans either in dress carriage ways pronunciation inflections or general appearance there were fleeting and subtle suggestions of their english origin but these were not pronounced enough as a rule to catch one's attention the people have easy and cordial manners from the beginning from the moment that the introduction is completed this is american to put it in another way it is english friendliness with the english shyness and self consciousness left out now and then but this is rare one hears such words as piper for paper lydy for lady and tyble for table fall from lips whence one would not expect such pronunciations to come there is a superstition prevalent in sydney that this pronunciation is an australianism but people who have been home as the native reverently and lovingly calls england know better it is costermonger all over australasia this pronunciation is nearly as common among servants as it is in london among the uneducated and the partially educated of all sorts and conditions of people that mislaid 'y' is rather striking when a person gets enough of it into a short sentence to enable it to show up in the hotel in sydney the chambermaid said one morning the tyble is set and here is the piper and if the lydy is ready i'll tell the wyter to bring up the breakfast i have made passing mention a moment ago of the native australasian's custom of speaking of england as home it was always pretty to hear it and often it was said in an unconsciously caressing way that made it touching in a way which transmuted a sentiment into an embodiment and made one seem to see australasia as a young girl stroking mother england's old gray head in the australasian home the table talk is vivacious and unembarrassed it is without stiffness or restraint this does not remind one of england so much as it does of america but australasia is strictly democratic and reserves and restraints are things that are bred by differences of rank english and colonial audiences are phenomenally alert and responsive where masses of people are gathered together in england caste is submerged and with it the english reserve equality exists for the moment and every individual is free so free from any consciousness of fetters indeed that the englishman's habit of watching himself and guarding himself against any injudicious exposure of his feelings is forgotten and falls into abeyance and to such a degree indeed that he will bravely applaud all by himself if he wants to an exhibition of daring which is unusual elsewhere in the world but it is hard to move a new english acquaintance when he is by himself or when the company present is small and new to him he is on his guard then and his natural reserve is to the fore this has given him the false reputation of being without humor and without the appreciation of humor americans are not englishmen and american humor is not english humor but both the american and his humor had their origin in england and have merely undergone changes brought about by changed conditions and a new environment about the best humorous speeches i have yet heard were a couple that were made in australia at club suppers one of them by an englishman the other by an australian chapter xii there are those who scoff at the schoolboy calling him frivolous and shallow yet it was the schoolboy who said faith is believing what you know ain't so pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar in sydney i had a large dream and in the course of talk i told it to a missionary from india who was on his way to visit some relatives in new zealand i dreamed that the visible universe is the physical person of god that the vast worlds that we see twinkling millions of miles apart in the fields of space are the blood corpuscles in his veins and that we and the other creatures are the microbes that charge with multitudinous life the corpuscles mr x the missionary considered the dream awhile then said it is not surpassable for magnitude since its metes and bounds are the metes and bounds of the universe itself and it seems to me that it almost accounts for a thing which is otherwise nearly unaccountable the origin of the sacred legends of the hindoos perhaps they dream them and then honestly believe them to be divine revelations of fact it looks like that for the legends are built on so vast a scale that it does not seem reasonable that plodding priests would happen upon such colossal fancies when awake he told some of the legends and said that they were implicitly believed by all classes of hindoos including those of high social position and intelligence and he said that this universal credulity was a great hindrance to the missionary in his work then he said something like this at home people wonder why christianity does not make faster progress in india they hear that the indians believe easily and that they have a natural trust in miracles and give them a hospitable reception then they argue like this since the indian believes easily place christianity before them and they must believe confirm its truths by the biblical miracles and they will no longer doubt the natural deduction is that as christianity makes but indifferent progress in india the fault is with us we are not fortunate in presenting the doctrines and the miracles but the truth is we are not by any means so well equipped as they think we have not the easy task that they imagine to use a military figure we are sent against the enemy with good powder in our guns but only wads for bullets that is to say our miracles are not effective the hindoos do not care for them they have more extraordinary ones of their own all the details of their own religion are proven and established by miracles the details of ours must be proven in the same way when i first began my work in india i greatly underestimated the difficulties thus put upon my task a correction was not long in coming i thought as our friends think at home that to prepare my childlike wonder lovers to listen with favor to my grave message i only needed to charm the way to it with wonders marvels miracles with full confidence i told the wonders performed by samson the strongest man that had ever lived for so i called him at first i saw lively anticipation and strong interest in the faces of my people but as i moved along from incident to incident of the great story i was distressed to see that i was steadily losing the sympathy of my audience i could not understand it it was a surprise to me and a disappointment before i was through the fading sympathy had paled to indifference thence to the end the indifference remained i was not able to make any impression upon it a good old hindoo gentleman told me where my trouble lay he said 'we hindoos recognize a god by the work of his hands we accept no other testimony apparently this is also the rule with you christians and we know when a man has his power from a god by the fact that he does things which he could not do as a man with the mere powers of a man plainly this is the christian's way also of knowing when a man is working by a god's power and not by his own you saw that there was a supernatural property in the hair of samson for you perceived that when his hair was gone he was as other men it is our way as i have said there are many nations in the world and each group of nations has its own gods and will pay no worship to the gods of the others each group believes its own gods to be strongest and it will not exchange them except for gods that shall be proven to be their superiors in power man is but a weak creature and needs the help of gods he cannot do without it shall he place his fate in the hands of weak gods when there may be stronger ones to be found that would be foolish no if he hear of gods that are stronger than his own he should not turn a deaf ear for it is not a light matter that is at stake how then shall he determine which gods are the stronger his own or those that preside over the concerns of other nations by comparing the known works of his own gods with the works of those others there is no other way now when we make this comparison we are not drawn towards the gods of any other nation our gods are shown by their works to be the strongest the most powerful the christians have but few gods and they are new new and not strong as it seems to us they will increase in number it is true for this has happened with all gods but that time is far away many ages and decades of ages away for gods multiply slowly as is meet for beings to whom a thousand years is but a single moment our own gods have been born millions of years apart the process is slow the gathering of strength and power is similarly slow in the slow lapse of the ages the steadily accumulating power of our gods has at last become prodigious we have a thousand proofs of this in the colossal character of their personal acts and the acts of ordinary men to whom they have given supernatural qualities to your samson was given supernatural power and when he broke the withes and slew the thousands with the jawbone of an ass and carried away the gate's of the city upon his shoulders you were amazed and also awed for you recognized the divine source of his strength but it could not profit to place these things before your hindoo congregation and invite their wonder for they would compare them with the deed done by hanuman when our gods infused their divine strength into his muscles and they would be indifferent to them as you saw in the old old times ages and ages gone by when our god rama was warring with the demon god of ceylon rama bethought him to bridge the sea and connect ceylon with india so that his armies might pass easily over and he sent his general hanuman inspired like your own samson with divine strength to bring the materials for the bridge in two days hanuman strode fifteen hundred miles to the himalayas and took upon his shoulder a range of those lofty mountains two hundred miles long and started with it toward ceylon it was in the night and as he passed along the plain the people of govardhun heard the thunder of his tread and felt the earth rocking under it and they ran out and there with their snowy summits piled to heaven they saw the himalayas passing by and as this huge continent swept along overshadowing the earth upon its slopes they discerned the twinkling lights of a thousand sleeping villages and it was as if the constellations were filing in procession through the sky while they were looking hanuman stumbled and a small ridge of red sandstone twenty miles long was jolted loose and fell half of its length has wasted away in the course of the ages but the other ten miles of it remain in the plain by govardhun to this day as proof of the might of the inspiration of our gods you must know yourself that hanuman could not have carried those mountains to ceylon except by the strength of the gods you know that it was not done by his own strength therefore you know that it was done by the strength of the gods just as you know that samson carried the gates by the divine strength and not by his own i think you must concede two things first that in carrying the gates of the city upon his shoulders samson did not establish the superiority of his gods over ours secondly that his feat is not supported by any but verbal evidence while hanuman's is not only supported by verbal evidence but this evidence is confirmed established proven by visible tangible evidence which is the strongest of all testimony we have the sandstone ridge and while it remains we cannot doubt and shall not have you the gates ' chapter xiii the timid man yearns for full value and asks a tenth the bold man strikes for double value and compromises on par pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar one is sure to be struck by the liberal way in which australasia spends money upon public works such as legislative buildings town halls hospitals asylums parks and botanical gardens i should say that where minor towns in america spend a hundred dollars on the town hall and on public parks and gardens the like towns in australasia spend a thousand and i think that this ratio will hold good in the matter of hospitals also i have seen a costly and well equipped and architecturally handsome hospital in an australian village of fifteen hundred inhabitants it was built by private funds furnished by the villagers and the neighboring planters and its running expenses were drawn from the same sources i suppose it would be hard to match this in any country this village was about to close a contract for lighting its streets with the electric light when i was there that is ahead of london london is still obscured by gas gas pretty widely scattered too in some of the districts so widely indeed that except on moonlight nights it is difficult to find the gas lamps the botanical garden of sydney covers thirty eight acres beautifully laid out and rich with the spoil of all the lands and all the climes of the world the garden is on high ground in the middle of the town overlooking the great harbor and it adjoins the spacious grounds of government house fifty six acres and at hand also is a recreation ground containing eighty two acres in addition there are the zoological gardens the race course and the great cricket grounds where the international matches are played therefore there is plenty of room for reposeful lazying and lounging and for exercise too for such as like that kind of work there are four specialties attainable in the way of social pleasure if you enter your name on the visitor's book at government house you will receive an invitation to the next ball that takes place there if nothing can be proven against you and it will be very pleasant for you will see everybody except the governor and add a number of acquaintances and several friends to your list the governor will be in england he always is the continent has four or five governors and i do not know how many it takes to govern the outlying archipelago but anyway you will not see them when they are appointed they come out from england and get inaugurated and give a ball and help pray for rain and get aboard ship and go back home and so the lieutenant governor has to do all the work i was in australasia three months and a half and saw only one governor the others were at home the australasian governor would not be so restless perhaps if he had a war or a veto or something like that to call for his reserve energies but he hasn't there isn't any war and there isn't any veto in his hands and so there is really little or nothing doing in his line the country governs itself and prefers to do it and is so strenuous about it and so jealous of its independence that it grows restive if even the imperial government at home proposes to help and so the imperial veto while a fact is yet mainly a name thus the governor's functions are much more limited than are a governor's functions with us and therefore more fatiguing he is the apparent head of the state he is the real head of society he represents culture refinement elevated sentiment polite life religion and by his example he propagates these and they spread and flourish and bear good fruit he creates the fashion and leads it his ball is the ball of balls and his countenance makes the horse race thrive he is usually a lord and this is well for his position compels him to lead an expensive life and an english lord is generally well equipped for that another of sydney's social pleasures is the visit to the admiralty house which is nobly situated on high ground overlooking the water the trim boats of the service convey the guests thither and there or on board the flag ship they have the duplicate of the hospitalities of government house the admiral commanding a station in british waters is a magnate of the first degree and he is sumptuously housed as becomes the dignity of his office third in the list of special pleasures is the tour of the harbor in a fine steam pleasure launch your richer friends own boats of this kind and they will invite you and the joys of the trip will make a long day seem short and finally comes the shark fishing sydney harbor is populous with the finest breeds of man eating sharks in the world some people make their living catching them for the government pays a cash bounty on them the larger the shark the larger the bounty and some of the sharks are twenty feet long you not only get the bounty but everything that is in the shark belongs to you sometimes the contents are quite valuable the shark is the swiftest fish that swims the speed of the fastest steamer afloat is poor compared to his and he is a great gad about and roams far and wide in the oceans and visits the shores of all of them ultimately in the course of his restless excursions i have a tale to tell now which has not as yet been in print in 1870 a young stranger arrived in sydney and set about finding something to do but he knew no one and brought no recommendations and the result was that he got no employment he had aimed high at first but as time and his money wasted away he grew less and less exacting until at last he was willing to serve in the humblest capacities if so he might get bread and shelter but luck was still against him he could find no opening of any sort finally his money was all gone he walked the streets all day thinking he walked them all night thinking thinking and growing hungrier and hungrier at dawn he found himself well away from the town and drifting aimlessly along the harbor shore as he was passing by a nodding shark fisher the man looked up and said say young fellow take my line a spell and change my luck for me how do you know i won't make it worse because you can't it has been at its worst all night if you can't change it no harm's done if you do change it it's for the better of course come all right what will you give i'll give you the shark if you catch one and i will eat it bones and all give me the line here you are i will get away now for awhile so that my luck won't spoil yours for many and many a time i've noticed that if there pull in pull in man you've got a bite! i knew how it would be why i knew you for a born son of luck the minute i saw you all right he's landed it was an unusually large shark a full nineteen footer the fisherman said as he laid the creature open with his knife now you rob him young man while i step to my hamper for a fresh bait there's generally something in them worth going for you've changed my luck you see but my goodness i hope you haven't changed your own oh it wouldn't matter don't worry about that get your bait i'll rob him when the fisherman got back the young man had just finished washing his hands in the bay and was starting away what you are not going yes good bye but what about your shark the shark why what use is he to me what use is he i like that don't you know that we can go and report him to government and you'll get a clean solid eighty shillings bounty hard cash you know what do you think about it now oh well you can collect it and keep it is that what you mean yes well this is odd you're one of those sort they call eccentrics i judge the saying is you mustn't judge a man by his clothes and i'm believing it now why yours are looking just ratty don't you know and yet you must be rich i am the young man walked slowly back to the town deeply musing as he went he halted a moment in front of the best restaurant then glanced at his clothes and passed on and got his breakfast at a stand up there was a good deal of it and it cost five shillings he tendered a sovereign got his change glanced at his silver muttered to himself there isn't enough to buy clothes with and went his way at half past nine the richest wool broker in sydney was sitting in his morning room at home settling his breakfast with the morning paper a servant put his head in and said there's a sundowner at the door wants to see you sir what do you bring that kind of a message here for send him about his business he won't go sir i've tried he won't go that's why that's unusual he's one of two things then he's a remarkable person or he's crazy is he crazy no sir he don't look it then he's remarkable what does he say he wants he won't tell sir only says it's very important and won't go does he say he won't go says he'll stand there till he sees you sir if it's all day and yet isn't crazy show him up the sundowner was shown in the broker said to himself no he's not crazy that is easy to see so he must be the other thing then aloud well my good fellow be quick about it don't waste any words what is it you want i want to borrow a hundred thousand pounds scott! it's a mistake he is crazy no he can't be not with that eye why you take my breath away come who are you nobody that you know what is your name cecil rhodes no i don't remember hearing the name before now then just for curiosity's sake what has sent you to me on this extraordinary errand the intention to make a hundred thousand pounds for you and as much for myself within the next sixty days well well well it is the most extraordinary idea that sit down you interest me and somehow you well you fascinate me i think that that is about the word and it isn't your proposition no that doesn't fascinate me it's something else i don't quite know what something that's born in you and oozes out of you i suppose now then just for curiosity's sake again nothing more as i understand it it is your desire to bor i said intention pardon so you did i thought it was an unheedful use of the word an unheedful valuing of its strength you know i knew its strength well i must say but look here let me walk the floor a little my mind is getting into a sort of whirl though you don't seem disturbed any plainly this young fellow isn't crazy but as to his being remarkable well really he amounts to that and something over now then i believe i am beyond the reach of further astonishment strike and spare not what is your scheme to buy the wool crop deliverable in sixty days what the whole of it the whole of it no i was not quite out of the reach of surprises after all why how you talk! do you know what our crop is going to foot up two and a half million sterling maybe a little more well you've got your statistics right any way now then do you know what the margins would foot up to buy it at sixty days the hundred thousand pounds i came here to get right once more well dear me just to see what would happen i wish you had the money and if you had it what would you do with it i shall make two hundred thousand pounds out of it in sixty days you mean of course that you might make it if i said 'shall' yes by george you did say 'shall'! you are the most definite devil i ever saw in the matter of language dear dear dear look here! definite speech means clarity of mind upon my word i believe you've got what you believe to be a rational reason for venturing into this house an entire stranger on this wild scheme of buying the wool crop of an entire colony on speculation bring it out i am prepared acclimatized if i may use the word why would you buy the crop and why would you make that sum out of it that is to say what makes you think you i don't think i know definite again how do you know because france has declared war against germany and wool has gone up fourteen per cent in london and is still rising oh in deed now then i've got you! such a thunderbolt as you have just let fly ought to have made me jump out of my chair but it didn't stir me the least little bit you see and for a very simple reason i have read the morning paper you can look at it if you want to the fastest ship in the service arrived at eleven o'clock last night fifty days out from london all her news is printed here there are no war clouds anywhere and as for wool why it is the low spiritedest commodity in the english market it is your turn to jump now well why don't you jump why do you sit there in that placid fashion when because i have later news later news oh come later news than fifty days brought steaming hot from london by the my news is only ten days old oh mun chausen hear the maniac talk! where did you get it got it out of a shark oh oh oh this is too much! front! call the police bring the gun raise the town! all the asylums in christendom have broken loose in the single person of sit down! and collect yourself where is the use in getting excited am i excited there is nothing to get excited about when i make a statement which i cannot prove it will be time enough for you to begin to offer hospitality to damaging fancies about me and my sanity oh a thousand thousand pardons! i ought to be ashamed of myself and i am ashamed of myself for thinking that a little bit of a circumstance like sending a shark to england to fetch back a market report what does your middle initial stand for sir andrew what are you writing wait a moment proof about the shark and another matter only ten lines there now it is done sign it many thanks many let me see it says it says oh come this is interesting! why why look here! prove what you say here and i'll put up the money and double as much if necessary and divide the winnings with you half and half there now i've signed make your promise good if you can show me a copy of the london times only ten days old here it is and with it these buttons and a memorandum book that belonged to the man the shark swallowed swallowed him in the thames without a doubt for you will notice that the last entry in the book is dated 'london ' and is of the same date as the times and says 'ber confequentz der kreigeseflarun reife ich heute nach deutchland ab aur bak ich mein leben auf dem ultar meines landes legen mag' as clean native german as anybody can put upon paper and means that in consequence of the declaration of war this loyal soul is leaving for home to day to fight and he did leave too but the shark had him before the day was done poor fellow and a pity too but there are times for mourning and we will attend to this case further on other matters are pressing now i will go down and set the machinery in motion in a quiet way and buy the crop it will cheer the drooping spirits of the boys in a transitory way everything is transitory in this world sixty days hence when they are called to deliver the goods they will think they've been struck by lightning but there is a time for mourning and we will attend to that case along with the other one come along i'll take you to my tailor what did you say your name is cecil rhodes it is hard to remember however i think you will make it easier by and by if you live there are three kinds of people commonplace men remarkable men and lunatics i'll classify you with the remarkables and take the chances the deal went through and secured to the young stranger the first fortune he ever pocketed the people of sydney ought to be afraid of the sharks but for some reason they do not seem to be on saturdays the young men go out in their boats and sometimes the water is fairly covered with the little sails a boat upsets now and then by accident a result of tumultuous skylarking sometimes the boys upset their boat for fun such as it is with sharks visibly waiting around for just such an occurrence the young fellows scramble aboard whole sometimes not always tragedies have happened more than once while i was in sydney it was reported that a boy fell out of a boat in the mouth of the paramatta river and screamed for help and a boy jumped overboard from another boat to save him from the assembling sharks but the sharks made swift work with the lives of both the government pays a bounty for the shark to get the bounty the fishermen bait the hook or the seine with agreeable mutton the news spreads and the sharks come from all over the pacific ocean to get the free board in time the shark culture will be one of the most successful things in the colony chapter xiv we can secure other people's approval if we do right and try hard but our own is worth a hundred of it and no way has been found out of securing that pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar my health had broken down in new york in may it had remained in a doubtful but fairish condition during a succeeding period of 82 days it broke again on the pacific it broke again in sydney but not until after i had had a good outing and had also filled my lecture engagements this latest break lost me the chance of seeing queensland in the circumstances to go north toward hotter weather was not advisable so we moved south with a westward slant 17 hours by rail to the capital of the colony of victoria melbourne that juvenile city of sixty years and half a million inhabitants on the map the distance looked small but that is a trouble with all divisions of distance in such a vast country as australia the colony of victoria itself looks small on the map looks like a county in fact yet it is about as large as england scotland and wales combined or to get another focus upon it it is just 80 times as large as the state of rhode island and one third as large as the state of texas outside of melbourne victoria seems to be owned by a handful of squatters each with a rhode island for a sheep farm that is the impression which one gathers from common talk yet the wool industry of victoria is by no means so great as that of new south wales the climate of victoria is favorable to other great industries among others wheat growing and the making of wine we took the train at sydney at about four in the afternoon it was american in one way for we had a most rational sleeping car also the car was clean and fine and new nothing about it to suggest the rolling stock of the continent of europe but our baggage was weighed and extra weight charged for that was continental continental and troublesome any detail of railroading that is not troublesome cannot honorably be described as continental the tickets were round trip ones to melbourne and clear to adelaide in south australia and then all the way back to sydney twelve hundred more miles than we really expected to make but then as the round trip wouldn't cost much more than the single trip it seemed well enough to buy as many miles as one could afford even if one was not likely to need them a human being has a natural desire to have more of a good thing than he needs now comes a singular thing the oddest thing the strangest thing the most baffling and unaccountable marvel that australasia can show at the frontier between new south wales and victoria our multitude of passengers were routed out of their snug beds by lantern light in the morning in the biting cold of a high altitude to change cars on a road that has no break in it from sydney to melbourne! think of the paralysis of intellect that gave that idea birth imagine the boulder it emerged from on some petrified legislator's shoulders it is a narrow gage road to the frontier and a broader gauge thence to melbourne the two governments were the builders of the road and are the owners of it one or two reasons are given for this curious state of things one is that it represents the jealousy existing between the colonies the two most important colonies of australasia what the other one is i have forgotten but it is of no consequence it could be but another effort to explain the inexplicable all passengers fret at the double gauge all shippers of freight must of course fret at it unnecessary expense delay and annoyance are imposed upon everybody concerned and no one is benefitted each australian colony fences itself off from its neighbor with a custom house personally i have no objection but it must be a good deal of inconvenience to the people we have something resembling it here and there in america but it goes by another name the large empire of the pacific coast requires a world of iron machinery and could manufacture it economically on the spot if the imposts on foreign iron were removed but they are not protection to pennsylvania and alabama forbids it the result to the pacific coast is the same as if there were several rows of custom fences between the coast and the east iron carted across the american continent at luxurious railway rates would be valuable enough to be coined when it arrived we changed cars this was at albury and it was there i think that the growing day and the early sun exposed the distant range called the blue mountains accurately named my word! as the australians say but it was a stunning color that blue deep strong rich exquisite towering and majestic masses of blue a softly luminous blue a smouldering blue as if vaguely lit by fires within it extinguished the blue of the sky made it pallid and unwholesome whitey and washed out a wonderful color just divine a resident told me that those were not mountains he said they were rabbit piles and explained that long exposure and the over ripe condition of the rabbits was what made them look so blue this man may have been right but much reading of books of travel has made me distrustful of gratis information furnished by unofficial residents of a country the facts which such people give to travelers are usually erroneous and often intemperately so the rabbit plague has indeed been very bad in australia and it could account for one mountain but not for a mountain range it seems to me it is too large an order we breakfasted at the station a good breakfast except the coffee and cheap the government establishes the prices and placards them the waiters were men i think but that is not usual in australasia the usual thing is to have girls no not girls young ladies generally duchesses dress they would attract attention at any royal levee in europe even empresses and queens do not dress as they do not that they could not afford it perhaps but they would not know how all the pleasant morning we slid smoothly along over the plains through thin not thick forests of great melancholy gum trees with trunks rugged with curled sheets of flaking bark erysipelas convalescents so to speak shedding their dead skins and all along were tiny cabins built sometimes of wood sometimes of gray blue corrugated iron and the doorsteps and fences were clogged with children rugged little simply clad chaps that looked as if they had been imported from the banks of the mississippi without breaking bulk and there were little villages with neat stations well placarded with showy advertisements mainly of almost too self righteous brands of sheepdip if that is the name and i think it is it is a stuff like tar and is dabbed on to places where the shearer clips a piece out of the sheep it bars out the flies and has healing properties and a nip to it which makes the sheep skip like the cattle on a thousand hills it is not good to eat that is it is not good to eat except when mixed with railroad coffee it improves railroad coffee without it railroad coffee is too vague but with it it is quite assertive and enthusiastic by itself railroad coffee is too passive but sheep dip makes it wake up and get down to business i wonder where they get railroad coffee we saw birds but not a kangaroo not an emu not an ornithorhynchus not a lecturer not a native indeed the land seemed quite destitute of game but i have misused the word native in australia it is applied to australian born whites only i should have said that we saw no aboriginals no blackfellows and to this day i have never seen one in the great museums you will find all the other curiosities but in the curio of chiefest interest to the stranger all of them are lacking we have at home an abundance of museums and not an american indian in them it is clearly an absurdity but it never struck me before chapter xv truth is stranger than fiction to some people but i am measurably familiar with it pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar truth is stranger than fiction but it is because fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities truth isn't pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the air was balmy and delicious the sunshine radiant it was a charming excursion in the course of it we came to a town whose odd name was famous all over the world a quarter of a century ago wagga wagga this was because the tichborne claimant had kept a butcher shop there it was out of the midst of his humble collection of sausages and tripe that he soared up into the zenith of notoriety and hung there in the wastes of space a time with the telescopes of all nations leveled at him in unappeasable curiosity curiosity as to which of the two long missing persons he was arthur orton the mislaid roustabout of wapping or sir roger tichborne the lost heir of a name and estates as old as english history we all know now but not a dozen people knew then and the dozen kept the mystery to themselves and allowed the most intricate and fascinating and marvelous real life romance that has ever been played upon the world's stage to unfold itself serenely act by act in a british court by the long and laborious processes of judicial development when we recall the details of that great romance we marvel to see what daring chances truth may freely take in constructing a tale as compared with the poor little conservative risks permitted to fiction the fiction artist could achieve no success with the materials of this splendid tichborne romance he would have to drop out the chief characters the public would say such people are impossible he would have to drop out a number of the most picturesque incidents the public would say such things could never happen and yet the chief characters did exist and the incidents did happen it cost the tichborne estates $400 000 to unmask the claimant and drive him out and even after the exposure multitudes of englishmen still believed in him it cost the british government another $400 000 to convict him of perjury and after the conviction the same old multitudes still believed in him and among these believers were many educated and intelligent men and some of them had personally known the real sir roger the claimant was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment when he got out of prison he went to new york and kept a whisky saloon in the bowery for a time then disappeared from view he always claimed to be sir roger tichborne until death called for him this was but a few months ago not very much short of a generation since he left wagga wagga to go and possess himself of his estates on his death bed he yielded up his secret and confessed in writing that he was only arthur orton of wapping able seaman and butcher that and nothing more but it is scarcely to be doubted that there are people whom even his dying confession will not convince the old habit of assimilating incredibilities must have made strong food a necessity in their case a weaker article would probably disagree with them i was in london when the claimant stood his trial for perjury i attended one of his showy evenings in the sumptuous quarters provided for him from the purses of his adherents and well wishers he was in evening dress and i thought him a rather fine and stately creature there were about twenty five gentlemen present educated men men moving in good society none of them commonplace some of them were men of distinction none of them were obscurities they were his cordial friends and admirers it was sir roger always sir roger on all hands no one withheld the title all turned it from the tongue with unction and as if it tasted good for many years i had had a mystery in stock melbourne and only melbourne could unriddle it for me in 1873 i arrived in london with my wife and young child and presently received a note from naples signed by a name not familiar to me it was not bascom and it was not henry but i will call it henry bascom for convenience's sake this note of about six lines was written on a strip of white paper whose end edges were ragged i came to be familiar with those strips in later years their size and pattern were always the same their contents were usually to the same effect would i and mine come to the writer's country place in england on such and such a date by such and such a train and stay twelve days and depart by such and such a train at the end of the specified time a carriage would meet us at the station these invitations were always for a long time ahead if we were in europe three months ahead if we were in america six to twelve months ahead they always named the exact date and train for the beginning and also for the end of the visit this first note invited us for a date three months in the future it asked us to arrive by the 4 10 p m train from london august 6th the carriage would be waiting the carriage would take us away seven days later train specified and there were these words speak to tom hughes i showed the note to the author of tom brown at rugby and be said accept and be thankful he described mr bascom as being a man of genius a man of fine attainments a choice man in every way a rare and beautiful character he said that bascom hall was a particularly fine example of the stately manorial mansion of elizabeth's days and that it was a house worth going a long way to see like knowle that mr b was of a social disposition liked the company of agreeable people and always had samples of the sort coming and going we paid the visit we paid others in later years the last one in 1879 soon after that mr bascom started on a voyage around the world in a steam yacht a long and leisurely trip for he was making collections in all lands of birds butterflies and such things the day that president garfield was shot by the assassin guiteau we were at a little watering place on long island sound and in the mail matter of that day came a letter with the melbourne post mark on it it was for my wife but i recognized mr bascom's handwriting on the envelope and opened it it was the usual note as to paucity of lines and was written on the customary strip of paper but there was nothing usual about the contents the note informed my wife that if it would be any assuagement of her grief to know that her husband's lecture tour in australia was a satisfactory venture from the beginning to the end he the writer could testify that such was the case also that her husband's untimely death had been mourned by all classes as she would already know by the press telegrams long before the reception of this note that the funeral was attended by the officials of the colonial and city governments and that while he the writer her friend and mine had not reached melbourne in time to see the body he had at least had the sad privilege of acting as one of the pall bearers signed henry bascom my first thought was why didn't he have the coffin opened he would have seen that the corpse was an imposter and he could have gone right ahead and dried up the most of those tears and comforted those sorrowing governments and sold the remains and sent me the money i did nothing about the matter i had set the law after living lecture doubles of mine a couple of times in america and the law had not been able to catch them others in my trade had tried to catch their impostor doubles and had failed then where was the use in harrying a ghost none and so i did not disturb it i had a curiosity to know about that man's lecture tour and last moments but that could wait when i should see mr bascom he would tell me all about it but he passed from life and i never saw him again my curiosity faded away however when i found that i was going to australia it revived and naturally for if the people should say that i was a dull poor thing compared to what i was before i died it would have a bad effect on business well to my surprise the sydney journalists had never heard of that impostor! i pressed them but they were firm they had never heard of him and didn't believe in him i could not understand it still i thought it would all come right in melbourne the government would remember and the other mourners at the supper of the institute of journalists i should find out all about the matter but no it turned out that they had never heard of it so my mystery was a mystery still it was a great disappointment i believed it would never be cleared up in this life so i dropped it out of my mind but at last! just when i was least expecting it however this is not the place for the rest of it i shall come to the matter again in a far distant chapter chapter xvi there is a moral sense and there is an immoral sense history shows us that the moral sense enables us to perceive morality and how to avoid it and that the immoral sense enables us to perceive immorality and how to enjoy it pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar melbourne spreads around over an immense area of ground it is a stately city architecturally as well as in magnitude it has an elaborate system of cable car service it has museums and colleges and schools and public gardens and electricity and gas and libraries and theaters and mining centers and wool centers and centers of the arts and sciences and boards of trade and ships and railroads and a harbor and social clubs and journalistic clubs and racing clubs and a squatter club sumptuously housed and appointed and as many churches and banks as can make a living in a word it is equipped with everything that goes to make the modern great city it is the largest city of australasia and fills the post with honor and credit it has one specialty this must not be jumbled in with those other things it is the mitred metropolitan of the horse racing cult its race ground is the mecca of australasia on the great annual day of sacrifice the 5th of november guy fawkes's day business is suspended over a stretch of land and sea as wide as from new york to san francisco and deeper than from the northern lakes to the gulf of mexico and every man and woman of high degree or low who can afford the expense put away their other duties and come they begin to swarm in by ship and rail a fortnight before the day and they swarm thicker and thicker day after day until all the vehicles of transportation are taxed to their uttermost to meet the demands of the occasion and all hotels and lodgings are bulging outward because of the pressure from within they come a hundred thousand strong as all the best authorities say and they pack the spacious grounds and grandstands and make a spectacle such as is never to be seen in australasia elsewhere it is the melbourne cup that brings this multitude together their clothes have been ordered long ago at unlimited cost and without bounds as to beauty and magnificence and have been kept in concealment until now for unto this day are they consecrate i am speaking of the ladies' clothes but one might know that and so the grand stands make a brilliant and wonderful spectacle a delirium of color a vision of beauty the champagne flows everybody is vivacious excited happy everybody bets and gloves and fortunes change hands right along all the time day after day the races go on and the fun and the excitement are kept at white heat and when each day is done the people dance all night so as to be fresh for the race in the morning and at the end of the great week the swarms secure lodgings and transportation for next year then flock away to their remote homes and count their gains and losses and order next year's cup clothes and then lie down and sleep two weeks and get up sorry to reflect that a whole year must be put in somehow or other before they can be wholly happy again the melbourne cup is the australasian national day it would be difficult to overstate its importance it overshadows all other holidays and specialized days of whatever sort in that congeries of colonies overshadows them i might almost say it blots them out each of them gets attention but not everybody's each of them evokes interest but not everybody's each of them rouses enthusiasm but not everybody's in each case a part of the attention interest and enthusiasm is a matter of habit and custom and another part of it is official and perfunctory cup day and cup day only commands an attention an interest and an enthusiasm which are universal and spontaneous not perfunctory cup day is supreme it has no rival i can call to mind no specialized annual day in any country which can be named by that large name supreme i can call to mind no specialized annual day in any country whose approach fires the whole land with a conflagration of conversation and preparation and anticipation and jubilation no day save this one but this one does it in america we have no annual supreme day no day whose approach makes the whole nation glad we have the fourth of july and christmas and thanksgiving neither of them can claim the primacy neither of them can arouse an enthusiasm which comes near to being universal eight grown americans out of ten dread the coming of the fourth with its pandemonium and its perils and they rejoice when it is gone if still alive the approach of christmas brings harassment and dread to many excellent people they have to buy a cart load of presents and they never know what to buy to hit the various tastes they put in three weeks of hard and anxious work and when christmas morning comes they are so dissatisfied with the result and so disappointed that they want to sit down and cry then they give thanks that christmas comes but once a year the observance of thanksgiving day as a function has become general of late years the thankfulness is not so general this is natural two thirds of the nation have always had hard luck and a hard time during the year and this has a calming effect upon their enthusiasm we have a supreme day a sweeping and tremendous and tumultuous day a day which commands an absolute universality of interest and excitement but it is not annual it comes but once in four years therefore it cannot count as a rival of the melbourne cup in great britain and ireland they have two great days christmas and the queen's birthday but they are equally popular there is no supremacy i think it must be conceded that the position of the australasian day is unique solitary unfellowed and likely to hold that high place a long time the next things which interest us when we travel are first the people next the novelties and finally the history of the places and countries visited novelties are rare in cities which represent the most advanced civilization of the modern day when one is familiar with such cities in the other parts of the world he is in effect familiar with the cities of australasia the outside aspects will furnish little that is new there will be new names but the things which they represent will sometimes be found to be less new than their names there may be shades of difference but these can easily be too fine for detection by the incompetent eye of the passing stranger in the larrikin he will not be able to discover a new species but only an old one met elsewhere and variously called loafer rough tough bummer or blatherskite according to his geographical distribution the larrikin differs by a shade from those others in that he is more sociable toward the stranger than they more kindly disposed more hospitable more hearty more friendly at least it seemed so to me and i had opportunity to observe in sydney at least in melbourne i had to drive to and from the lecture theater but in sydney i was able to walk both ways and did it every night on my way home at ten or a quarter past i found the larrikin grouped in considerable force at several of the street corners and he always gave me this pleasant salutation hello mark! here's to you old chap! say mark! is he dead a reference to a passage in some book of mine though i did not detect at that time that that was its source and i didn't detect it afterward in melbourne when i came on the stage for the first time and the same question was dropped down upon me from the dizzy height of the gallery it is always difficult to answer a sudden inquiry like that when you have come unprepared and don't know what it means i will remark here if it is not an indecorum that the welcome which an american lecturer gets from a british colonial audience is a thing which will move him to his deepest deeps and veil his sight and break his voice and from winnipeg to africa experience will teach him nothing he will never learn to expect it it will catch him as a surprise each time the war cloud hanging black over england and america made no trouble for me i was a prospective prisoner of war but at dinners suppers on the platform and elsewhere there was never anything to remind me of it this was hospitality of the right metal and would have been prominently lacking in some countries in the circumstances and speaking of the war flurry it seemed to me to bring to light the unexpected in a detail or two it seemed to relegate the war talk to the politicians on both sides of the water whereas whenever a prospective war between two nations had been in the air theretofore the public had done most of the talking and the bitterest the attitude of the newspapers was new also i speak of those of australasia and india for i had access to those only they treated the subject argumentatively and with dignity not with spite and anger that was a new spirit too and not learned of the french and german press either before sedan or since i heard many public speeches and they reflected the moderation of the journals the outlook is that the english speaking race will dominate the earth a hundred years from now if its sections do not get to fighting each other it would be a pity to spoil that prospect by baffling and retarding wars when arbitration would settle their differences so much better and also so much more definitely no as i have suggested novelties are rare in the great capitals of modern times even the wool exchange in melbourne could not be told from the familiar stock exchange of other countries wool brokers are just like stockbrokers they all bounce from their seats and put up their hands and yell in unison no stranger can tell what and the president calmly says sold to smith & co threpence farthing next! when probably nothing of the kind happened for how should he know in the museums you will find acres of the most strange and fascinating things but all museums are fascinating and they do so tire your eyes and break your back and burn out your vitalities with their consuming interest you always say you will never go again but you do go the palaces of the rich in melbourne are much like the palaces of the rich in america and the life in them is the same but there the resemblance ends the grounds surrounding the american palace are not often large and not often beautiful but in the melbourne case the grounds are often ducally spacious and the climate and the gardeners together make them as beautiful as a dream it is said that some of the country seats have grounds domains about them which rival in charm and magnitude those which surround the country mansion of an english lord but i was not out in the country i had my hands full in town and what was the origin of this majestic city and its efflorescence of palatial town houses and country seats its first brick was laid and its first house built by a passing convict australian history is almost always picturesque indeed it is so curious and strange that it is itself the chiefest novelty the country has to offer and so it pushes the other novelties into second and third place it does not read like history but like the most beautiful lies and all of a fresh new sort no mouldy old stale ones it is full of surprises and adventures and incongruities and contradictions and incredibilities but they are all true they all happened chapter xvii the english are mentioned in the bible blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar when we consider the immensity of the british empire in territory population and trade it requires a stern exercise of faith to believe in the figures which represent australasia's contribution to the empire's commercial grandeur as compared with the landed estate of the british empire the landed estate dominated by any other power except one russia is not very impressive for size my authorities make the british empire not much short of a fourth larger than the russian empire roughly proportioned if you will allow your entire hand to represent the british empire you may then cut off the fingers a trifle above the middle joint of the middle finger and what is left of the hand will represent russia the populations ruled by great britain and china are about the same 400 000 000 each no other power approaches these figures even russia is left far behind the population of australasia 4 000 000 sinks into nothingness and is lost from sight in that british ocean of 400 000 000 yet the statistics indicate that it rises again and shows up very conspicuously when its share of the empire's commerce is the matter under consideration the value of england's annual exports and imports is stated at three billions of dollars [new south wales blue book ] and it is claimed that more than one tenth of this great aggregate is represented by australasia's exports to england and imports from england in addition to this australasia does a trade with countries other than england amounting to a hundred million dollars a year and a domestic intercolonial trade amounting to a hundred and fifty millions in round numbers the 4 000 000 buy and sell about $600 000 000 worth of goods a year it is claimed that about half of this represents commodities of australasian production the products exported annually by india are worth a trifle over $500 000 000 now here are some faith straining figures indian production 300 000 000 population $500 000 000 australasian production 4 000 000 population $300 000 000 that is to say the product of the individual indian annually for export some whither is worth $1 15 that of the individual australasian for export some whither $75! or to put it in another way the indian family of man and wife and three children sends away an annual result worth $8 75 while the australasian family sends away $375 worth there are trustworthy statistics furnished by sir richard temple and others which show that the individual indian's whole annual product both for export and home use is worth in gold only $7 50 or $37 50 for the family aggregate ciphered out on a like ratio of multiplication the australasian family's aggregate production would be nearly $1 600 truly nothing is so astonishing as figures if they once get started we left melbourne by rail for adelaide the capital of the vast province of south australia a seventeen hour excursion on the train we found several sydney friends among them a judge who was going out on circuit and was going to hold court at broken hill where the celebrated silver mine is it seemed a curious road to take to get to that region broken hill is close to the western border of new south wales and sydney is on the eastern border a fairly straight line 700 miles long drawn westward from sydney would strike broken hill just as a somewhat shorter one drawn west from boston would strike buffalo the way the judge was traveling would carry him over 2 000 miles by rail he said southwest from sydney down to melbourne then northward up to adelaide then a cant back northeastward and over the border into new south wales once more to broken hill it was like going from boston southwest to richmond virginia then northwest up to erie pennsylvania then a cant back northeast and over the border to buffalo new york but the explanation was simple years ago the fabulously rich silver discovery at broken hill burst suddenly upon an unexpectant world its stocks started at shillings and went by leaps and bounds to the most fanciful figures it was one of those cases where the cook puts a month's wages into shares and comes next mouth and buys your house at your own price and moves into it herself where the coachman takes a few shares and next month sets up a bank and where the common sailor invests the price of a spree and next month buys out the steamship company and goes into business on his own hook in a word it was one of those excitements which bring multitudes of people to a common center with a rush and whose needs must be supplied and at once adelaide was close by sydney was far away adelaide threw a short railway across the border before sydney had time to arrange for a long one it was not worth while for sydney to arrange at all the whole vast trade profit of broken hill fell into adelaide's hands irrevocably new south wales furnishes for broken hill and sends her judges 2 000 miles mainly through alien countries to administer it but adelaide takes the dividends and makes no moan we started at 4 20 in the afternoon and moved across level until night in the morning we had a stretch of scrub country the kind of thing which is so useful to the australian novelist in the scrub the hostile aboriginal lurks and flits mysteriously about slipping out from time to time to surprise and slaughter the settler then slipping back again and leaving no track that the white man can follow in the scrub the novelist's heroine gets lost search fails of result she wanders here and there and finally sinks down exhausted and unconscious and the searchers pass within a yard or two of her not suspecting that she is near and by and by some rambler finds her bones and the pathetic diary which she had scribbled with her failing hand and left behind nobody can find a lost heroine in the scrub but the aboriginal tracker and he will not lend himself to the scheme if it will interfere with the novelist's plot the scrub stretches miles and miles in all directions and looks like a level roof of bush tops without a break or a crack in it as seamless as a blanket to all appearance one might as well walk under water and hope to guess out a route and stick to it i should think yet it is claimed that the aboriginal tracker was able to hunt out people lost in the scrub also in the bush also in the desert and even follow them over patches of bare rocks and over alluvial ground which had to all appearance been washed clear of footprints from reading australian books and talking with the people i became convinced that the aboriginal tracker's performances evince a craft a penetration a luminous sagacity and a minuteness and accuracy of observation in the matter of detective work not found in nearly so remarkable a degree in any other people white or colored in an official account of the blacks of australia published by the government of victoria one reads that the aboriginal not only notices the faint marks left on the bark of a tree by the claws of a climbing opossum but knows in some way or other whether the marks were made to day or yesterday and there is the case on records where a a settler makes a bet with b that b may lose a cow as effectually as he can and a will produce an aboriginal who will find her b selects a cow and lets the tracker see the cow's footprint then be put under guard b then drives the cow a few miles over a course which drifts in all directions and frequently doubles back upon itself and he selects difficult ground all the time and once or twice even drives the cow through herds of other cows and mingles her tracks in the wide confusion of theirs he finally brings his cow home the aboriginal is set at liberty and at once moves around in a great circle examining all cow tracks until he finds the one he is after then sets off and follows it throughout its erratic course and ultimately tracks it to the stable where b has hidden the cow now wherein does one cow track differ from another there must be a difference or the tracker could not have performed the feat a difference minute shadowy and not detectible by you or me or by the late sherlock holmes and yet discernible by a member of a race charged by some people with occupying the bottom place in the gradations of human intelligence chapter xviii it is easier to stay out than get out pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the train was now exploring a beautiful hill country and went twisting in and out through lovely little green valleys there were several varieties of gum trees among them many giants some of them were bodied and barked like the sycamore some were of fantastic aspect and reminded one of the quaint apple trees in japanese pictures and there was one peculiarly beautiful tree whose name and breed i did not know the foliage seemed to consist of big bunches of pine spines the lower half of each bunch a rich brown or old gold color the upper half a most vivid and strenuous and shouting green the effect was altogether bewitching the tree was apparently rare i should say that the first and last samples of it seen by us were not more than half an hour apart there was another tree of striking aspect a kind of pine we were told its foliage was as fine as hair apparently and its mass sphered itself above the naked straight stem like an explosion of misty smoke it was not a sociable sort it did not gather in groups or couples but each individual stood far away from its nearest neighbor it scattered itself in this spacious and exclusive fashion about the slopes of swelling grassy great knolls and stood in the full flood of the wonderful sunshine and as far as you could see the tree itself you could also see the ink black blot of its shadow on the shining green carpet at its feet on some part of this railway journey we saw gorse and broom importations from england and a gentleman who came into our compartment on a visit tried to tell me which was which but as he didn't know he had difficulty he said he was ashamed of his ignorance but that he had never been confronted with the question before during the fifty years and more that he had spent in australia and so he had never happened to get interested in the matter but there was no need to be ashamed the most of us have his defect we take a natural interest in novelties but it is against nature to take an interest in familiar things the gorse and the broom were a fine accent in the landscape here and there they burst out in sudden conflagrations of vivid yellow against a background of sober or sombre color with a so startling effect as to make a body catch his breath with the happy surprise of it and then there was the wattle a native bush or tree an inspiring cloud of sumptuous yellow bloom it is a favorite with the australians and has a fine fragrance a quality usually wanting in australian blossoms the gentleman who enriched me with the poverty of his formation about the gorse and the broom told me that he came out from england a youth of twenty and entered the province of south australia with thirty six shillings in his pocket an adventurer without trade profession or friends but with a clearly defined purpose in his head he would stay until he was worth l200 then go back home he would allow himself five years for the accumulation of this fortune that was more than fifty years ago said he and here i am yet as he went out at the door he met a friend and turned and introduced him to me and the friend and i had a talk and a smoke i spoke of the previous conversation and said there something very pathetic about this half century of exile and that i wished the l200 scheme had succeeded with him oh it did it's not so sad a case he is modest and he left out some of the particulars the lad reached south australia just in time to help discover the burra burra copper mines they turned out l700 000 in the first three years up to now they have yielded l120 000 000 he has had his share before that boy had been in the country two years he could have gone home and bought a village he could go now and buy a city i think no there is nothing very pathetic about his case he and his copper arrived at just a handy time to save south australia it had got mashed pretty flat under the collapse of a land boom a while before there it is again picturesque history australia's specialty in 1829 south australia hadn't a white man in it in 1836 the british parliament erected it still a solitude into a province and gave it a governor and other governmental machinery speculators took hold now and inaugurated a vast land scheme and invited immigration encouraging it with lurid promises of sudden wealth it was well worked in london and bishops statesmen and all ports of people made a rush for the land company's shares immigrants soon began to pour into the region of adelaide and select town lots and farms in the sand and the mangrove swamps by the sea the crowds continued to come prices of land rose high then higher and still higher everybody was prosperous and happy the boom swelled into gigantic proportions a village of sheet iron huts and clapboard sheds sprang up in the sand and in these wigwams fashion made display richly dressed ladies played on costly pianos london swells in evening dress and patent leather boots were abundant and this fine society drank champagne and in other ways conducted itself in this capital of humble sheds as it had been accustomed to do in the aristocratic quarters of the metropolis of the world the provincial government put up expensive buildings for its own use and a palace with gardens for the use of its governor the governor had a guard and maintained a court roads wharves and hospitals were built all this on credit on paper on wind on inflated and fictitious values on the boom's moonshine in fact this went on handsomely during four or five years then of a sudden came a smash bills for a huge amount drawn the governor upon the treasury were dishonored the land company's credit went up in smoke a panic followed values fell with a rush the frightened immigrants seized their grips and fled to other lands leaving behind them a good imitation of a solitude where lately had been a buzzing and populous hive of men adelaide was indeed almost empty its population had fallen to 3 000 during two years or more the death trance continued prospect of revival there was none hope of it ceased then as suddenly as the paralysis had come came the resurrection from it those astonishingly rich copper mines were discovered and the corpse got up and danced the wool production began to grow grain raising followed followed so vigorously too that four or five years after the copper discovery this little colony which had had to import its breadstuffs formerly and pay hard prices for them once $50 a barrel for flour had become an exporter of grain the prosperities continued after many years providence desiring to show especial regard for new south wales and exhibit loving interest in its welfare which should certify to all nations the recognition of that colony's conspicuous righteousness and distinguished well deserving conferred upon it that treasury of inconceivable riches broken hill and south australia went over the border and took it giving thanks among our passengers was an american with a unique vocation unique is a strong word but i use it justifiably if i did not misconceive what the american told me for i understood him to say that in the world there was not another man engaged in the business which he was following he was buying the kangaroo skin crop buying all of it both the australian crop and the tasmanian and buying it for an american house in new york the prices were not high as there was no competition but the year's aggregate of skins would cost him l30 000 i had had the idea that the kangaroo was about extinct in tasmania and well thinned out on the continent in america the skins are tanned and made into shoes after the tanning the leather takes a new name which i have forgotten i only remember that the new name does not indicate that the kangaroo furnishes the leather there was a german competition for a while some years ago but that has ceased the germans failed to arrive at the secret of tanning the skins successfully and they withdrew from the business now then i suppose that i have seen a man whose occupation is really entitled to bear that high epithet unique and i suppose that there is not another occupation in the world that is restricted to the hands of a sole person i can think of no instance of it there is more than one pope there is more than one emperor there is even more than one living god walking upon the earth and worshiped in all sincerity by large populations of men i have seen and talked with two of these beings myself in india and i have the autograph of one of them it can come good by and by i reckon if i attach it to a permit approaching adelaide we dismounted from the train as the french say and were driven in an open carriage over the hills and along their slopes to the city it was an excursion of an hour or two and the charm of it could not be overstated i think the road wound around gaps and gorges and offered all varieties of scenery and prospect mountains crags country homes gardens forests color color color everywhere and the air fine and fresh the skies blue and not a shred of cloud to mar the downpour of the brilliant sunshine and finally the mountain gateway opened and the immense plain lay spread out below and stretching away into dim distances on every hand soft and delicate and dainty and beautiful on its near edge reposed the city we descended and entered there was nothing to remind one of the humble capital of buts and sheds of the long vanished day of the land boom no this was a modern city with wide streets compactly built with fine homes everywhere embowered in foliage and flowers and with imposing masses of public buildings nobly grouped and architecturally beautiful there was prosperity in the air for another boom was on providence desiring to show especial regard for the neighboring colony on the west called western australia and exhibit a loving interest in its welfare which should certify to all nations the recognition of that colony's conspicuous righteousness and distinguished well deserving had recently conferred upon it that majestic treasury of golden riches coolgardie and now south australia had gone around the corner and taken it giving thanks everything comes to him who is patient and good and waits but south australia deserves much for apparently she is a hospitable home for every alien who chooses to come and for his religion too she has a population as per the latest census of only 320 000 odd and yet her varieties of religion indicate the presence within her borders of samples of people from pretty nearly every part of the globe you can think of tabulated these varieties of religion make a remarkable show one would have to go far to find its match i copy here this cosmopolitan curiosity and it comes from the published census church of england 89 271 roman catholic 47 179 wesleyan 49 159 lutheran 23 328 presbyterian 18 206 congregationalist 11 882 bible christian 15 762 primitive methodist 11 654 baptist 17 547 christian brethren 465 methodist new connexion 39 unitarian 688 church of christ 3 367 society of friends 100 salvation army 4 356 new jerusalem church 168 jews 840 protestants undefined 6 532 mohammedans 299 confucians etc 3 884 other religions 1 719 object 6 940 not stated 8 046 total 320 431 the item in the above list other religions includes the following as returned agnostics atheists believers in christ buddhists calvinists christadelphians christians christ's chapel christian israelites christian socialists church of god cosmopolitans deists evangelists exclusive brethren free church free methodists freethinkers followers of christ gospel meetings greek church infidels maronites memnonists moravians mormons naturalists orthodox others indefinite pagans pantheists plymouth brethren rationalists reformers secularists seventh day adventists shaker shintoists spiritualists theosophists town city mission welsh church huguenot hussite zoroastrians zwinglian about 64 roads to the other world you see how healthy the religious atmosphere is anything can live in it agnostics atheists freethinkers infidels mormons pagans indefinites they are all there and all the big sects of the world can do more than merely live in it they can spread flourish prosper all except the spiritualists and the theosophists that is the most curious feature of this curious table what is the matter with the specter why do they puff him away he is a welcome toy everywhere else in the world chapter xix pity is for the living envy is for the dead pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the successor of the sheet iron hamlet of the mangrove marshes has that other australian specialty the botanical gardens we cannot have these paradises the best we could do would be to cover a vast acreage under glass and apply steam heat but it would be inadequate the lacks would still be so great the confined sense the sense of suffocation the atmospheric dimness the sweaty heat these would all be there in place of the australian openness to the sky the sunshine and the breeze whatever will grow under glass with us will flourish rampantly out of doors in australia [the greatest heat in victoria that there is an authoritative record of was at sandhurst in january 1862 the thermometer then registered 117 degrees in the shade in january 1880 the heat at adelaide south australia was 172 degrees in the sun ] when the white man came the continent was nearly as poor in variety of vegetation as the desert of sahara now it has everything that grows on the earth in fact not australia only but all australasia has levied tribute upon the flora of the rest of the world and wherever one goes the results appear in gardens private and public in the woodsy walls of the highways and in even the forests if you see a curious or beautiful tree or bush or flower and ask about it the people answering usually name a foreign country as the place of its origin india africa japan china england america java sumatra new guinea polynesia and so on in the zoological gardens of adelaide i saw the only laughing jackass that ever showed any disposition to be courteous to me this one opened his head wide and laughed like a demon or like a maniac who was consumed with humorous scorn over a cheap and degraded pun it was a very human laugh if he had been out of sight i could have believed that the laughter came from a man it is an odd looking bird with a head and beak that are much too large for its body in time man will exterminate the rest of the wild creatures of australia but this one will probably survive for man is his friend and lets him alone man always has a good reason for his charities towards wild things human or animal when he has any in this case the bird is spared because he kills snakes if l j he will not kill all of them in that garden i also saw the wild australian dog the dingo he was a beautiful creature shapely graceful a little wolfish in some of his aspects but with a most friendly eye and sociable disposition the dingo is not an importation he was present in great force when the whites first came to the continent it may be that he is the oldest dog in the universe his origin his descent the place where his ancestors first appeared are as unknown and as untraceable as are the camel's he is the most precious dog in the world for he does not bark but in an evil hour he got to raiding the sheep runs to appease his hunger and that sealed his doom he is hunted now just as if he were a wolf he has been sentenced to extermination and the sentence will be carried out this is all right and not objectionable the world was made for man the white man south australia is confusingly named all of the colonies have a southern exposure except one queensland properly speaking south australia is middle australia it extends straight up through the center of the continent like the middle board in a center table it is 2 000 miles high from south to north and about a third as wide a wee little spot down in its southeastern corner contains eight or nine tenths of its population the other one or two tenths are elsewhere as elsewhere as they could be in the united states with all the country between denver and chicago and canada and the gulf of mexico to scatter over there is plenty of room a telegraph line stretches straight up north through that 2 000 miles of wilderness and desert from adelaide to port darwin on the edge of the upper ocean south australia built the line and did it in 1871 2 when her population numbered only 185 000 it was a great work for there were no roads no paths 1 300 miles of the route had been traversed but once before by white men provisions wire and poles had to be carried over immense stretches of desert wells had to be dug along the route to supply the men and cattle with water a cable had been previously laid from port darwin to java and thence to india and there was telegraphic communication with england from india and so if adelaide could make connection with port darwin it meant connection with the whole world the enterprise succeeded one could watch the london markets daily now the profit to the wool growers of australia was instant and enormous a telegram from melbourne to san francisco covers approximately 20 000 miles the equivalent of five sixths of the way around the globe it has to halt along the way a good many times and be repeated still but little time is lost these halts and the distances between them are here tabulated [from round the empire george r parkin all but the last two ] miles melbourne mount gambier 300 mount gambier adelaide 270 adelaide port augusta 200 port augusta alice springs 1 036 alice springs port darwin 898 port darwin banjoewangie 1 150 banjoewangie batavia 480 batavia singapore 553 singapore penang 399 penang madras 1 280 madras bombay 650 bombay aden 1 662 aden suez 1 346 suez alexandria 224 alexandria malta 828 malta gibraltar 1 008 gibraltar falmouth 1 061 falmouth london 350 london new york 2 500 new york san francisco 3 500 i was in adelaide again some months later and saw the multitudes gather in the neighboring city of glenelg to commemorate the reading of the proclamation in 1836 which founded the province if i have at any time called it a colony i withdraw the discourtesy it is not a colony it is a province and officially so moreover it is the only one so named in australasia there was great enthusiasm it was the province's national holiday its fourth of july so to speak it is the pre eminent holiday and that is saying much in a country where they seem to have a most un english mania for holidays mainly they are workingmen's holidays for in south australia the workingman is sovereign his vote is the desire of the politician indeed it is the very breath of the politician's being the parliament exists to deliver the will of the workingman and the government exists to execute it the workingman is a great power everywhere in australia but south australia is his paradise he has had a hard time in this world and has earned a paradise i am glad he has found it the holidays there are frequent enough to be bewildering to the stranger i tried to get the hang of the system but was not able to do it you have seen that the province is tolerant religious wise it is so politically also one of the speakers at the commemoration banquet the minister of public works was an american born and reared in new england there is nothing narrow about the province politically or in any other way that i know of sixty four religions and a yankee cabinet minister no amount of horse racing can damn this community the mean temperature of the province is 62 deg the death rate is 13 in the 1 000 about half what it is in the city of new york i should think and new york is a healthy city thirteen is the death rate for the average citizen of the province but there seems to be no death rate for the old people there were people at the commemoration banquet who could remember cromwell there were six of them these old settlers had all been present at the original reading of the proclamation in 1536 they showed signs of the blightings and blastings of time in their outward aspect but they were young within young and cheerful and ready to talk ready to talk and talk all you wanted in their turn and out of it they were down for six speeches and they made 42 the governor and the cabinet and the mayor were down for 42 speeches and they made 6 they have splendid grit the old settlers splendid staying power but they do not hear well and when they see the mayor going through motions which they recognize as the introducing of a speaker they think they are the one and they all get up together and begin to respond in the most animated way and the more the mayor gesticulates and shouts sit down! sit down! the more they take it for applause and the more excited and reminiscent and enthusiastic they get and next when they see the whole house laughing and crying three of them think it is about the bitter old time hardships they are describing and the other three think the laughter is caused by the jokes they have been uncorking jokes of the vintage of 1836 and then the way they do go on! and finally when ushers come and plead and beg and gently and reverently crowd them down into their seats they say oh i'm not tired i could bang along a week! and they sit there looking simple and childlike and gentle and proud of their oratory and wholly unconscious of what is going on at the other end of the room and so one of the great dignitaries gets a chance and begins his carefully prepared speech impressively and with solemnity when we now great and prosperous and powerful bow our heads in reverent wonder in the contemplation of those sublimities of energy of wisdom of forethought of up come the immortal six again in a body with a joyous hey i've thought of another one! and at it they go with might and main hearing not a whisper of the pandemonium that salutes them but taking all the visible violences for applause as before and hammering joyously away till the imploring ushers pray them into their seats again and a pity too for those lovely old boys did so enjoy living their heroic youth over in these days of their honored antiquity and certainly the things they had to tell were usually worth the telling and the hearing it was a stirring spectacle stirring in more ways than one for it was amazingly funny and at the same time deeply pathetic for they had seen so much these time worn veterans end had suffered so much and had built so strongly and well and laid the foundations of their commonwealth so deep in liberty and tolerance and had lived to see the structure rise to such state and dignity and hear themselves so praised for honorable work one of these old gentlemen told me some things of interest afterward things about the aboriginals mainly he thought them intelligent remarkably so in some directions and he said that along with their unpleasant qualities they had some exceedingly good ones and he considered it a great pity that the race had died out he instanced their invention of the boomerang and the weet weet as evidences of their brightness and as another evidence of it he said he had never seen a white man who had cleverness enough to learn to do the miracles with those two toys that the aboriginals achieved he said that even the smartest whites had been obliged to confess that they could not learn the trick of the boomerang in perfection that it had possibilities which they could not master the white man could not control its motions could not make it obey him but the aboriginal could he told me some wonderful things some almost incredible things which he had seen the blacks do with the boomerang and the weet weet they have been confirmed to me since by other early settlers and by trustworthy books it is contended and may be said to be conceded that the boomerang was known to certain savage tribes in europe in roman times in support of this virgil and two other roman poets are quoted it is also contended that it was known to the ancient egyptians one of two things either some one with is then apparent a boomerang arrived in australia in the days of antiquity before european knowledge of the thing had been lost or the australian aboriginal reinvented it it will take some time to find out which of these two propositions is the fact but there is no hurry chapter xx it is by the goodness of god that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious things freedom of speech freedom of conscience and the prudence never to practice either of them pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar from diary mr g called i had not seen him since nauheim germany several years ago the time that the cholera broke out at hamburg we talked of the people we had known there or had casually met and g said do you remember my introducing you to an earl the earl of c yes that was the last time i saw you you and he were in a carriage just starting belated for the train i remember it i remember it too because of a thing which happened then which i was not looking for he had told me a while before about a remarkable and interesting californian whom he had met and who was a friend of yours and said that if he should ever meet you he would ask you for some particulars about that californian the subject was not mentioned that day at nauheim for we were hurrying away and there was no time but the thing that surprised me was this when i induced you you said 'i am glad to meet your lordship gain ' the i again' was the surprise he is a little hard of hearing and didn't catch that word and i thought you hadn't intended that he should as we drove off i had only time to say 'why what do you know about him ' and i understood you to say 'oh nothing except that he is the quickest judge of ' then we were gone and i didn't get the rest i wondered what it was that he was such a quick judge of i have thought of it many times since and still wondered what it could be he and i talked it over but could not guess it out he thought it must be fox hounds or horses for he is a good judge of those no one is a better but you couldn't know that because you didn't know him you had mistaken him for some one else it must be that he said because he knew you had never met him before and of course you hadn't had you yes i had is that so where at a fox hunt in england how curious that is why he hadn't the least recollection of it had you any conversation with him some yes well it left not the least impression upon him what did you talk about about the fox i think that was all why that would interest him that ought to have left an impression what did he talk about the fox it's very curious i don't understand it did what he said leave an impression upon you yes it showed me that he was a quick judge of however i will tell you all about it then you will understand it was a quarter of a century ago 1873 or '74 i had an american friend in london named f who was fond of hunting and his friends the blanks invited him and me to come out to a hunt and be their guests at their country place in the morning the mounts were provided but when i saw the horses i changed my mind and asked permission to walk i had never seen an english hunter before and it seemed to me that i could hunt a fox safer on the ground i had always been diffident about horses anyway even those of the common altitudes and i did not feel competent to hunt on a horse that went on stilts so then mrs blank came to my help and said i could go with her in the dog cart and we would drive to a place she knew of and there we should have a good glimpse of the hunt as it went by when we got to that place i got out and went and leaned my elbows on a low stone wall which enclosed a turfy and beautiful great field with heavy wood on all its sides except ours mrs blank sat in the dog cart fifty yards away which was as near as she could get with the vehicle i was full of interest for i had never seen a fox hunt i waited dreaming and imagining in the deep stillness and impressive tranquility which reigned in that retired spot presently from away off in the forest on the left a mellow bugle note came floating then all of a sudden a multitude of dogs burst out of that forest and went tearing by and disappeared in the forest on the right there was a pause and then a cloud of horsemen in black caps and crimson coats plunged out of the left hand forest and went flaming across the field like a prairie fire a stirring sight to see there was one man ahead of the rest and he came spurring straight at me he was fiercely excited it was fine to see him ride he was a master horseman he came like a storm till he was within seven feet of me where i was leaning on the wall then he stood his horse straight up in the air on his hind toe nails and shouted like a demon 'which way'd the fox go ' i didn't much like the tone but i did not let on for he was excited you know but i was calm so i said softly and without acrimony 'which fox ' it seemed to anger him i don't know why and he thundered out 'which fox why the fox which way did the fox go ' i said with great gentleness even argumentatively 'if you could be a little more definite a little less vague because i am a stranger and there are many foxes as you will know even better than i and unless i know which one it is that you desire to identify and ' 'you're certainly the damdest idiot that has escaped in a thousand years!' and he snatched his great horse around as easily as i would snatch a cat and was away like a hurricane a very excitable man i went back to mrs blank and she was excited too oh all alive she said 'he spoke to you! didn't he ' 'yes it is what happened ' 'i knew it! i couldn't hear what he said but i knew be spoke to you! do you know who it was it was lord c and he is master of the buckhounds! tell me what do you think of him ' 'him well for sizing up a stranger he's got the most sudden and accurate judgment of any man i ever saw ' it pleased her i thought it would g got away from nauheim just in time to escape being shut in by the quarantine bars on the frontiers and so did we for we left the next day but g had a great deal of trouble in getting by the italian custom house and we should have fared likewise but for the thoughtfulness of our consul general in frankfort he introduced me to the italian consul general and i brought away from that consulate a letter which made our way smooth it was a dozen lines merely commending me in a general way to the courtesies of servants in his italian majesty's service but it was more powerful than it looked in addition to a raft of ordinary baggage we had six or eight trunks which were filled exclusively with dutiable stuff household goods purchased in frankfort for use in florence where we had taken a house i was going to ship these through by express but at the last moment an order went throughout germany forbidding the moving of any parcels by train unless the owner went with them this was a bad outlook we must take these things along and the delay sure to be caused by the examination of them in the custom house might lose us our train i imagined all sorts of terrors and enlarged them steadily as we approached the italian frontier we were six in number clogged with all that baggage and i was courier for the party the most incapable one they ever employed we arrived and pressed with the crowd into the immense custom house and the usual worries began everybody crowding to the counter and begging to have his baggage examined first and all hands clattering and chattering at once it seemed to me that i could do nothing it would be better to give it all up and go away and leave the baggage i couldn't speak the language i should never accomplish anything just then a tall handsome man in a fine uniform was passing by and i knew he must be the station master and that reminded me of my letter i ran to him and put it into his hands he took it out of the envelope and the moment his eye caught the royal coat of arms printed at its top he took off his cap and made a beautiful bow to me and said in english which is your baggage please show it to me i showed him the mountain nobody was disturbing it nobody was interested in it all the family's attempts to get attention to it had failed except in the case of one of the trunks containing the dutiable goods it was just being opened my officer said there let that alone! lock it now chalk it chalk all of the lot now please come and show the hand baggage he plowed through the waiting crowd i following to the counter and he gave orders again in his emphatic military way chalk these chalk all of them then he took off his cap and made that beautiful bow again and went his way by this time these attentions had attracted the wonder of that acre of passengers and the whisper had gone around that the royal family were present getting their baggage chalked and as we passed down in review on our way to the door i was conscious of a pervading atmosphere of envy which gave me deep satisfaction but soon there was an accident my overcoat pockets were stuffed with german cigars and linen packages of american smoking tobacco and a porter was following us around with this overcoat on his arm and gradually getting it upside down just as i in the rear of my family moved by the sentinels at the door about three hatfuls of the tobacco tumbled out on the floor one of the soldiers pounced upon it gathered it up in his arms pointed back whence i had come and marched me ahead of him past that long wall of passengers again he chattering and exulting like a devil they smiling in peaceful joy and i trying to look as if my pride was not hurt and as if i did not mind being brought to shame before these pleased people who had so lately envied me but at heart i was cruelly humbled when i had been marched two thirds of the long distance and the misery of it was at the worst the stately station master stepped out from somewhere and the soldier left me and darted after him and overtook him and i could see by the soldier's excited gestures that he was betraying to him the whole shabby business the station master was plainly very angry he came striding down toward me and when he was come near he began to pour out a stream of indignant italian then suddenly took off his hat and made that beautiful bow and said oh it is you! i beg a thousands pardons! this idiot here he turned to the exulting soldier and burst out with a flood of white hot italian lava and the next moment he was bowing and the soldier and i were moving in procession again he in the lead and ashamed this time i with my chin up and so we marched by the crowd of fascinated passengers and i went forth to the train with the honors of war tobacco and all chapter xxi man will do many things to get himself loved he will do all things to get himself envied pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar before i saw australia i had never heard of the weet weet at all i met but few men who had seen it thrown at least i met but few who mentioned having seen it thrown roughly described it is a fat wooden cigar with its butt end fastened to a flexible twig the whole thing is only a couple of feet long and weighs less than two ounces this feather so to call it is not thrown through the air but is flung with an underhanded throw and made to strike the ground a little way in front of the thrower then it glances and makes a long skip glances again skips again and again and again like the flat stone which a boy sends skating over the water the water is smooth and the stone has a good chance so a strong man may make it travel fifty or seventy five yards but the weet weet has no such good chance for it strikes sand grass and earth in its course yet an expert aboriginal has sent it a measured distance of two hundred and twenty yards it would have gone even further but it encountered rank ferns and underwood on its passage and they damaged its speed two hundred and twenty yards and so weightless a toy a mouse on the end of a bit of wire in effect and not sailing through the accommodating air but encountering grass and sand and stuff at every jump it looks wholly impossible but mr brough smyth saw the feat and did the measuring and set down the facts in his book about aboriginal life which he wrote by command of the victorian government what is the secret of the feat no one explains it cannot be physical strength for that could not drive such a feather weight any distance it must be art but no one explains what the art of it is nor how it gets around that law of nature which says you shall not throw any two ounce thing 220 yards either through the air or bumping along the ground rev j g woods says the distance to which the weet weet or kangaroo rat can be thrown is truly astonishing i have seen an australian stand at one side of kennington oval and throw the kangaroo rat completely across it width of kensington oval not stated it darts through the air with the sharp and menacing hiss of a rifle ball its greatest height from the ground being some seven or eight feet when properly thrown it looks just like a living animal leaping along its movements have a wonderful resemblance to the long leaps of a kangaroo rat fleeing in alarm with its long tail trailing behind it the old settler said that he had seen distances made by the weet weet in the early days which almost convinced him that it was as extraordinary an instrument as the boomerang there must have been a large distribution of acuteness among those naked skinny aboriginals or they couldn't have been such unapproachable trackers and boomerangers and weet weeters it must have been race aversion that put upon them a good deal of the low rate intellectual reputation which they bear and have borne this long time in the world's estimate of them they were lazy always lazy perhaps that was their trouble it is a killing defect surely they could have invented and built a competent house but they didn't and they could have invented and developed the agricultural arts but they didn't they went naked and houseless and lived on fish and grubs and worms and wild fruits and were just plain savages for all their smartness with a country as big as the united states to live and multiply in and with no epidemic diseases among them till the white man came with those and his other appliances of civilization it is quite probable that there was never a day in his history when he could muster 100 000 of his race in all australia he diligently and deliberately kept population down by infanticide largely but mainly by certain other methods he did not need to practise these artificialities any more after the white man came the white man knew ways of keeping down population which were worth several of his the white man knew ways of reducing a native population 80 percent in 20 years the native had never seen anything as fine as that before for example there is the case of the country now called victoria a country eighty times as large as rhode island as i have already said by the best official guess there were 4 500 aboriginals in it when the whites came along in the middle of the 'thirties of these 1 000 lived in gippsland a patch of territory the size of fifteen or sixteen rhode islands they did not diminish as fast as some of the other communities indeed at the end of forty years there were still 200 of them left the geelong tribe diminished more satisfactorily from 173 persons it faded to 34 in twenty years at the end of another twenty the tribe numbered one person altogether the two melbourne tribes could muster almost 300 when the white man came they could muster but twenty thirty seven years later in 1875 in that year there were still odds and ends of tribes scattered about the colony of victoria but i was told that natives of full blood are very scarce now it is said that the aboriginals continue in some force in the huge territory called queensland the early whites were not used to savages they could not understand the primary law of savage life that if a man do you a wrong his whole tribe is responsible each individual of it and you may take your change out of any individual of it without bothering to seek out the guilty one when a white killed an aboriginal the tribe applied the ancient law and killed the first white they came across to the whites this was a monstrous thing extermination seemed to be the proper medicine for such creatures as this they did not kill all the blacks but they promptly killed enough of them to make their own persons safe from the dawn of civilization down to this day the white man has always used that very precaution mrs campbell praed lived in queensland as a child in the early days and in her sketches of australian life we get informing pictures of the early struggles of the white and the black to reform each other speaking of pioneer days in the mighty wilderness of queensland mrs praed says at first the natives retreated before the whites and except that they every now and then speared a beast in one of the herds gave little cause for uneasiness but as the number of squatters increased each one taking up miles of country and bringing two or three men in his train so that shepherds' huts and stockmen's camps lay far apart and defenseless in the midst of hostile tribes the blacks' depredations became more frequent and murder was no unusual event the loneliness of the australian bush can hardly be painted in words here extends mile after mile of primeval forest where perhaps foot of white man has never trod interminable vistas where the eucalyptus trees rear their lofty trunks and spread forth their lanky limbs from which the red gum oozes and hangs in fantastic pendants like crimson stalactites ravines along the sides of which the long bladed grass grows rankly level untimbered plains alternating with undulating tracts of pasture here and there broken by a stony ridge steep gully or dried up creek all wild vast and desolate all the same monotonous gray coloring except where the wattle when in blossom shows patches of feathery gold or a belt of scrub lies green glossy and impenetrable as indian jungle the solitude seems intensified by the strange sounds of reptiles birds and insects and by the absence of larger creatures of which in the day time the only audible signs are the stampede of a herd of kangaroo or the rustle of a wallabi or a dingo stirring the grass as it creeps to its lair but there are the whirring of locusts the demoniac chuckle of the laughing jack ass the screeching of cockatoos and parrots the hissing of the frilled lizard and the buzzing of innumerable insects hidden under the dense undergrowth and then at night the melancholy wailing of the curlews the dismal howling of dingoes the discordant croaking of tree frogs might well shake the nerves of the solitary watcher that is the theater for the drama when you comprehend one or two other details you will perceive how well suited for trouble it was and how loudly it invited it the cattlemen's stations were scattered over that profound wilderness miles and miles apart at each station half a dozen persons there was a plenty of cattle the black natives were always ill nourished and hungry the land belonged to them the whites had not bought it and couldn't buy it for the tribes had no chiefs nobody in authority nobody competent to sell and convey and the tribes themselves had no comprehension of the idea of transferable ownership of land the ousted owners were despised by the white interlopers and this opinion was not hidden under a bushel more promising materials for a tragedy could not have been collated let mrs praed speak at nie station one dark night the unsuspecting hut keeper having as he believed secured himself against assault was lying wrapped in his blankets sleeping profoundly the blacks crept stealthily down the chimney and battered in his skull while he slept one could guess the whole drama from that little text the curtain was up it would not fall until the mastership of one party or the other was determined and permanently there was treachery on both sides the blacks killed the whites when they found them defenseless and the whites slew the blacks in a wholesale and promiscuous fashion which offended against my childish sense of justice they were regarded as little above the level of brutes and in some cases were destroyed like vermin here is an instance a squatter whose station was surrounded by blacks whom he suspected to be hostile and from whom he feared an attack parleyed with them from his house door he told them it was christmas time a time at which all men black or white feasted that there were flour sugar plums good things in plenty in the store and that he would make for them such a pudding as they had never dreamed of a great pudding of which all might eat and be filled the blacks listened and were lost the pudding was made and distributed next morning there was howling in the camp for it had been sweetened with sugar and arsenic! the white man's spirit was right but his method was wrong his spirit was the spirit which the civilized white has always exhibited toward the savage but the use of poison was a departure from custom true it was merely a technical departure not a real one still it was a departure and therefore a mistake in my opinion it was better kinder swifter and much more humane than a number of the methods which have been sanctified by custom but that does not justify its employment that is it does not wholly justify it its unusual nature makes it stand out and attract an amount of attention which it is not entitled to it takes hold upon morbid imaginations and they work it up into a sort of exhibition of cruelty and this smirches the good name of our civilization whereas one of the old harsher methods would have had no such effect because usage has made those methods familiar to us and innocent in many countries we have chained the savage and starved him to death and this we do not care for because custom has inured us to it yet a quick death by poison is loving kindness to it in many countries we have burned the savage at the stake and this we do not care for because custom has inured us to it yet a quick death is loving kindness to it in more than one country we have hunted the savage and his little children and their mother with dogs and guns through the woods and swamps for an afternoon's sport and filled the region with happy laughter over their sprawling and stumbling flight and their wild supplications for mercy but this method we do not mind because custom has inured us to it yet a quick death by poison is loving kindness to it in many countries we have taken the savage's land from him and made him our slave and lashed him every day and broken his pride and made death his only friend and overworked him till he dropped in his tracks and this we do not care for because custom has inured us to it yet a quick death by poison is loving kindness to it in the matabeleland today why there we are confining ourselves to sanctified custom we rhodes beit millionaires in south africa and dukes in london and nobody cares because we are used to the old holy customs and all we ask is that no notice inviting new ones shall be intruded upon the attention of our comfortable consciences mrs praed says of the poisoner that squatter deserves to have his name handed down to the contempt of posterity i am sorry to hear her say that i myself blame him for one thing and severely but i stop there i blame him for the indiscretion of introducing a novelty which was calculated to attract attention to our civilization there was no occasion to do that it was his duty and it is every loyal man's duty to protect that heritage in every way he can and the best way to do that is to attract attention elsewhere the squatter's judgment was bad that is plain but his heart was right he is almost the only pioneering representative of civilization in history who has risen above the prejudices of his caste and his heredity and tried to introduce the element of mercy into the superior race's dealings with the savage his name is lost and it is a pity for it deserves to be handed down to posterity with homage and reverence this paragraph is from a london journal to learn what france is doing to spread the blessings of civilization in her distant dependencies we may turn with advantage to new caledonia with a view to attracting free settlers to that penal colony m feillet the governor forcibly expropriated the kanaka cultivators from the best of their plantations with a derisory compensation in spite of the protests of the council general of the island such immigrants as could be induced to cross the seas thus found themselves in possession of thousands of coffee cocoa banana and bread fruit trees the raising of which had cost the wretched natives years of toil whilst the latter had a few five franc pieces to spend in the liquor stores of noumea you observe the combination it is robbery humiliation and slow slow murder through poverty and the white man's whisky the savage's gentle friend the savage's noble friend the only magnanimous and unselfish friend the savage has ever had was not there with the merciful swift release of his poisoned pudding there are many humorous things in the world among them the white man's notion that he is less savage than the other savages [see chapter on tasmania post ] chapter xxii nothing is so ignorant as a man's left hand except a lady's watch pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar you notice that mrs praed knows her art she can place a thing before you so that you can see it she is not alone in that australia is fertile in writers whose books are faithful mirrors of the life of the country and of its history the materials were surprisingly rich both in quality and in mass and marcus clarke ralph boldrewood cordon kendall and the others have built out of them a brilliant and vigorous literature and one which must endure materials there is no end to them! why a literature might be made out of the aboriginal all by himself his character and ways are so freckled with varieties varieties not staled by familiarity but new to us you do not need to invent any picturesquenesses whatever you want in that line he can furnish you and they will not be fancies and doubtful but realities and authentic in his history as preserved by the white man's official records he is everything everything that a human creature can be he covers the entire ground he is a coward there are a thousand fact to prove it he is brave there are a thousand facts to prove it he is treacherous oh beyond imagination! he is faithful loyal true the white man's records supply you with a harvest of instances of it that are noble worshipful and pathetically beautiful he kills the starving stranger who comes begging for food and shelter there is proof of it he succors and feeds and guides to safety to day the lost stranger who fired on him only yesterday there is proof of it he takes his reluctant bride by force he courts her with a club then loves her faithfully through a long life it is of record he gathers to himself another wife by the same processes beats and bangs her as a daily diversion and by and by lays down his life in defending her from some outside harm it is of record he will face a hundred hostiles to rescue one of his children and will kill another of his children because the family is large enough without it his delicate stomach turns at certain details of the white man's food but he likes over ripe fish and brazed dog and cat and rat and will eat his own uncle with relish he is a sociable animal yet he turns aside and hides behind his shield when his mother in law goes by he is childishly afraid of ghosts and other trivialities that menace his soul but dread of physical pain is a weakness which he is not acquainted with he knows all the great and many of the little constellations and has names for them he has a symbol writing by means of which he can convey messages far and wide among the tribes he has a correct eye for form and expression and draws a good picture he can track a fugitive by delicate traces which the white man's eye cannot discern and by methods which the finest white intelligence cannot master he makes a missile which science itself cannot duplicate without the model if with it a missile whose secret baffled and defeated the searchings and theorizings of the white mathematicians for seventy years and by an art all his own he performs miracles with it which the white man cannot approach untaught nor parallel after teaching within certain limits this savage's intellect is the alertest and the brightest known to history or tradition and yet the poor creature was never able to invent a counting system that would reach above five nor a vessel that he could boil water in he is the prize curiosity of all the races to all intents and purposes he is dead in the body but he has features that will live in literature mr philip chauncy an officer of the victorian government contributed to its archives a report of his personal observations of the aboriginals which has in it some things which i wish to condense slightly and insert here he speaks of the quickness of their eyes and the accuracy of their judgment of the direction of approaching missiles as being quite extraordinary and of the answering suppleness and accuracy of limb and muscle in avoiding the missile as being extraordinary also he has seen an aboriginal stand as a target for cricket balls thrown with great force ten or fifteen yards by professional bowlers and successfully dodge them or parry them with his shield during about half an hour one of those balls properly placed could have killed him yet he depended with the utmost self possession on the quickness of his eye and his agility the shield was the customary war shield of his race and would not be a protection to you or to me it is no broader than a stovepipe and is about as long as a man's arm the opposing surface is not flat but slopes away from the centerline like a boat's bow the difficulty about a cricket ball that has been thrown with a scientific twist is that it suddenly changes it course when it is close to its target and comes straight for the mark when apparently it was going overhead or to one side i should not be able to protect myself from such balls for half an hour or less mr chauncy once saw a little native man throw a cricket ball 119 yards this is said to beat the english professional record by thirteen yards we have all seen the circus man bound into the air from a spring board and make a somersault over eight horses standing side by side mr chauncy saw an aboriginal do it over eleven and was assured that he had sometimes done it over fourteen but what is that to this i saw the same man leap from the ground and in going over he dipped his head unaided by his hands into a hat placed in an inverted position on the top of the head of another man sitting upright on horseback both man and horse being of the average size the native landed on the other side of the horse with the hat fairly on his head the prodigious height of the leap and the precision with which it was taken so as to enable him to dip his head into the hat exceeded any feat of the kind i have ever beheld i should think so! on board a ship lately i saw a young oxford athlete run four steps and spring into the air and squirm his hips by a side twist over a bar that was five and one half feet high but he could not have stood still and cleared a bar that was four feet high i know this because i tried it myself one can see now where the kangaroo learned its art sir george grey and mr eyre testify that the natives dug wells fourteen or fifteen feet deep and two feet in diameter at the bore dug them in the sand wells that were quite circular carried straight down and the work beautifully executed their tools were their hands and feet how did they throw sand out from such a depth how could they stoop down and get it with only two feet of space to stoop in how did they keep that sand pipe from caving in on them i do not know still they did manage those seeming impossibilities swallowed the sand may be mr chauncy speaks highly of the patience and skill and alert intelligence of the native huntsman when he is stalking the emu the kangaroo and other game as he walks through the bush his step is light elastic and noiseless every track on the earth catches his keen eye a leaf or fragment of a stick turned or a blade of grass recently bent by the tread of one of the lower animals instantly arrests his attention in fact nothing escapes his quick and powerful sight on the ground in the trees or in the distance which may supply him with a meal or warn him of danger a little examination of the trunk of a tree which may be nearly covered with the scratches of opossums ascending and descending is sufficient to inform him whether one went up the night before without coming down again or not fennimore cooper lost his chance he would have known how to value these people he wouldn't have traded the dullest of them for the brightest mohawk he ever invented all savages draw outline pictures upon bark but the resemblances are not close and expression is usually lacking but the australian aboriginal's pictures of animals were nicely accurate in form attitude carriage and he put spirit into them and expression and his pictures of white people and natives were pretty nearly as good as his pictures of the other animals he dressed his whites in the fashion of their day both the ladies and the gentlemen as an untaught wielder of the pencil it is not likely that he has had his equal among savage people his place in art as to drawing not color work is well up all things considered his art is not to be classified with savage art at all but on a plane two degrees above it and one degree above the lowest plane of civilized art to be exact his place in art is between botticelli and de maurier that is to say he could not draw as well as de maurier but better than boticelli in feeling he resembles both also in grouping and in his preferences in the matter of subjects his corrobboree of the australian wilds reappears in de maurier's belgravian ballrooms with clothes and the smirk of civilization added botticelli's spring is the corrobboree further idealized but with fewer clothes and more smirk and well enough as to intention but my word! the aboriginal can make a fire by friction i have tried that all savages are able to stand a good deal of physical pain the australian aboriginal has this quality in a well developed degree do not read the following instances if horrors are not pleasant to you they were recorded by the rev henry n wolloston of melbourne who had been a surgeon before he became a clergyman 1 in the summer of 1852 i started on horseback from albany king george's sound to visit at cape riche accompanied by a native on foot we traveled about forty miles the first day then camped by a water hole for the night after cooking and eating our supper i observed the native who had said nothing to me on the subject collect the hot embers of the fire together and deliberately place his right foot in the glowing mass for a moment then suddenly withdraw it stamping on the ground and uttering a long drawn guttural sound of mingled pain and satisfaction this operation he repeated several times on my inquiring the meaning of his strange conduct he only said 'me carpenter make 'em' 'i am mending my foot' and then showed me his charred great toe the nail of which had been torn off by a tea tree stump in which it had been caught during the journey and the pain of which he had borne with stoical composure until the evening when he had an opportunity of cauterizing the wound in the primitive manner above described and he proceeded on the journey the next day as if nothing had happened and walked thirty miles it was a strange idea to keep a surgeon and then do his own surgery 2 a native about twenty five years of age once applied to me as a doctor to extract the wooden barb of a spear which during a fight in the bush some four months previously had entered his chest just missing the heart and penetrated the viscera to a considerable depth the spear had been cut off leaving the barb behind which continued to force its way by muscular action gradually toward the back and when i examined him i could feel a hard substance between the ribs below the left blade bone i made a deep incision and with a pair of forceps extracted the barb which was made as usual of hard wood about four inches long and from half an inch to an inch thick it was very smooth and partly digested so to speak by the maceration to which it had been exposed during its four months' journey through the body the wound made by the spear had long since healed leaving only a small cicatrix and after the operation which the native bore without flinching he appeared to suffer no pain indeed judging from his good state of health the presence of the foreign matter did not materially annoy him he was perfectly well in a few days but no 3 is my favorite whenever i read it i seem to enjoy all that the patient enjoyed whatever it was 3 once at king george's sound a native presented himself to me with one leg only and requested me to supply him with a wooden leg he had traveled in this maimed state about ninety six miles for this purpose i examined the limb which had been severed just below the knee and found that it had been charred by fire while about two inches of the partially calcined bone protruded through the flesh i at once removed this with the saw and having made as presentable a stump of it as i could covered the amputated end of the bone with a surrounding of muscle and kept the patient a few days under my care to allow the wound to heal on inquiring the native told me that in a fight with other black fellows a spear had struck his leg and penetrated the bone below the knee finding it was serious he had recourse to the following crude and barbarous operation which it appears is not uncommon among these people in their native state he made a fire and dug a hole in the earth only sufficiently large to admit his leg and deep enough to allow the wounded part to be on a level with the surface of the ground he then surrounded the limb with the live coals or charcoal which was replenished until the leg was literally burnt off the cauterization thus applied completely checked the hemorrhage and he was able in a day or two to hobble down to the sound with the aid of a long stout stick although he was more than a week on the road but he was a fastidious native he soon discarded the wooden leg made for him by the doctor because it had no feeling in it it must have had as much as the one he burnt off i should think so much for the aboriginals it is difficult for me to let them alone they are marvelously interesting creatures for a quarter of a century now the several colonial governments have housed their remnants in comfortable stations and fed them well and taken good care of them in every way if i had found this out while i was in australia i could have seen some of those people but i didn't i would walk thirty miles to see a stuffed one australia has a slang of its own this is a matter of course the vast cattle and sheep industries the strange aspects of the country and the strange native animals brute and human are matters which would naturally breed a local slang i have notes of this slang somewhere but at the moment i can call to mind only a few of the words and phrases they are expressive ones the wide sterile unpeopled deserts have created eloquent phrases like no man's land and the never never country also this felicitous form she lives in the never never country that is she is an old maid and this one is not without merit heifer paddock young ladies' seminary bail up and stick up equivalent of our highwayman term to hold up a stage coach or a train new chum is the equivalent of our tenderfoot new arrival and then there is the immortal my word! we must import it m y word! in cold print it is the equivalent of our ger rreat caesar! but spoken with the proper australian unction and fervency it is worth six of it for grace and charm and expressiveness our form is rude and explosive it is not suited to the drawing room or the heifer paddock but m y word! is and is music to the ear too when the utterer knows how to say it i saw it in print several times on the pacific ocean but it struck me coldly it aroused no sympathy that was because it was the dead corpse of the thing the 'soul was not there the tones were lacking the informing spirit the deep feeling the eloquence but the first time i heard an australian say it it was positively thrilling chapter xxiii be careless in your dress if you must but keep a tidy soul pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we left adelaide in due course and went to horsham in the colony of victoria a good deal of a journey if i remember rightly but pleasant horsham sits in a plain which is as level as a floor one of those famous dead levels which australian books describe so often gray bare sombre melancholy baked cracked in the tedious long drouths but a horizonless ocean of vivid green grass the day after a rain a country town peaceful reposeful inviting full of snug homes with garden plots and plenty of shrubbery and flowers horsham october 17 at the hotel the weather divine across the way in front of the london bank of australia is a very handsome cottonwood it is in opulent leaf and every leaf perfect the full power of the on rushing spring is upon it and i imagine i can see it grow alongside the bank and a little way back in the garden there is a row of soaring fountain sprays of delicate feathery foliage quivering in the breeze and mottled with flashes of light that shift and play through the mass like flash lights through an opal a most beautiful tree and a striking contrast to the cottonwood every leaf of the cottonwood is distinctly defined it is a kodak for faithful hard unsentimental detail the other an impressionist picture delicious to look upon full of a subtle and exquisite charm but all details fused in a swoon of vague and soft loveliness it turned out upon inquiry to be a pepper tree an importation from china it has a silky sheen soft and rich i saw some that had long red bunches of currant like berries ambushed among the foliage at a distance in certain lights they give the tree a pinkish tint and a new charm there is an agricultural college eight miles from horsham we were driven out to it by its chief the conveyance was an open wagon the time noonday no wind the sky without a cloud the sunshine brilliant and the mercury at 92 deg in the shade in some countries an indolent unsheltered drive of an hour and a half under such conditions would have been a sweltering and prostrating experience but there was nothing of that in this case it is a climate that is perfect there was no sense of heat indeed there was no heat the air was fine and pure and exhilarating if the drive had lasted half a day i think we should not have felt any discomfort or grown silent or droopy or tired of course the secret of it was the exceeding dryness of the atmosphere in that plain 112 deg in the shade is without doubt no harder upon a man than is 88 or 90 deg in new york the road lay through the middle of an empty space which seemed to me to be a hundred yards wide between the fences i was not given the width in yards but only in chains and perches and furlongs i think i would have given a good deal to know what the width was but i did not pursue the matter i think it is best to put up with information the way you get it and seem satisfied with it and surprised at it and grateful for it and say my word! and never let on it was a wide space i could tell you how wide in chains and perches and furlongs and things but that would not help you any those things sound well but they are shadowy and indefinite like troy weight and avoirdupois nobody knows what they mean when you buy a pound of a drug and the man asks you which you want troy or avoirdupois it is best to say yes and shift the subject they said that the wide space dates from the earliest sheep and cattle raising days people had to drive their stock long distances immense journeys from worn out places to new ones where were water and fresh pasturage and this wide space had to be left in grass and unfenced or the stock would have starved to death in the transit on the way we saw the usual birds the beautiful little green parrots the magpie and some others and also the slender native bird of modest plumage and the eternally forgettable name the bird that is the smartest among birds and can give a parrot 30 to 1 in the game and then talk him to death i cannot recall that bird's name i think it begins with m i wish it began with g or something that a person can remember the magpie was out in great force in the fields and on the fences he is a handsome large creature with snowy white decorations and is a singer he has a murmurous rich note that is lovely he was once modest even diffident but he lost all that when he found out that he was australia's sole musical bird he has talent and cuteness and impudence and in his tame state he is a most satisfactory pet never coming when he is called always coming when he isn't and studying disobedience as an accomplishment he is not confined but loafs all over the house and grounds like the laughing jackass i think he learns to talk i know he learns to sing tunes and his friends say that he knows how to steal without learning i was acquainted with a tame magpie in melbourne he had lived in a lady's house several years and believed he owned it the lady had tamed him and in return he had tamed the lady he was always on deck when not wanted always having his own way always tyrannizing over the dog and always making the cat's life a slow sorrow and a martyrdom he knew a number of tunes and could sing them in perfect time and tune and would do it too at any time that silence was wanted and then encore himself and do it again but if he was asked to sing he would go out and take a walk it was long believed that fruit trees would not grow in that baked and waterless plain around horsham but the agricultural college has dissipated that idea its ample nurseries were producing oranges apricots lemons almonds peaches cherries 48 varieties of apples in fact all manner of fruits and in abundance the trees did not seem to miss the water they were in vigorous and flourishing condition experiments are made with different soils to see what things thrive best in them and what climates are best for them a man who is ignorantly trying to produce upon his farm things not suited to its soil and its other conditions can make a journey to the college from anywhere in australia and go back with a change of scheme which will make his farm productive and profitable there were forty pupils there a few of them farmers relearning their trade the rest young men mainly from the cities novices it seemed a strange thing that an agricultural college should have an attraction for city bred youths but such is the fact they are good stuff too they are above the agricultural average of intelligence and they come without any inherited prejudices in favor of hoary ignorances made sacred by long descent the students work all day in the fields the nurseries and the shearing sheds learning and doing all the practical work of the business three days in a week on the other three they study and hear lectures they are taught the beginnings of such sciences as bear upon agriculture like chemistry for instance we saw the sophomore class in sheep shearing shear a dozen sheep they did it by hand not with the machine the sheep was seized and flung down on his side and held there and the students took off his coat with great celerity and adroitness sometimes they clipped off a sample of the sheep but that is customary with shearers and they don't mind it they don't even mind it as much as the sheep they dab a splotch of sheep dip on the place and go right ahead the coat of wool was unbelievably thick before the shearing the sheep looked like the fat woman in the circus after it he looked like a bench he was clipped to the skin and smoothly and uniformly the fleece comes from him all in one piece and has the spread of a blanket the college was flying the australian flag the gridiron of england smuggled up in the northwest corner of a big red field that had the random stars of the southern cross wandering around over it from horsham we went to stawell by rail still in the colony of victoria stawell is in the gold mining country in the bank safe was half a peck of surface gold gold dust grain gold rich pure in fact and pleasant to sift through one's fingers and would be pleasanter if it would stick and there were a couple of gold bricks very heavy to handle and worth $7 500 a piece they were from a very valuable quartz mine a lady owns two thirds of it she has an income of $75 000 a month from it and is able to keep house the stawell region is not productive of gold only it has great vineyards and produces exceptionally fine wines one of these vineyards the great western owned by mr irving is regarded as a model its product has reputation abroad it yields a choice champagne and a fine claret and its hock took a prize in france two or three years ago the champagne is kept in a maze of passages under ground cut in the rock to secure it an even temperature during the three year term required to perfect it in those vaults i saw 120 000 bottles of champagne the colony of victoria has a population of 1 000 000 and those people are said to drink 25 000 000 bottles of champagne per year the dryest community on the earth the government has lately reduced the duty upon foreign wines that is one of the unkindnesses of protection a man invests years of work and a vast sum of money in a worthy enterprise upon the faith of existing laws then the law is changed and the man is robbed by his own government on the way back to stawell we had a chance to see a group of boulders called the three sisters a curiosity oddly located for it was upon high ground with the land sloping away from it and no height above it from whence the boulders could have rolled down relics of an early ice drift perhaps they are noble boulders one of them has the size and smoothness and plump sphericity of a balloon of the biggest pattern the road led through a forest of great gum trees lean and scraggy and sorrowful the road was cream white a clayey kind of earth apparently along it toiled occasional freight wagons drawn by long double files of oxen those wagons were going a journey of two hundred miles i was told and were running a successful opposition to the railway! the railways are owned and run by the government those sad gums stood up out of the dry white clay pictures of patience and resignation it is a tree that can get along without water still it is fond of it ravenously so it is a very intelligent tree and will detect the presence of hidden water at a distance of fifty feet and send out slender long root fibres to prospect it they will find it and will also get at it even through a cement wall six inches thick once a cement water pipe under ground at stawell began to gradually reduce its output and finally ceased altogether to deliver water upon examining into the matter it was found stopped up wadded compactly with a mass of root fibres delicate and hair like how this stuff had gotten into the pipe was a puzzle for some little time finally it was found that it had crept in through a crack that was almost invisible to the eye a gum tree forty feet away had tapped the pipe and was drinking the water chapter xxiv there is no such thing as the queen's english the property has gone into the hands of a joint stock company and we own the bulk of the shares! pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar frequently in australia one has cloud effects of an unfamiliar sort we had this kind of scenery finely staged all the way to ballarat consequently we saw more sky than country on that journey at one time a great stretch of the vault was densely flecked with wee ragged edged flakes of painfully white cloud stuff all of one shape and size and equidistant apart with narrow cracks of adorable blue showing between the whole was suggestive of a hurricane of snow flakes drifting across the skies by and by these flakes fused themselves together in interminable lines with shady faint hollows between the lines the long satin surfaced rollers following each other in simulated movement and enchantingly counterfeiting the majestic march of a flowing sea later the sea solidified itself then gradually broke up its mass into innumerable lofty white pillars of about one size and ranged these across the firmament in receding and fading perspective in the similitude of a stupendous colonnade a mirage without a doubt flung from the far gates of the hereafter the approaches to ballarat were beautiful the features great green expanses of rolling pasture land bisected by eye contenting hedges of commingled new gold and old gold gorse and a lovely lake one must put in the pause there to fetch the reader up with a slight jolt and keep him from gliding by without noticing the lake one must notice it for a lovely lake is not as common a thing along the railways of australia as are the dry places ninety two in the shade again but balmy and comfortable fresh and bracing a perfect climate forty five years ago the site now occupied by the city of ballarat was a sylvan solitude as quiet as eden and as lovely nobody had ever heard of it on the 25th of august 1851 the first great gold strike made in australia was made here the wandering prospectors who made it scraped up two pounds and a half of gold the first day worth $600 a few days later the place was a hive a town the news of the strike spread everywhere in a sort of instantaneous way spread like a flash to the very ends of the earth a celebrity so prompt and so universal has hardly been paralleled in history perhaps it was as if the name ballarat had suddenly been written on the sky where all the world could read it at once the smaller discoveries made in the colony of new south wales three months before had already started emigrants toward australia they had been coming as a stream but they came as a flood now a hundred thousand people poured into melbourne from england and other countries in a single month and flocked away to the mines the crews of the ships that brought them flocked with them the clerks in the government offices followed so did the cooks the maids the coachmen the butlers and the other domestic servants so did the carpenters the smiths the plumbers the painters the reporters the editors the lawyers the clients the barkeepers the bummers the blacklegs the thieves the loose women the grocers the butchers the bakers the doctors the druggists the nurses so did the police even officials of high and hitherto envied place threw up their positions and joined the procession this roaring avalanche swept out of melbourne and left it desolate sunday like paralyzed everything at a stand still the ships lying idle at anchor all signs of life departed all sounds stilled save the rasping of the cloud shadows as they scraped across the vacant streets that grassy and leafy paradise at ballarat was soon ripped open and lacerated and scarified and gutted in the feverish search for its hidden riches there is nothing like surface mining to snatch the graces and beauties and benignities out of a paradise and make an odious and repulsive spectacle of it what fortunes were made! immigrants got rich while the ship unloaded and reloaded and went back home for good in the same cabin they had come out in! not all of them only some i saw the others in ballarat myself forty five years later what were left of them by time and death and the disposition to rove they were young and gay then they are patriarchal and grave now and they do not get excited any more they talk of the past they live in it their life is a dream a retrospection ballarat was a great region for nuggets no such nuggets were found in california as ballarat produced in fact the ballarat region has yielded the largest ones known to history two of them weighed about 180 pounds each and together were worth $90 000 they were offered to any poor person who would shoulder them and carry them away gold was so plentiful that it made people liberal like that ballarat was a swarming city of tents in the early days everybody was happy for a time and apparently prosperous then came trouble the government swooped down with a mining tax and in its worst form too for it was not a tax upon what the miner had taken out but upon what he was going to take out if he could find it it was a license tax license to work his claim and it had to be paid before he could begin digging consider the situation no business is so uncertain as surface mining your claim may be good and it may be worthless it may make you well off in a month and then again you may have to dig and slave for half a year at heavy expense only to find out at last that the gold is not there in cost paying quantity and that your time and your hard work have been thrown away it might be wise policy to advance the miner a monthly sum to encourage him to develop the country's riches but to tax him monthly in advance instead why such a thing was never dreamed of in america there neither the claim itself nor its products howsoever rich or poor were taxed the ballarat miners protested petitioned complained it was of no use the government held its ground and went on collecting the tax and not by pleasant methods but by ways which must have been very galling to free people the rumblings of a coming storm began to be audible by and by there was a result and i think it may be called the finest thing in australasian history it was a revolution small in size but great politically it was a strike for liberty a struggle for a principle a stand against injustice and oppression it was the barons and john over again it was hampden and ship money it was concord and lexington small beginnings all of them but all of them great in political results all of them epoch making it is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle it adds an honorable page to history the people know it and are proud of it they keep green the memory of the men who fell at the eureka stockade and peter lalor has his monument the surface soil of ballarat was full of gold this soil the miners ripped and tore and trenched and harried and disembowled and made it yield up its immense treasure then they went down into the earth with deep shafts seeking the gravelly beds of ancient rivers and brooks and found them they followed the courses of these streams and gutted them sending the gravel up in buckets to the upper world and washing out of it its enormous deposits of gold the next biggest of the two monster nuggets mentioned above came from an old river channel 180 feet under ground finally the quartz lodes were attacked that is not poor man's mining quartz mining and milling require capital and staying power and patience big companies were formed and for several decades now the lodes have been successfully worked and have yielded great wealth since the gold discovery in 1853 the ballarat mines taking the three kinds of mining together have contributed to the world's pocket something over three hundred millions of dollars which is to say that this nearly invisible little spot on the earth's surface has yielded about one fourth as much gold in forty four years as all california has yielded in forty seven the californian aggregate from 1848 to 1895 inclusive as reported by the statistician of the united states mint is $1 265 215 217 a citizen told me a curious thing about those mines with all my experience of mining i had never heard of anything of the sort before the main gold reef runs about north and south of course for that is the custom of a rich gold reef at ballarat its course is between walls of slate now the citizen told me that throughout a stretch of twelve miles along the reef the reef is crossed at intervals by a straight black streak of a carbonaceous nature a streak in the slate a streak no thicker than a pencil and that wherever it crosses the reef you will certainly find gold at the junction it is called the indicator thirty feet on each side of the indicator and down in the slate of course is a still finer streak a streak as fine as a pencil mark and indeed that is its name pencil mark whenever you find the pencil mark you know that thirty feet from it is the indicator you measure the distance excavate find the indicator trace it straight to the reef and sink your shaft your fortune is made for certain if that is true it is curious and it is curious anyway ballarat is a town of only 40 000 population and yet since it is in australia it has every essential of an advanced and enlightened big city this is pure matter of course i must stop dwelling upon these things it is hard to keep from dwelling upon them though for it is difficult to get away from the surprise of it i will let the other details go this time but i must allow myself to mention that this little town has a park of 326 acres a flower garden of 83 acres with an elaborate and expensive fernery in it and some costly and unusually fine statuary and an artificial lake covering 600 acres equipped with a fleet of 200 shells small sail boats and little steam yachts at this point i strike out some other praiseful things which i was tempted to add i do not strike them out because they were not true or not well said but because i find them better said by another man and a man more competent to testify too because he belongs on the ground and knows i clip them from a chatty speech delivered some years ago by mr william little who was at that time mayor of ballarat the language of our citizens in this as in other parts of australasia is mostly healthy anglo saxon free from americanisms vulgarisms and the conflicting dialects of our fatherland and is pure enough to suit a trench or a latham our youth aided by climatic influence are in point of physique and comeliness unsurpassed in the sunny south our young men are well ordered and our maidens 'not stepping over the bounds of modesty ' are as fair as psyches dispensing smiles as charming as november flowers the closing clause has the seeming of a rather frosty compliment but that is apparent only not real november is summer time there his compliment to the local purity of the language is warranted it is quite free from impurities this is acknowledged far and wide as in the german empire all cultivated people claim to speak hanovarian german so in australasia all cultivated people claim to speak ballarat english even in england this cult has made considerable progress and now that it is favored by the two great universities the time is not far away when ballarat english will come into general use among the educated classes of great britain at large its great merit is that it is shorter than ordinary english that is it is more compressed at first you have some difficulty in understanding it when it is spoken as rapidly as the orator whom i have quoted speaks it an illustration will show what i mean when he called and i handed him a chair he bowed and said q presently when we were lighting our cigars he held a match to mine and i said thank you and he said km then i saw 'q' is the end of the phrase i thank you 'km' is the end of the phrase you are welcome mr little puts no emphasis upon either of them but delivers them so reduced that they hardly have a sound all ballarat english is like that and the effect is very soft and pleasant it takes all the hardness and harshness out of our tongue and gives to it a delicate whispery and vanishing cadence which charms the ear like the faint rustling of the forest leaves chapter xxv classic a book which people praise and don't read pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar on the rail again bound for bendigo from diary october 23 got up at 6 left at 7 30 soon reached castlemaine one of the rich gold fields of the early days waited several hours for a train left at 3 40 and reached bendigo in an hour for comrade a catholic priest who was better than i was but didn't seem to know it a man full of graces of the heart the mind and the spirit a lovable man he will rise he will be a bishop some day later an archbishop later a cardinal finally an archangel i hope and then he will recall me when i say do you remember that trip we made from ballarat to bendigo when you were nothing but father c and i was nothing to what i am now it has actually taken nine hours to come from ballarat to bendigo we could have saved seven by walking however there was no hurry bendigo was another of the rich strikes of the early days it does a great quartz mining business now that business which more than any other that i know of teaches patience and requires grit and a steady nerve the town is full of towering chimney stacks and hoisting works and looks like a petroleum city speaking of patience for example one of the local companies went steadily on with its deep borings and searchings without show of gold or a penny of reward for eleven years then struck it and became suddenly rich the eleven years' work had cost $55 000 and the first gold found was a grain the size of a pin's head it is kept under locks and bars as a precious thing and is reverently shown to the visitor hats off when i saw it i had not heard its history it is gold examine it take the glass now how much should you say it is worth i said i should say about two cents or in your english dialect four farthings well it cost l11 000 oh come! yes it did ballarat and bendigo have produced the three monumental nuggets of the world and this one is the monumentalest one of the three the other two represent 19 000 a piece this one a couple of thousand more it is small and not much to look at but it is entitled to its name adam it is the adam nugget of this mine and its children run up into the millions speaking of patience again another of the mines was worked under heavy expenses during 17 years before pay was struck and still another one compelled a wait of 21 years before pay was struck then in both instances the outlay was all back in a year or two with compound interest bendigo has turned out even more gold than ballarat the two together have produced $650 000 000 worth which is half as much as california has produced it was through mr blank not to go into particulars about his name it was mainly through mr blank that my stay in bendigo was made memorably pleasant and interesting he explained this to me himself he told me that it was through his influence that the city government invited me to the town hall to hear complimentary speeches and respond to them that it was through his influence that i had been taken on a long pleasure drive through the city and shown its notable features that it was through his influence that i was invited to visit the great mines that it was through his influence that i was taken to the hospital and allowed to see the convalescent chinaman who had been attacked at midnight in his lonely hut eight weeks before by robbers and stabbed forty six times and scalped besides that it was through his influence that when i arrived this awful spectacle of piecings and patchings and bandagings was sitting up in his cot letting on to read one of my books that it was through his influence that efforts had been made to get the catholic archbishop of bendigo to invite me to dinner that it was through his influence that efforts had been made to get the anglican bishop of bendigo to ask me to supper that it was through his influence that the dean of the editorial fraternity had driven me through the woodsy outlying country and shown me from the summit of lone tree hill the mightiest and loveliest expanse of forest clad mountain and valley that i had seen in all australia and when he asked me what had most impressed me in bendigo and i answered and said it was the taste and the public spirit which had adorned the streets with 105 miles of shade trees he said that it was through his influence that it had been done but i am not representing him quite correctly he did not say it was through his influence that all these things had happened for that would have been coarse be merely conveyed that idea conveyed it so subtly that i only caught it fleetingly as one catches vagrant faint breaths of perfume when one traverses the meadows in summer conveyed it without offense and without any suggestion of egoism or ostentation but conveyed it nevertheless he was an irishman an educated gentleman grave and kindly and courteous a bachelor and about forty five or possibly fifty years old apparently he called upon me at the hotel and it was there that we had this talk he made me like him and did it without trouble this was partly through his winning and gentle ways but mainly through the amazing familiarity with my books which his conversation showed he was down to date with them too and if he had made them the study of his life he could hardly have been better posted as to their contents than he was he made me better satisfied with myself than i had ever been before it was plain that he had a deep fondness for humor yet he never laughed he never even chuckled in fact humor could not win to outward expression on his face at all no he was always grave tenderly pensively grave but he made me laugh all along and this was very trying and very pleasant at the same time for it was at quotations from my own books when he was going he turned and said you don't remember me i why no have we met before no it was a matter of correspondence correspondence yes many years ago twelve or fifteen oh longer than that but of course you a musing pause then he said do you remember corrigan castle n no i believe i don't i don't seem to recall the name he waited a moment pondering with the door knob in his hand then started out but turned back and said that i had once been interested in corrigan castle and asked me if i would go with him to his quarters in the evening and take a hot scotch and talk it over i was a teetotaler and liked relaxation so i said i would we drove from the lecture hall together about half past ten he had a most comfortably and tastefully furnished parlor with good pictures on the walls indian and japanese ornaments on the mantel and here and there and books everywhere largely mine which made me proud the light was brilliant the easy chairs were deep cushioned the arrangements for brewing and smoking were all there we brewed and lit up then he passed a sheet of note paper to me and said do you remember that oh yes indeed! the paper was of a sumptuous quality at the top was a twisted and interlaced monogram printed from steel dies in gold and blue and red in the ornate english fashion of long years ago and under it in neat gothic capitals was this printed in blue the mark twain club corrigan castle 187 my! said i how did you come by this i was president of it no! you don't mean it it is true i was its first president i was re elected annually as long as its meetings were held in my castle corrigan which was five years then he showed me an album with twenty three photographs of me in it five of them were of old dates the others of various later crops the list closed with a picture taken by falk in sydney a month before you sent us the first five the rest were bought this was paradise! we ran late and talked talked talked subject the mark twain club of corrigan castle ireland my first knowledge of that club dates away back all of twenty years i should say it came to me in the form of a courteous letter written on the note paper which i have described and signed by order of the president c pembroke secretary it conveyed the fact that the club had been created in my honor and added the hope that this token of appreciation of my work would meet with my approval i answered with thanks and did what i could to keep my gratification from over exposure it was then that the long correspondence began a letter came back by order of the president furnishing me the names of the members thirty two in number with it came a copy of the constitution and by laws in pamphlet form and artistically printed the initiation fee and dues were in their proper place also schedule of meetings monthly for essays upon works of mine followed by discussions quarterly for business and a supper without essays but with after supper speeches also there was a list of the officers president vice president secretary treasurer etc the letter was brief but it was pleasant reading for it told me about the strong interest which the membership took in their new venture etc etc it also asked me for a photograph a special one i went down and sat for it and sent it with a letter of course presently came the badge of the club and very dainty and pretty it was and very artistic it was a frog peeping out from a graceful tangle of grass sprays and rushes and was done in enamels on a gold basis and had a gold pin back of it after i had petted it and played with it and caressed it and enjoyed it a couple of hours the light happened to fall upon it at a new angle and revealed to me a cunning new detail with the light just right certain delicate shadings of the grass blades and rush stems wove themselves into a monogram mine! you can see that that jewel was a work of art and when you come to consider the intrinsic value of it you must concede that it is not every literary club that could afford a badge like that it was easily worth $75 in the opinion of messrs marcus and ward of new york they said they could not duplicate it for that and make a profit by this time the club was well under way and from that time forth its secretary kept my off hours well supplied with business he reported the club's discussions of my books with laborious fullness and did his work with great spirit and ability as a rule he synopsized but when a speech was especially brilliant he short handed it and gave me the best passages from it written out there were five speakers whom he particularly favored in that way palmer forbes naylor norris and calder palmer and forbes could never get through a speech without attacking each other and each in his own way was formidably effective palmer in virile and eloquent abuse forbes in courtly and elegant but scalding satire i could always tell which of them was talking without looking for his name naylor had a polished style and a happy knack at felicitous metaphor norris's style was wholly without ornament but enviably compact lucid and strong but after all calder was the gem he never spoke when sober he spoke continuously when he wasn't and certainly they were the drunkest speeches that a man ever uttered they were full of good things but so incredibly mixed up and wandering that it made one's head swim to follow him they were not intended to be funny but they were funny for the very gravity which the speaker put into his flowing miracles of incongruity in the course of five years i came to know the styles of the five orators as well as i knew the style of any speaker in my own club at home these reports came every month they were written on foolscap 600 words to the page and usually about twenty five pages in a report a good 15 000 words i should say a solid week's work the reports were absorbingly entertaining long as they were but unfortunately for me they did not come alone they were always accompanied by a lot of questions about passages and purposes in my books which the club wanted answered and additionally accompanied every quarter by the treasurer's report and the auditor's report and the committee's report and the president's review and my opinion of these was always desired also suggestions for the good of the club if any occurred to me by and by i came to dread those things and this dread grew and grew and grew grew until i got to anticipating them with a cold horror for i was an indolent man and not fond of letter writing and whenever these things came i had to put everything by and sit down for my own peace of mind and dig and dig until i got something out of my head which would answer for a reply i got along fairly well the first year but for the succeeding four years the mark twain club of corrigan castle was my curse my nightmare the grief and misery of my life and i got so so sick of sitting for photographs i sat every year for five years trying to satisfy that insatiable organization then at last i rose in revolt i could endure my oppressions no longer i pulled my fortitude together and tore off my chains and was a free man again and happy from that day i burned the secretary's fat envelopes the moment they arrived and by and by they ceased to come well in the sociable frankness of that night in bendigo i brought this all out in full confession then mr blank came out in the same frank way and with a preliminary word of gentle apology said that he was the mark twain club and the only member it had ever had! why it was matter for anger but i didn't feel any he said he never had to work for a living and that by the time he was thirty life had become a bore and a weariness to him he had no interests left they had paled and perished one by one and left him desolate he had begun to think of suicide then all of a sudden he thought of that happy idea of starting an imaginary club and went straightway to work at it with enthusiasm and love he was charmed with it it gave him something to do it elaborated itself on his hands it became twenty times more complex and formidable than was his first rude draft of it every new addition to his original plan which cropped up in his mind gave him a fresh interest and a new pleasure he designed the club badge himself and worked over it altering and improving it a number of days and nights then sent to london and had it made it was the only one that was made it was made for me the rest of the club went without he invented the thirty two members and their names he invented the five favorite speakers and their five separate styles he invented their speeches and reported them himself he would have kept that club going until now if i hadn't deserted he said he said he worked like a slave over those reports each of them cost him from a week to a fortnight's work and the work gave him pleasure and kept him alive and willing to be alive it was a bitter blow to him when the club died finally there wasn't any corrigan castle he had invented that too it was wonderful the whole thing and altogether the most ingenious and laborious and cheerful and painstaking practical joke i have ever heard of and i liked it liked to bear him tell about it yet i have been a hater of practical jokes from as long back as i can remember finally he said do you remember a note from melbourne fourteen or fifteen years ago telling about your lecture tour in australia and your death and burial in melbourne a note from henry bascomb of bascomb hall upper holywell hants yes i wrote it m y word! yes i did it i don't know why i just took the notion and carried it out without stopping to think it was wrong it could have done harm i was always sorry about it afterward you must forgive me i was mr bascom's guest on his yacht on his voyage around the world he often spoke of you and of the pleasant times you had had together in his home and the notion took me there in melbourne and i imitated his hand and wrote the letter so the mystery was cleared up after so many many years chapter xxvi there are people who can do all fine and heroic things but one! keep from telling their happinesses to the unhappy pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar after visits to maryborough and some other australian towns we presently took passage for new zealand if it would not look too much like showing off i would tell the reader where new zealand is for he is as i was he thinks he knows and he thinks he knows where hertzegovina is and how to pronounce pariah and how to use the word unique without exposing himself to the derision of the dictionary but in truth he knows none of these things there are but four or five people in the world who possess this knowledge and these make their living out of it they travel from place to place visiting literary assemblages geographical societies and seats of learning and springing sudden bets that these people do not know these things since all people think they know them they are an easy prey to these adventurers or rather they were an easy prey until the law interfered three months ago and a new york court decided that this kind of gambling is illegal because it traverses article iv section 9 of the constitution of the united states which forbids betting on a sure thing this decision was rendered by the full bench of the new york supreme court after a test sprung upon the court by counsel for the prosecution which showed that none of the nine judges was able to answer any of the four questions all people think that new zealand is close to australia or asia or somewhere and that you cross to it on a bridge but that is not so it is not close to anything but lies by itself out in the water it is nearest to australia but still not near the gap between is very wide it will be a surprise to the reader as it was to me to learn that the distance from australia to new zealand is really twelve or thirteen hundred miles and that there is no bridge i learned this from professor x of yale university whom i met in the steamer on the great lakes when i was crossing the continent to sail across the pacific i asked him about new zealand in order to make conversation i supposed he would generalize a little without compromising himself and then turn the subject to something he was acquainted with and my object would then be attained the ice would be broken and we could go smoothly on and get acquainted and have a pleasant time but to my surprise he was not only not embarrassed by my question but seemed to welcome it and to take a distinct interest in it he began to talk fluently confidently comfortably and as he talked my admiration grew and grew for as the subject developed under his hands i saw that he not only knew where new zealand was but that he was minutely familiar with every detail of its history politics religions and commerce its fauna flora geology products and climatic peculiarities when he was done i was lost in wonder and admiration and said to myself he knows everything in the domain of human knowledge he is king i wanted to see him do more miracles and so just for the pleasure of hearing him answer i asked him about hertzegovina and pariah and unique but he began to generalize then and show distress i saw that with new zealand gone he was a samson shorn of his locks he was as other men this was a curious and interesting mystery and i was frank with him and asked him to explain it he tried to avoid it at first but then laughed and said that after all the matter was not worth concealment so he would let me into the secret in substance this is his story last autumn i was at work one morning at home when a card came up the card of a stranger under the name was printed a line which showed that this visitor was professor of theological engineering in wellington university new zealand i was troubled troubled i mean by the shortness of the notice college etiquette required that he be at once invited to dinner by some member of the faculty invited to dine on that day not put off till a subsequent day i did not quite know what to do college etiquette requires in the case of a foreign guest that the dinner talk shall begin with complimentary references to his country its great men its services to civilization its seats of learning and things like that and of course the host is responsible and must either begin this talk himself or see that it is done by some one else i was in great difficulty and the more i searched my memory the more my trouble grew i found that i knew nothing about new zealand i thought i knew where it was and that was all i had an impression that it was close to australia or asia or somewhere and that one went over to it on a bridge this might turn out to be incorrect and even if correct it would not furnish matter enough for the purpose at the dinner and i should expose my college to shame before my guest he would see that i a member of the faculty of the first university in america was wholly ignorant of his country and he would go away and tell this and laugh at it the thought of it made my face burn i sent for my wife and told her how i was situated and asked for her help and she thought of a thing which i might have thought of myself if i had not been excited and worried she said she would go and tell the visitor that i was out but would be in in a few minutes and she would talk and keep him busy while i got out the back way and hurried over and make professor lawson give the dinner for lawson knew everything and could meet the guest in a creditable way and save the reputation of the university i ran to lawson but was disappointed he did not know anything about new zealand he said that as far as his recollection went it was close to australia or asia or somewhere and you go over to it on a bridge but that was all he knew it was too bad lawson was a perfect encyclopedia of abstruse learning but now in this hour of our need it turned out that he did not know any useful thing we consulted he saw that the reputation of the university was in very real peril and he walked the floor in anxiety talking and trying to think out some way to meet the difficulty presently he decided that we must try the rest of the faculty some of them might know about new zealand so we went to the telephone and called up the professor of astronomy and asked him and he said that all he knew was that it was close to australia or asia or somewhere and you went over to it on we shut him off and called up the professor of biology and he said that all he knew was that it was close to aus we shut him off and sat down worried and disheartened to see if we could think up some other scheme we shortly hit upon one which promised well and this one we adopted and set its machinery going at once it was this lawson must give the dinner the faculty must be notified by telephone to prepare we must all get to work diligently and at the end of eight hours and a half we must come to dinner acquainted with new zealand at least well enough informed to appear without discredit before this native to seem properly intelligent we should have to know about new zealand's population and politics and form of government and commerce and taxes and products and ancient history and modern history and varieties of religion and nature of the laws and their codification and amount of revenue and whence drawn and methods of collection and percentage of loss and character of climate and well a lot of things like that we must suck the maps and cyclopedias dry and while we posted up in this way the faculty's wives must flock over one after the other in a studiedly casual way and help my wife keep the new zealander quiet and not let him get out and come interfering with our studies the scheme worked admirably but it stopped business stopped it entirely it is in the official log book of yale to be read and wondered at by future generations the account of the great blank day the memorable blank day the day wherein the wheels of culture were stopped a sunday silence prevailed all about and the whole university stood still while the faculty read up and qualified itself to sit at meat without shame in the presence of the professor of theological engineering from new zealand when we assembled at the dinner we were miserably tired and worn but we were posted yes it is fair to claim that in fact erudition is a pale name for it new zealand was the only subject and it was just beautiful to hear us ripple it out and with such an air of unembarrassed ease and unostentatious familiarity with detail and trained and seasoned mastery of the subject and oh the grace and fluency of it! well finally somebody happened to notice that the guest was looking dazed and wasn't saying anything so they stirred him up of course then that man came out with a good honest eloquent compliment that made the faculty blush he said he was not worthy to sit in the company of men like these that he had been silent from admiration that he had been silent from another cause also silent from shame silent from ignorance! 'for ' said he 'i who have lived eighteen years in new zealand and have served five in a professorship and ought to know much about that country perceive now that i know almost nothing about it i say it with shame that i have learned fifty times yes a hundred times more about new zealand in these two hours at this table than i ever knew before in all the eighteen years put together i was silent because i could not help myself what i knew about taxes and policies and laws and revenue and products and history and all that multitude of things was but general and ordinary and vague unscientific in a word and it would have been insanity to expose it here to the searching glare of your amazingly accurate and all comprehensive knowledge of those matters gentlemen i beg you to let me sit silent as becomes me but do not change the subject i can at least follow you in this one whereas if you change to one which shall call out the full strength of your mighty erudition i shall be as one lost if you know all this about a remote little inconsequent patch like new zealand ah what wouldn't you know about any other subject!' chapter xxvil man is the only animal that blushes or needs to pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the universal brotherhood of man is our most precious possession what there is of it pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar from diary november 1 noon a fine day a brilliant sun warm in the sun cold in the shade an icy breeze blowing out of the south a solemn long swell rolling up northward it comes from the south pole with nothing in the way to obstruct its march and tone its energy down i have read somewhere that an acute observer among the early explorers cook or tasman accepted this majestic swell as trustworthy circumstantial evidence that no important land lay to the southward and so did not waste time on a useless quest in that direction but changed his course and went searching elsewhere afternoon passing between tasmania formerly van diemen's land and neighboring islands islands whence the poor exiled tasmanian savages used to gaze at their lost homeland and cry and die of broken hearts how glad i am that all these native races are dead and gone or nearly so the work was mercifully swift and horrible in some portions of australia as far as tasmania is concerned the extermination was complete not a native is left it was a strife of years and decades of years the whites and the blacks hunted each other ambushed each other butchered each other the blacks were not numerous but they were wary alert cunning and they knew their country well they lasted a long time few as they were and inflicted much slaughter upon the whites the government wanted to save the blacks from ultimate extermination if possible one of its schemes was to capture them and coop them up on a neighboring island under guard bodies of whites volunteered for the hunt for the pay was good l5 for each black captured and delivered but the success achieved was not very satisfactory the black was naked and his body was greased it was hard to get a grip on him that would hold the whites moved about in armed bodies and surprised little families of natives and did make captures but it was suspected that in these surprises half a dozen natives were killed to one caught and that was not what the government desired another scheme was to drive the natives into a corner of the island and fence them in by a cordon of men placed in line across the country but the natives managed to slip through constantly and continue their murders and arsons the governor warned these unlettered savages by printed proclamation that they must stay in the desolate region officially appointed for them! the proclamation was a dead letter the savages could not read it afterward a picture proclamation was issued it was painted up on boards and these were nailed to trees in the forest herewith is a photographic reproduction of this fashion plate substantially it means 1 the governor wishes the whites and the blacks to love each other 2 he loves his black subjects 3 blacks who kill whites will be hanged 4 whites who kill blacks will be hanged upon its several schemes the government spent l30 000 and employed the labors and ingenuities of several thousand whites for a long time with failure as a result then at last a quarter of a century after the beginning of the troubles between the two races the right man was found no he found himself this was george augustus robinson called in history the conciliator he was not educated and not conspicuous in any way he was a working bricklayer in hobart town but he must have been an amazing personality a man worth traveling far to see it may be his counterpart appears in history but i do not know where to look for it he set himself this incredible task to go out into the wilderness the jungle and the mountain retreats where the hunted and implacable savages were hidden and appear among them unarmed speak the language of love and of kindness to them and persuade them to forsake their homes and the wild free life that was so dear to them and go with him and surrender to the hated whites and live under their watch and ward and upon their charity the rest of their lives! on its face it was the dream of a madman in the beginning his moral suasion project was sarcastically dubbed the sugar plum speculation if the scheme was striking and new to the world's experience the situation was not less so it was this the white population numbered 40 000 in 1831 the black population numbered three hundred not 300 warriors but 300 men women and children the whites were armed with guns the blacks with clubs and spears the whites had fought the blacks for a quarter of a century and had tried every thinkable way to capture kill or subdue them and could not do it if white men of any race could have done it these would have accomplished it but every scheme had failed the splendid 300 the matchless 300 were unconquered and manifestly unconquerable they would not yield they would listen to no terms they would fight to the bitter end yet they had no poet to keep up their heart and sing the marvel of their magnificent patriotism at the end of five and twenty years of hard fighting the surviving 300 naked patriots were still defiant still persistent still efficacious with their rude weapons and the governor and the 40 000 knew not which way to turn nor what to do then the bricklayer that wonderful man proposed to go out into the wilderness with no weapon but his tongue and no protection but his honest eye and his humane heart and track those embittered savages to their lairs in the gloomy forests and among the mountain snows naturally he was considered a crank but he was not quite that in fact he was a good way short of that he was building upon his long and intimate knowledge of the native character the deriders of his project were right from their standpoint for they believed the natives to be mere wild beasts and robinson was right from his standpoint for he believed the natives to be human beings the truth did really lie between the two the event proved that robinson's judgment was soundest but about once a month for four years the event came near to giving the verdict to the deriders for about that frequently robinson barely escaped falling under the native spears but history shows that he had a thinking head and was not a mere wild sentimentalist for instance he wanted the war parties called in before he started unarmed upon his mission of peace he wanted the best chance of success not a half chance and he was very willing to have help and so high rewards were advertised for any who would go unarmed with him this opportunity was declined robinson persuaded some tamed natives of both sexes to go with him a strong evidence of his persuasive powers for those natives well knew that their destruction would be almost certain as it turned out they had to face death over and over again robinson and his little party had a difficult undertaking upon their hands they could not ride off horseback comfortably into the woods and call leonidas and his 300 together for a talk and a treaty the following day for the wild men were not in a body they were scattered immense distances apart over regions so desolate that even the birds could not make a living with the chances offered scattered in groups of twenty a dozen half a dozen even in groups of three and the mission must go on foot mr bonwick furnishes a description of those horrible regions whereby it will be seen that even fugitive gangs of the hardiest and choicest human devils the world has seen the convicts set apart to people the hell of macquarrie harbor station were never able but once to survive the horrors of a march through them but starving and struggling and fainting and failing ate each other and died onward still onward was the order of the indomitable robinson no one ignorant of the western country of tasmania can form a correct idea of the traveling difficulties while i was resident in hobart town the governor sir john franklin and his lady undertook the western journey to macquarrie harbor and suffered terribly one man who assisted to carry her ladyship through the swamps gave me his bitter experience of its miseries several were disabled for life no wonder that but one party escaping from macquarrie harbor convict settlement arrived at the civilized region in safety men perished in the scrub were lost in snow or were devoured by their companions this was the territory traversed by mr robinson and his black guides all honor to his intrepidity and their wonderful fidelity! when they had in the depth of winter to cross deep and rapid rivers pass among mountains six thousand feet high pierce dangerous thickets and find food in a country forsaken even by birds we can realize their hardships after a frightful journey by cradle mountain and over the lofty plateau of middlesex plains the travelers experienced unwonted misery and the circumstances called forth the best qualities of the noble little band mr robinson wrote afterwards to mr secretary burnett some details of this passage of horrors in that letter of oct 2 1834 he states that his natives were very reluctant to go over the dreadful mountain passes that 'for seven successive days we continued traveling over one solid body of snow ' that 'the snows were of incredible depth ' that 'the natives were frequently up to their middle in snow ' but still the ill clad ill fed diseased and way worn men and women were sustained by the cheerful voice of their unconquerable friend and responded most nobly to his call mr bonwick says that robinson's friendly capture of the big river tribe remember it was a whole tribe was by far the grandest feature of the war and the crowning glory of his efforts the word war was not well chosen and is misleading there was war still but only the blacks were conducting it the whites were holding off until robinson could give his scheme a fair trial i think that we are to understand that the friendly capture of that tribe was by far the most important thing the highest in value that happened during the whole thirty years of truceless hostilities that it was a decisive thing a peaceful waterloo the surrender of the native napoleon and his dreaded forces the happy ending of the long strife for that tribe was the terror of the colony its chief the black douglas of bush households robinson knew that these formidable people were lurking somewhere in some remote corner of the hideous regions just described and he and his unarmed little party started on a tedious and perilous hunt for them at last there under the shadows of the frenchman's cap whose grim cone rose five thousand feet in the uninhabited westward interior they were found it was a serious moment robinson himself believed for once that his mission successful until now was to end here in failure and that his own death hour had struck the redoubtable chief stood in menacing attitude with his eighteen foot spear poised his warriors stood massed at his back armed for battle their faces eloquent with their long cherished loathing for white men they rattled their spears and shouted their war cry their women were back of them laden with supplies of weapons and keeping their 150 eager dogs quiet until the chief should give the signal to fall on i think we shall soon be in the resurrection whispered a member of robinson's little party i think we shall answered robinson then plucked up heart and began his persuasions in the tribe's own dialect which surprised and pleased the chief presently there was an interruption by the chief who are you we are gentlemen where are your guns we have none the warrior was astonished where your little guns pistols we have none a few minutes passed in by play suspense discussion among the tribesmen robinson's tamed squaws ventured to cross the line and begin persuasions upon the wild squaws then the chief stepped back to confer with the old women the real arbiters of savage war mr bonwick continues as the fallen gladiator in the arena looks for the signal of life or death from the president of the amphitheatre so waited our friends in anxious suspense while the conference continued in a few minutes before a word was uttered the women of the tribe threw up their arms three times this was the inviolable sign of peace! down fell the spears forward with a heavy sigh of relief and upward glance of gratitude came the friends of peace the impulsive natives rushed forth with tears and cries as each saw in the other's rank a loved one of the past it was a jubilee of joy a festival followed and while tears flowed at the recital of woe a corrobory of pleasant laughter closed the eventful day in four years without the spilling of a drop of blood robinson brought them all in willing captives and delivered them to the white governor and ended the war which powder and bullets and thousands of men to use them had prosecuted without result since 1804 marsyas charming the wild beasts with his music that is fable but the miracle wrought by robinson is fact it is history and authentic and surely there is nothing greater nothing more reverence compelling in the history of any country ancient or modern and in memory of the greatest man australasia ever developed or ever will develop there is a stately monument to george augustus robinson the conciliator in no it is to another man i forget his name however robertson's own generation honored him and in manifesting it honored themselves the government gave him a money reward and a thousand acres of land and the people held mass meetings and praised him and emphasized their praise with a large subscription of money a good dramatic situation but the curtain fell on another when this desperate tribe was thus captured there was much surprise to find that the l30 000 of a little earlier day had been spent and the whole population of the colony placed under arms in contention with an opposing force of sixteen men with wooden spears! yet such was the fact the celebrated big river tribe that had been raised by european fears to a host consisted of sixteen men nine women and one child with a knowledge of the mischief done by these few their wonderful marches and their widespread aggressions their enemies cannot deny to them the attributes of courage and military tact a wallace might harass a large army with a small and determined band but the contending parties were at least equal in arms and civilization the zulus who fought us in africa the maories in new zealand the arabs in the soudan were far better provided with weapons more advanced in the science of war and considerably more numerous than the naked tasmanians governor arthur rightly termed them a noble race these were indeed wonderful people the natives they ought not to have been wasted they should have been crossed with the whites it would have improved the whites and done the natives no harm but the natives were wasted poor heroic wild creatures they were gathered together in little settlements on neighboring islands and paternally cared for by the government and instructed in religion and deprived of tobacco because the superintendent of the sunday school was not a smoker and so considered smoking immoral the natives were not used to clothes and houses and regular hours and church and school and sunday school and work and the other misplaced persecutions of civilization and they pined for their lost home and their wild free life too late they repented that they had traded that heaven for this hell they sat homesick on their alien crags and day by day gazed out through their tears over the sea with unappeasable longing toward the hazy bulk which was the specter of what had been their paradise one by one their hearts broke and they died in a very few years nothing but a scant remnant remained alive a handful lingered along into age in 1864 the last man died in 1876 the last woman died and the spartans of australasia were extinct the whites always mean well when they take human fish out of the ocean and try to make them dry and warm and happy and comfortable in a chicken coop but the kindest hearted white man can always be depended on to prove himself inadequate when he deals with savages he cannot turn the situation around and imagine how he would like it to have a well meaning savage transfer him from his house and his church and his clothes and his books and his choice food to a hideous wilderness of sand and rocks and snow and ice and sleet and storm and blistering sun with no shelter no bed no covering for his and his family's naked bodies and nothing to eat but snakes and grubs and 'offal this would be a hell to him and if he had any wisdom he would know that his own civilization is a hell to the savage but he hasn't any and has never had any and for lack of it he shut up those poor natives in the unimaginable perdition of his civilization committing his crime with the very best intentions and saw those poor creatures waste away under his tortures and gazed at it vaguely troubled and sorrowful and wondered what could be the matter with them one is almost betrayed into respecting those criminals they were so sincerely kind and tender and humane and well meaning they didn't know why those exiled savages faded away and they did their honest best to reason it out and one man in a like case in new south wales did reason it out and arrive at a solution it is from the wrath of god which is revealed from heaven against cold ungodliness and unrighteousness of men that settles it chapter xxviii let us be thankful for the fools but for them the rest of us could not succeed pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the aphorism does really seem true given the circumstances the man will appear but the man musn't appear ahead of time or it will spoil everything in robinson's case the moment had been approaching for a quarter of a century and meantime the future conciliator was tranquilly laying bricks in hobart when all other means had failed the moment had arrived and the bricklayer put down his trowel and came forward earlier he would have been jeered back to his trowel again it reminds me of a tale that was told me by a kentuckian on the train when we were crossing montana he said the tale was current in louisville years ago he thought it had been in print but could not remember at any rate in substance it was this as nearly as i can call it back to mind a few years before the outbreak of the civil war it began to appear that memphis tennessee was going to be a great tobacco entrepot the wise could see the signs of it at that time memphis had a wharf boat of course there was a paved sloping wharf for the accommodation of freight but the steamers landed on the outside of the wharfboat and all loading and unloading was done across it between steamer and shore a number of wharfboat clerks were needed and part of the time every day they were very busy and part of the time tediously idle they were boiling over with youth and spirits and they had to make the intervals of idleness endurable in some way and as a rule they did it by contriving practical jokes and playing them upon each other the favorite butt for the jokes was ed jackson because he played none himself and was easy game for other people's for he always believed whatever was told him one day he told the others his scheme for his holiday he was not going fishing or hunting this time no he had thought out a better plan out of his $40 a month he had saved enough for his purpose in an economical way and he was going to have a look at new york it was a great and surprising idea it meant travel immense travel in those days it meant seeing the world it was the equivalent of a voyage around it in ours at first the other youths thought his mind was affected but when they found that he was in earnest the next thing to be thought of was what sort of opportunity this venture might afford for a practical joke the young men studied over the matter then held a secret consultation and made a plan the idea was that one of the conspirators should offer ed a letter of introduction to commodore vanderbilt and trick him into delivering it it would be easy to do this but what would ed do when he got back to memphis that was a serious matter he was good hearted and had always taken the jokes patiently but they had been jokes which did not humiliate him did not bring him to shame whereas this would be a cruel one in that way and to play it was to meddle with fire for with all his good nature ed was a southerner and the english of that was that when he came back he would kill as many of the conspirators as he could before falling himself however the chances must be taken it wouldn't do to waste such a joke as that so the letter was prepared with great care and elaboration it was signed alfred fairchild and was written in an easy and friendly spirit it stated that the bearer was the bosom friend of the writer's son and was of good parts and sterling character and it begged the commodore to be kind to the young stranger for the writer's sake it went on to say you may have forgotten me in this long stretch of time but you will easily call me back out of your boyhood memories when i remind you of how we robbed old stevenson's orchard that night and how while he was chasing down the road after us we cut across the field and doubled back and sold his own apples to his own cook for a hat full of doughnuts and the time that we and so forth and so on bringing in names of imaginary comrades and detailing all sorts of wild and absurd and of course wholly imaginary schoolboy pranks and adventures but putting them into lively and telling shape with all gravity ed was asked if he would like to have a letter to commodore vanderbilt the great millionaire it was expected that the question would astonish ed and it did what do you know that extraordinary man no but my father does they were schoolboys together and if you like i'll write and ask father i know he'll be glad to give it to you for my sake ed could not find words capable of expressing his gratitude and delight the three days passed and the letter was put into his bands he started on his trip still pouring out his thanks while he shook good bye all around and when he was out of sight his comrades let fly their laughter in a storm of happy satisfaction and then quieted down and were less happy less satisfied for the old doubts as to the wisdom of this deception began to intrude again arrived in new york ed found his way to commodore vanderbilt's business quarters and was ushered into a large anteroom where a score of people were patiently awaiting their turn for a two minute interview with the millionaire in his private office a servant asked for ed's card and got the letter instead ed was sent for a moment later and found mr vanderbilt alone with the letter open in his hand pray sit down mr er jackson ah sit down mr jackson by the opening sentences it seems to be a letter from an old friend allow me i will run my eye through it he says he says why who is it he turned the sheet and found the signature alfred fairchild hm fairchild i don't recall the name but that is nothing a thousand names have gone from me he says he says hm hmoh dear but it's good! oh it's rare! i don't quite remember it but i seem to it'll all come back to me presently he says he says hm hm oh but that was a game! oh spl endid! how it carries me back! it's all dim of course it's a long time ago and the names some of the names are wavery and indistinct but sho' i know it happened i can feel it! and lord how it warms my heart and brings back my lost youth! well well well i've got to come back into this work a day world now business presses and people are waiting i'll keep the rest for bed to night and live my youth over again and you'll thank fairchild for me when you see him i used to call him alf i think and you'll give him my gratitude for what this letter has done for the tired spirit of a hard worked man and tell him there isn't anything that i can do for him or any friend of his that i won't do and as for you my lad you are my guest you can't stop at any hotel in new york sit where you are a little while till i get through with these people then we'll go home i'll take care of you my boy make yourself easy as to that ed stayed a week and had an immense time and never suspected that the commodore's shrewd eye was on him and that he was daily being weighed and measured and analyzed and tried and tested yes he had an immense time and never wrote home but saved it all up to tell when he should get back twice with proper modesty and decency he proposed to end his visit but the commodore said no wait leave it to me i'll tell you when to go in those days the commodore was making some of those vast combinations of his consolidations of warring odds and ends of railroads into harmonious systems and concentrations of floating and rudderless commerce in effective centers and among other things his farseeing eye had detected the convergence of that huge tobacco commerce already spoken of toward memphis and he had resolved to set his grasp upon it and make it his own the week came to an end then the commodore said now you can start home but first we will have some more talk about that tobacco matter i know you now i know your abilities as well as you know them yourself perhaps better you understand that tobacco matter you understand that i am going to take possession of it and you also understand the plans which i have matured for doing it what i want is a man who knows my mind and is qualified to represent me in memphis and be in supreme command of that important business and i appoint you me! yes your salary will be high of course for you are representing me later you will earn increases of it and will get them you will need a small army of assistants choose them yourself and carefully take no man for friendship's sake but all things being equal take the man you know take your friend in preference to the stranger after some further talk under this head the commodore said good bye my boy and thank alf for me for sending you to me when ed reached memphis he rushed down to the wharf in a fever to tell his great news and thank the boys over and over again for thinking to give him the letter to mr vanderbilt it happened to be one of those idle times blazing hot noonday and no sign of life on the wharf but as ed threaded his way among the freight piles he saw a white linen figure stretched in slumber upon a pile of grain sacks under an awning and said to himself that's one of them and hastened his step next he said it's charley it's fairchild good and the next moment laid an affectionate hand on the sleeper's shoulder the eyes opened lazily took one glance the face blanched the form whirled itself from the sack pile and in an instant ed was alone and fairchild was flying for the wharf boat like the wind! ed was dazed stupefied was fairchild crazy what could be the meaning of this he started slow and dreamily down toward the wharf boat turned the corner of a freight pile and came suddenly upon two of the boys they were lightly laughing over some pleasant matter they heard his step and glanced up just as he discovered them the laugh died abruptly and before ed could speak they were off and sailing over barrels and bales like hunted deer again ed was paralyzed had the boys all gone mad what could be the explanation of this extraordinary conduct and so dreaming along he reached the wharf boat and stepped aboard nothing but silence there and vacancy he crossed the deck turned the corner to go down the outer guard heard a fervent o lord! and saw a white linen form plunge overboard the youth came up coughing and strangling and cried out go 'way from here! you let me alone i didn't do it i swear i didn't! didn't do what give you the never mind what you didn't do come out of that! what makes you all act so what have i done you why you haven't done anything but well then what have you got against me what do you all treat me so for i er but haven't you got anything against us of course not what put such a thing into your head honor bright you haven't honor bright swear it! i don't know what in the world you mean but i swear it anyway and you'll shake hands with me goodness knows i'll be glad to! why i'm just starving to shake hands with somebody! the swimmer muttered hang him he smelt a rat and never delivered the letter! but it's all right i'm not going to fetch up the subject and he crawled out and came dripping and draining to shake hands first one and then another of the conspirators showed up cautiously armed to the teeth took in the amicable situation then ventured warily forward and joined the love feast and to ed's eager inquiry as to what made them act as they had been acting they answered evasively and pretended that they had put it up as a joke to see what he would do it was the best explanation they could invent at such short notice and each said to himself he never delivered that letter and the joke is on us if he only knew it or we were dull enough to come out and tell then of course they wanted to know all about the trip and he said come right up on the boiler deck and order the drinks it's my treat i'm going to tell you all about it and to night it's my treat again and we'll have oysters and a time! when the drinks were brought and cigars lighted ed said well when i delivered the letter to mr vanderbilt great scott! gracious how you scared me what's the matter oh er nothing nothing it was a tack in the chair seat said one but you all said it however no matter when i delivered the letter did you deliver it and they looked at each other as people might who thought that maybe they were dreaming then they settled to listening and as the story deepened and its marvels grew the amazement of it made them dumb and the interest of it took their breath they hardly uttered a whisper during two hours but sat like petrifactions and drank in the immortal romance at last the tale was ended and ed said and it's all owing to you boys and you'll never find me ungrateful bless your hearts the best friends a fellow ever had! you'll all have places i want every one of you i know you i know you 'by the back ' as the gamblers say you're jokers and all that but you're sterling with the hallmark on and charley fairchild you shall be my first assistant and right hand because of your first class ability and because you got me the letter and for your father's sake who wrote it for me and to please mr vanderbilt who said it would! and here's to that great man drink hearty! yes when the moment comes the man appears even if he is a thousand miles away and has to be discovered by a practical joke chapter xxix when people do not respect us we are sharply offended yet deep down in his private heart no man much respects himself pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar necessarily the human interest is the first interest in the log book of any country the annals of tasmania in whose shadow we were sailing are lurid with that feature tasmania was a convict dump in old times this has been indicated in the account of the conciliator where reference is made to vain attempts of desperate convicts to win to permanent freedom after escaping from macquarrie harbor and the gates of hell in the early days tasmania had a great population of convicts of both sexes and all ages and a bitter hard life they had in one spot there was a settlement of juvenile convicts children who had been sent thither from their home and their friends on the other side of the globe to expiate their crimes in due course our ship entered the estuary called the derwent at whose head stands hobart the capital of tasmania the derwent's shores furnish scenery of an interesting sort the historian laurie whose book the story of australasia is just out invoices its features with considerable truth and intemperance the marvelous picturesqueness of every point of view combined with the clear balmy atmosphere and the transparency of the ocean depths must have delighted and deeply impressed the early explorers if the rock bound coasts sullen defiant and lowering seemed uninviting these were occasionally broken into charmingly alluring coves floored with golden sand clad with evergreen shrubbery and adorned with every variety of indigenous wattle she oak wild flower and fern from the delicately graceful 'maiden hair' to the palm like 'old man' while the majestic gum tree clean and smooth as the mast of 'some tall admiral' pierces the clear air to the height of 230 feet or more it looked so to me coasting along tasman's peninsula what a shock of pleasant wonder must have struck the early mariner on suddenly sighting cape pillar with its cluster of black ribbed basaltic columns rising to a height of 900 feet the hydra head wreathed in a turban of fleecy cloud the base lashed by jealous waves spouting angry fountains of foam that is well enough but i did not suppose those snags were 900 feet high still they were a very fine show they stood boldly out by themselves and made a fascinatingly odd spectacle but there was nothing about their appearance to suggest the heads of a hydra they looked like a row of lofty slabs with their upper ends tapered to the shape of a carving knife point in fact the early voyager ignorant of their great height might have mistaken them for a rusty old rank of piles that had sagged this way and that out of the perpendicular the peninsula is lofty rocky and densely clothed with scrub or brush or both it is joined to the main by a low neck at this junction was formerly a convict station called port arthur a place hard to escape from behind it was the wilderness of scrub in which a fugitive would soon starve in front was the narrow neck with a cordon of chained dogs across it and a line of lanterns and a fence of living guards armed we saw the place as we swept by that is we had a glimpse of what we were told was the entrance to port arthur the glimpse was worth something as a remembrancer but that was all the voyage thence up the derwent frith displays a grand succession of fairy visions in its entire length elsewhere unequaled in gliding over the deep blue sea studded with lovely islets luxuriant to the water's edge one is at a loss which scene to choose for contemplation and to admire most when the huon and bruni have been passed there seems no possible chance of a rival but suddenly mount wellington massive and noble like his brother etna literally heaves in sight sternly guarded on either hand by mounts nelson and rumney presently we arrive at sullivan's cove hobart! it is an attractive town it sits on low hills that slope to the harbor a harbor that looks like a river and is as smooth as one its still surface is pictured with dainty reflections of boats and grassy banks and luxuriant foliage back of the town rise highlands that are clothed in woodland loveliness and over the way is that noble mountain wellington a stately bulk a most majestic pile how beautiful is the whole region for form and grouping and opulence and freshness of foliage and variety of color and grace and shapeliness of the hills the capes the promontories and then the splendor of the sunlight the dim rich distances the charm of the water glimpses! and it was in this paradise that the yellow liveried convicts were landed and the corps bandits quartered and the wanton slaughter of the kangaroo chasing black innocents consummated on that autumn day in may in the brutish old time it was all out of keeping with the place a sort of bringing of heaven and hell together the remembrance of this paradise reminds me that it was at hobart that we struck the head of the procession of junior englands we were to encounter other sections of it in new zealand presently and others later in natal wherever the exiled englishman can find in his new home resemblances to his old one he is touched to the marrow of his being the love that is in his heart inspires his imagination and these allied forces transfigure those resemblances into authentic duplicates of the revered originals it is beautiful the feeling which works this enchantment and it compels one's homage compels it and also compels one's assent compels it always even when as happens sometimes one does not see the resemblances as clearly as does the exile who is pointing them out the resemblances do exist it is quite true and often they cunningly approximate the originals but after all in the matter of certain physical patent rights there is only one england now that i have sampled the globe i am not in doubt there is a beauty of switzerland and it is repeated in the glaciers and snowy ranges of many parts of the earth there is a beauty of the fiord and it is repeated in new zealand and alaska there is a beauty of hawaii and it is repeated in ten thousand islands of the southern seas there is a beauty of the prairie and the plain and it is repeated here and there in the earth each of these is worshipful each is perfect in its way yet holds no monopoly of its beauty but that beauty which is england is alone it has no duplicate it is made up of very simple details just grass and trees and shrubs and roads and hedges and gardens and houses and vines and churches and castles and here and there a ruin and over it all a mellow dream haze of history but its beauty is incomparable and all its own hobart has a peculiarity it is the neatest town that the sun shines on and i incline to believe that it is also the cleanest however that may be its supremacy in neatness is not to be questioned there cannot be another town in the world that has no shabby exteriors no rickety gates and fences no neglected houses crumbling to ruin no crazy and unsightly sheds no weed grown front yards of the poor no back yards littered with tin cans and old boots and empty bottles no rubbish in the gutters no clutter on the sidewalks no outer borders fraying out into dirty lanes and tin patched huts no in hobart all the aspects are tidy and all a comfort to the eye the modestest cottage looks combed and brushed and has its vines its flowers its neat fence its neat gate its comely cat asleep on the window ledge we had a glimpse of the museum by courtesy of the american gentleman who is curator of it it has samples of half a dozen different kinds of marsupials [a marsupial is a plantigrade vertebrate whose specialty is its pocket in some countries it is extinct in the others it is rare the first american marsupials were stephen girard mr aston and the opossum the principal marsupials of the southern hemisphere are mr rhodes and the kangaroo i myself am the latest marsupial also i might boast that i have the largest pocket of them all but there is nothing in that ] one the tasmanian devil that is i think he was one of them and there was a fish with lungs when the water dries up it can live in the mud most curious of all was a parrot that kills sheep on one great sheep run this bird killed a thousand sheep in a whole year he doesn't want the whole sheep but only the kidney fat this restricted taste makes him an expensive bird to support to get the fat he drives his beak in and rips it out the wound is mortal this parrot furnishes a notable example of evolution brought about by changed conditions when the sheep culture was introduced it presently brought famine to the parrot by exterminating a kind of grub which had always thitherto been the parrot's diet the miseries of hunger made the bird willing to eat raw flesh since it could get no other food and it began to pick remnants of meat from sheep skins hung out on the fences to dry it soon came to prefer sheep meat to any other food and by and by it came to prefer the kidney fat to any other detail of the sheep the parrot's bill was not well shaped for digging out the fat but nature fixed that matter she altered the bill's shape and now the parrot can dig out kidney fat better than the chief justice of the supreme court or anybody else for that matter even an admiral and there was another curiosity quite a stunning one i thought arrow heads and knives just like those which primeval man made out of flint and thought he had done such a wonderful thing yes and has been humored and coddled in that superstition by this age of admiring scientists until there is probably no living with him in the other world by now yet here is his finest and nicest work exactly duplicated in our day and by people who have never heard of him or his works by aborigines who lived in the islands of these seas within our time and they not only duplicated those works of art but did it in the brittlest and most treacherous of substances glass made them out of old brandy bottles flung out of the british camps millions of tons of them it is time for primeval man to make a little less noise now he has had his day he is not what he used to be we had a drive through a bloomy and odorous fairy land to the refuge for the indigent a spacious and comfortable home with hospitals etc for both sexes there was a crowd in there of the oldest people i have ever seen it was like being suddenly set down in a new world a weird world where youth has never been a world sacred to age and bowed forms and wrinkles out of the 359 persons present 223 were ex convicts and could have told stirring tales no doubt if they had been minded to talk 42 of the 359 were past 80 and several were close upon 90 the average age at death there is 76 years as for me i have no use for that place it is too healthy seventy is old enough after that there is too much risk youth and gaiety might vanish any day and then what is left death in life death without its privileges death without its benefits there were 185 women in that refuge and 81 of them were ex convicts the steamer disappointed us instead of making a long visit at hobart as usual she made a short one so we got but a glimpse of tasmania and then moved on chapter xxx nature makes the locust with an appetite for crops man would have made him with an appetite for sand pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we spent part of an afternoon and a night at sea and reached bluff in new zealand early in the morning bluff is at the bottom of the middle island and is away down south nearly forty seven degrees below the equator it lies as far south of the line as quebec lies north of it and the climates of the two should be alike but for some reason or other it has not been so arranged quebec is hot in the summer and cold in the winter but bluff's climate is less intense the cold weather is not very cold the hot weather is not very hot and the difference between the hottest month and the coldest is but 17 degrees fahrenheit in new zealand the rabbit plague began at bluff the man who introduced the rabbit there was banqueted and lauded but they would hang him now if they could get him in england the natural enemy of the rabbit is detested and persecuted in the bluff region the natural enemy of the rabbit is honored and his person is sacred the rabbit's natural enemy in england is the poacher in bluff its natural enemy is the stoat the weasel the ferret the cat and the mongoose in england any person below the heir who is caught with a rabbit in his possession must satisfactorily explain how it got there or he will suffer fine and imprisonment together with extinction of his peerage in bluff the cat found with a rabbit in its possession does not have to explain everybody looks the other way the person caught noticing would suffer fine and imprisonment with extinction of peerage this is a sure way to undermine the moral fabric of a cat thirty years from now there will not be a moral cat in new zealand some think there is none there now in england the poacher is watched tracked hunted he dare not show his face in bluff the cat the weasel the stoat and the mongoose go up and down whither they will unmolested by a law of the legislature posted where all may read it is decreed that any person found in possession of one of these creatures dead must satisfactorily explain the circumstances or pay a fine of not less than l5 nor more than l20 the revenue from this source is not large persons who want to pay a hundred dollars for a dead cat are getting rarer and rarer every day this is bad for the revenue was to go to the endowment of a university all governments are more or less short sighted in england they fine the poacher whereas he ought to be banished to new zealand new zealand would pay his way and give him wages it was from bluff that we ought to have cut across to the west coast and visited the new zealand switzerland a land of superb scenery made up of snowy grandeurs anal mighty glaciers and beautiful lakes and over there also are the wonderful rivals of the norwegian and alaskan fiords and for neighbor a waterfall of 1 900 feet but we were obliged to postpone the trip to some later and indefinite time november 6 a lovely summer morning brilliant blue sky a few miles out from invercargill passed through vast level green expanses snowed over with sheep fine to see the green deep and very vivid sometimes at other times less so but delicate and lovely a passenger reminds me that i am in the england of the far south dunedin same date the town justifies michael davitt's praises the people are scotch they stopped here on their way from home to heaven thinking they had arrived the population is stated at 40 000 by malcolm ross journalist stated by an m p at 60 000 a journalist cannot lie to the residence of dr hockin he has a fine collection of books relating to new zealand and his house is a museum of maori art and antiquities he has pictures and prints in color of many native chiefs of the past some of them of note in history there is nothing of the savage in the faces nothing could be finer than these men's features nothing more intellectual than these faces nothing more masculine nothing nobler than their aspect the aboriginals of australia and tasmania looked the savage but these chiefs looked like roman patricians the tattooing in these portraits ought to suggest the savage of course but it does not the designs are so flowing and graceful and beautiful that they are a most satisfactory decoration it takes but fifteen minutes to get reconciled to the tattooing and but fifteen more to perceive that it is just the thing after that the undecorated european face is unpleasant and ignoble dr hockiu gave us a ghastly curiosity a lignified caterpillar with a plant growing out of the back of its neck a plant with a slender stem 4 inches high it happened not by accident but by design nature's design this caterpillar was in the act of loyally carrying out a law inflicted upon him by nature a law purposely inflicted upon him to get him into trouble a law which was a trap in pursuance of this law he made the proper preparations for turning himself into a night moth that is to say he dug a little trench a little grave and then stretched himself out in it on his stomach and partially buried himself then nature was ready for him she blew the spores of a peculiar fungus through the air with a purpose some of them fell into a crease in the back of the caterpillar's neck and began to sprout and grow for there was soil there he had not washed his neck the roots forced themselves down into the worm's person and rearward along through its body sucking up the creature's juices for sap the worm slowly died and turned to wood and here he was now a wooden caterpillar with every detail of his former physique delicately and exactly preserved and perpetuated and with that stem standing up out of him for his monument monument commemorative of his own loyalty and of nature's unfair return for it nature is always acting like that mrs x said of course that the caterpillar was not conscious and didn't suffer she should have known better no caterpillar can deceive nature if this one couldn't suffer nature would have known it and would have hunted up another caterpillar not that she would have let this one go merely because it was defective no she would have waited and let him turn into a night moth and then fried him in the candle nature cakes a fish's eyes over with parasites so that it shan't be able to avoid its enemies or find its food she sends parasites into a star fish's system which clog up its prongs and swell them and make them so uncomfortable that the poor creature delivers itself from the prong to ease its misery and presently it has to part with another prong for the sake of comfort and finally with a third if it re grows the prongs the parasite returns and the same thing is repeated and finally when the ability to reproduce prongs is lost through age that poor old star fish can't get around any more and so it dies of starvation in australia is prevalent a horrible disease due to an unperfected tapeworm unperfected that is what they call it i do not know why for it transacts business just as well as if it were finished and frescoed and gilded and all that november 9 to the museum and public picture gallery with the president of the society of artists some fine pictures there lent by the s of a several of them they bought the others came to them by gift next to the gallery of the s of a annual exhibition just opened fine think of a town like this having two such collections as this and a society of artists it is so all over australasia if it were a monarchy one might understand it i mean an absolute monarchy where it isn't necessary to vote money but take it then art flourishes but these colonies are republics republics with a wide suffrage voters of both sexes this one of new zealand in republics neither the government nor the rich private citizen is much given to propagating art all over australasia pictures by famous european artists are bought for the public galleries by the state and by societies of citizens living citizens not dead ones they rob themselves to give not their heirs this s of a here owns its buildings built it by subscription chapter xxxi the spirit of wrath not the words is the sin and the spirit of wrath is cursing we begin to swear before we can talk pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar november 11 on the road this train express goes twenty and one half miles an hour schedule time but it is fast enough the outlook upon sea and land is so interesting and the cars so comfortable they are not english and not american they are the swiss combination of the two a narrow and railed porch along the side where a person can walk up and down a lavatory in each car this is progress this is nineteenth century spirit in new zealand these fast expresses run twice a week it is well to know this if you want to be a bird and fly through the country at a 20 mile gait otherwise you may start on one of the five wrong days and then you will get a train that can't overtake its own shadow by contrast these pleasant cars call to mind the branch road cars at maryborough australia and the passengers' talk about the branch road and the hotel somewhere on the road to maryborough i changed for a while to a smoking carriage there were two gentlemen there both riding backward one at each end of the compartment they were acquaintances of each other i sat down facing the one that sat at the starboard window he had a good face and a friendly look and i judged from his dress that he was a dissenting minister he was along toward fifty of his own motion he struck a match and shaded it with his hand for me to light my cigar i take the rest from my diary in order to start conversation i asked him something about maryborough he said in a most pleasant even musical voice but with quiet and cultured decision it's a charming town with a hell of a hotel i was astonished it seemed so odd to hear a minister swear out loud he went placidly on it's the worst hotel in australia well one may go further and say in australasia bad beds no none at all just sand bags the pillows too yes the pillows too just sand and not a good quality of sand it packs too hard and has never been screened there is too much gravel in it it is like sleeping on nuts isn't there any good sand plenty of it there is as good bed sand in this region as the world can furnish aerated sand and loose but they won't buy it they want something that will pack solid and petrify how are the rooms eight feet square and a sheet of iced oil cloth to step on in the morning when you get out of the sand quarry as to lights coal oil lamp a good one no it's the kind that sheds a gloom i like a lamp that burns all night this one won't you must blow it out early that is bad one might want it again in the night can't find it in the dark there's no trouble you can find it by the stench wardrobe two nails on the door to hang seven suits of clothes on if you've got them bells there aren't any what do you do when you want service shout but it won't fetch anybody suppose you want the chambermaid to empty the slopjar there isn't any slop jar the hotels don't keep them that is outside of sydney and melbourne yes i knew that i was only talking it's the oddest thing in australia another thing i've got to get up in the dark in the morning to take the 5 o'clock train now if the boots there isn't any well the porter there isn't any but who will call me nobody you'll call yourself and you'll light yourself too there'll not be a light burning in the halls or anywhere and if you don't carry a light you'll break your neck but who will help me down with my baggage nobody however i will tell you what to do in maryborough there's an american who has lived there half a lifetime a fine man and prosperous and popular he will be on the lookout for you you won't have any trouble sleep in peace he will rout you out and you will make your train where is your manager i left him at ballarat studying the language and besides he had to go to melbourne and get us ready for new zealand i've not tried to pilot myself before and it doesn't look easy easy! you've selected the very most difficult piece of railroad in australia for your experiment there are twelve miles of this road which no man without good executive ability can ever hope tell me have you good executive ability first rate executive ability i well i think so but that settles it the tone of oh you wouldn't ever make it in the world however that american will point you right and you'll go you've got tickets yes round trip all the way to sydney ah there it is you see! you are going in the 5 o'clock by castlemaine twelve miles instead of the 7 15 by ballarat in order to save two hours of fooling along the road now then don't interrupt let me have the floor you're going to save the government a deal of hauling but that's nothing your ticket is by ballarat and it isn't good over that twelve miles and so but why should the government care which way i go goodness knows! ask of the winds that far away with fragments strewed the sea as the boy that stood on the burning deck used to say the government chooses to do its railway business in its own way and it doesn't know as much about it as the french in the beginning they tried idiots then they imported the french which was going backwards you see now it runs the roads itself which is going backwards again you see why do you know in order to curry favor with the voters the government puts down a road wherever anybody wants it anybody that owns two sheep and a dog and by consequence we've got in the colony of victoria 800 railway stations and the business done at eighty of them doesn't foot up twenty shillings a week five dollars oh come! it's true it's the absolute truth why there are three or four men on wages at every station i know it and the station business doesn't pay for the sheep dip to sanctify their coffee with it's just as i say and accommodating why if you shake a rag the train will stop in the midst of the wilderness to pick you up all that kind of politics costs you see and then besides any town that has a good many votes and wants a fine station gets it don't you overlook that maryborough station if you take an interest in governmental curiosities why you can put the whole population of maryborough into it and give them a sofa apiece and have room for more you haven't fifteen stations in america that are as big and you probably haven't five that are half as fine why it's perfectly elegant and the clock! everybody will show you the clock there isn't a station in europe that's got such a clock it doesn't strike and that's one mercy it hasn't any bell and as you'll have cause to remember if you keep your reason all australia is simply bedamned with bells on every quarter hour night and day they jingle a tiresome chime of half a dozen notes all the clocks in town at once all the clocks in australasia at once and all the very same notes first downward scale mi re do sol then upward scale sol si re do down again mi re do sol up again sol si re do then the clock say at midnight clang clang clang clang clang clang clang clang clang clang and by that time you're hello what's all this excitement about a runaway scared by the train why you think this train could scare anything well when they build eighty stations at a loss and a lot of palace stations and clocks like maryborough's at another loss the government has got to economize somewhere hasn't it very well look at the rolling stock that's where they save the money why that train from maryborough will consist of eighteen freight cars and two passenger kennels cheap poor shabby slovenly no drinking water no sanitary arrangements every imaginable inconvenience and slow oh the gait of cold molasses no air brake no springs and they'll jolt your head off every time they start or stop that's where they make their little economies you see they spend tons of money to house you palatially while you wait fifteen minutes for a train then degrade you to six hours' convict transportation to get the foolish outlay back what a rational man really needs is discomfort while he's waiting then his journey in a nice train would be a grateful change but no that would be common sense and out of place in a government and then besides they save in that other little detail you know repudiate their own tickets and collect a poor little illegitimate extra shilling out of you for that twelve miles and well in any case wait there's more leave that american out of the account and see what would happen there's nobody on hand to examine your ticket when you arrive but the conductor will come and examine it when the train is ready to start it is too late to buy your extra ticket now the train can't wait and won't you must climb out but can't i pay the conductor no he is not authorized to receive the money and he won't you must climb out there's no other way i tell you the railway management is about the only thoroughly european thing here continentally european i mean not english it's the continental business in perfection down fine oh yes even to the peanut commerce of weighing baggage the train slowed up at his place as he stepped out he said yes you'll like maryborough plenty of intelligence there it's a charming place with a hell of a hotel then he was gone i turned to the other gentleman is your friend in the ministry no studying for it chapter xxxii the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar it was junior england all the way to christchurch in fact just a garden and christchurch is an english town with an english park annex and a winding english brook just like the avon and named the avon but from a man not from shakespeare's river its grassy banks are bordered by the stateliest and most impressive weeping willows to be found in the world i suppose they continue the line of a great ancestor they were grown from sprouts of the willow that sheltered napoleon's grave in st helena it is a settled old community with all the serenities the graces the conveniences and the comforts of the ideal home life if it had an established church and social inequality it would be england over again with hardly a lack in the museum we saw many curious and interesting things among others a fine native house of the olden time with all the details true to the facts and the showy colors right and in their proper places all the details the fine mats and rugs and things the elaborate and wonderful wood carvings wonderful surely considering who did them wonderful in design and particularly in execution for they were done with admirable sharpness and exactness and yet with no better tools than flint and jade and shell could furnish and the totem posts were there ancestor above ancestor with tongues protruded and hands clasped comfortably over bellies containing other people's ancestors grotesque and ugly devils every one but lovingly carved and ably and the stuffed natives were present in their proper places and looking as natural as life and the housekeeping utensils were there too and close at hand the carved and finely ornamented war canoe and we saw little jade gods to hang around the neck not everybody's but sacred to the necks of natives of rank also jade weapons and many kinds of jade trinkets all made out of that excessively hard stone without the help of any tool of iron and some of these things had small round holes bored through them nobody knows how it was done a mystery a lost art i think it was said that if you want such a hole bored in a piece of jade now you must send it to london or amsterdam where the lapidaries are also we saw a complete skeleton of the giant moa it stood ten feet high and must have been a sight to look at when it was a living bird it was a kicker like the ostrich in fight it did not use its beak but its foot it must have been a convincing kind of kick if a person had his back to the bird and did not see who it was that did it he would think he had been kicked by a wind mill there must have been a sufficiency of moas in the old forgotten days when his breed walked the earth his bones are found in vast masses all crammed together in huge graves they are not in caves but in the ground nobody knows how they happened to get concentrated there mind they are bones not fossils this means that the moa has not been extinct very long still this is the only new zealand creature which has no mention in that otherwise comprehensive literature the native legends this is a significant detail and is good circumstantial evidence that the moa has been extinct 500 years since the maori has himself by tradition been in new zealand since the end of the fifteenth century he came from an unknown land the first maori did then sailed back in his canoe and brought his tribe and they removed the aboriginal peoples into the sea and into the ground and took the land that is the tradition that that first maori could come is understandable for anybody can come to a place when he isn't trying to but how that discoverer found his way back home again without a compass is his secret and he died with it in him his language indicates that he came from polynesia he told where he came from but he couldn't spell well so one can't find the place on the map because people who could spell better than he could spelt the resemblance all out of it when they made the map however it is better to have a map that is spelt right than one that has information in it in new zealand women have the right to vote for members of the legislature but they cannot be members themselves the law extending the suffrage to them event into effect in 1893 the population of christchurch census of 1891 was 31 454 the first election under the law was held in november of that year number of men who voted 6 313 number of women who voted 5 989 these figures ought to convince us that women are not as indifferent about politics as some people would have us believe in new zealand as a whole the estimated adult female population was 139 915 of these 109 461 qualified and registered their names on the rolls 78 23 per cent of the whole of these 90 290 went to the polls and voted 85 18 per cent do men ever turn out better than that in america or elsewhere here is a remark to the other sex's credit too i take it from the official report a feature of the election was the orderliness and sobriety of the people women were in no way molested at home a standing argument against woman suffrage has always been that women could not go to the polls without being insulted the arguments against woman suffrage have always taken the easy form of prophecy the prophets have been prophesying ever since the woman's rights movement began in 1848 and in forty seven years they have never scored a hit men ought to begin to feel a sort of respect for their mothers and wives and sisters by this time the women deserve a change of attitude like that for they have wrought well in forty seven years they have swept an imposingly large number of unfair laws from the statute books of america in that brief time these serfs have set themselves free essentially men could not have done so much for themselves in that time without bloodshed at least they never have and that is argument that they didn't know how the women have accomplished a peaceful revolution and a very beneficent one and yet that has not convinced the average man that they are intelligent and have courage and energy and perseverance and fortitude it takes much to convince the average man of anything and perhaps nothing can ever make him realize that he is the average woman's inferior yet in several important details the evidences seems to show that that is what he is man has ruled the human race from the beginning but he should remember that up to the middle of the present century it was a dull world and ignorant and stupid but it is not such a dull world now and is growing less and less dull all the time this is woman's opportunity she has had none before i wonder where man will be in another forty seven years in the new zealand law occurs this the word person wherever it occurs throughout the act includes woman that is promotion you see by that enlargement of the word the matron with the garnered wisdom and experience of fifty years becomes at one jump the political equal of her callow kid of twenty one the white population of the colony is 626 000 the maori population is 42 000 the whites elect seventy members of the house of representatives the maoris four the maori women vote for their four members november 16 after four pleasant days in christchurch we are to leave at midnight to night mr kinsey gave me an ornithorhynchus and i am taming it sunday 17th sailed last night in the flora from lyttelton so we did i remember it yet the people who sailed in the flora that night may forget some other things if they live a good while but they will not live long enough to forget that the flora is about the equivalent of a cattle scow but when the union company find it inconvenient to keep a contract and lucrative to break it they smuggle her into passenger service and keep the change they give no notice of their projected depredation you innocently buy tickets for the advertised passenger boat and when you get down to lyttelton at midnight you find that they have substituted the scow they have plenty of good boats but no competition and that is the trouble it is too late now to make other arrangements if you have engagements ahead it is a powerful company it has a monopoly and everybody is afraid of it including the government's representative who stands at the end of the stage plank to tally the passengers and see that no boat receives a greater number than the law allows her to carry this conveniently blind representative saw the scow receive a number which was far in excess of its privilege and winked a politic wink and said nothing the passengers bore with meekness the cheat which had been put upon them and made no complaint it was like being at home in america where abused passengers act in just the same way a few days before the union company had discharged a captain for getting a boat into danger and had advertised this act as evidence of its vigilance in looking after the safety of the passengers for thugging a captain costs the company nothing but when opportunity offered to send this dangerously overcrowded tub to sea and save a little trouble and a tidy penny by it it forgot to worry about the passenger's safety the first officer told me that the flora was privileged to carry 125 passengers she must have had all of 200 on board all the cabins were full all the cattle stalls in the main stable were full the spaces at the heads of companionways were full every inch of floor and table in the swill room was packed with sleeping men and remained so until the place was required for breakfast all the chairs and benches on the hurricane deck were occupied and still there were people who had to walk about all night! if the flora had gone down that night half of the people on board would have been wholly without means of escape the owners of that boat were not technically guilty of conspiracy to commit murder but they were morally guilty of it i had a cattle stall in the main stable a cavern fitted up with a long double file of two storied bunks the files separated by a calico partition twenty men and boys on one side of it twenty women and girls on the other the place was as dark as the soul of the union company and smelt like a kennel when the vessel got out into the heavy seas and began to pitch and wallow the cavern prisoners became immediately seasick and then the peculiar results that ensued laid all my previous experiences of the kind well away in the shade and the wails the groans the cries the shrieks the strange ejaculations it was wonderful the women and children and some of the men and boys spent the night in that place for they were too ill to leave it but the rest of us got up by and by and finished the night on the hurricane deck that boat was the foulest i was ever in and the smell of the breakfast saloon when we threaded our way among the layers of steaming passengers stretched upon its floor and its tables was incomparable for efficiency a good many of us got ashore at the first way port to seek another ship after a wait of three hours we got good rooms in the mahinapua a wee little bridal parlor of a boat only 205 tons burthen clean and comfortable good service good beds good table and no crowding the seas danced her about like a duck but she was safe and capable next morning early she went through the french pass a narrow gateway of rock between bold headlands so narrow in fact that it seemed no wider than a street the current tore through there like a mill race and the boat darted through like a telegram the passage was made in half a minute then we were in a wide place where noble vast eddies swept grandly round and round in shoal water and i wondered what they would do with the little boat they did as they pleased with her they picked her up and flung her around like nothing and landed her gently on the solid smooth bottom of sand so gently indeed that we barely felt her touch it barely felt her quiver when she came to a standstill the water was as clear as glass the sand on the bottom was vividly distinct and the fishes seemed to be swimming about in nothing fishing lines were brought out but before we could bait the hooks the boat was off and away again chapter xxxiii let us be grateful to adam our benefactor he cut us out of the blessing of idleness and won for us the curse of labor pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we soon reached the town of nelson and spent the most of the day there visiting acquaintances and driving with them about the garden the whole region is a garden excepting the scene of the maungatapu murders of thirty years ago that is a wild place wild and lonely an ideal place for a murder it is at the base of a vast rugged densely timbered mountain in the deep twilight of that forest solitude four desperate rascals burgess sullivan levy and kelley ambushed themselves beside the mountain trail to murder and rob four travelers kempthorne mathieu dudley and de pontius the latter a new yorker a harmless old laboring man came wandering along and as his presence was an embarrassment they choked him hid him and then resumed their watch for the four they had to wait a while but eventually everything turned out as they desired that dark episode is the one large event in the history of nelson the fame of it traveled far burgess made a confession it is a remarkable paper for brevity succinctness and concentration it is perhaps without its peer in the literature of murder there are no waste words in it there is no obtrusion of matter not pertinent to the occasion nor any departure from the dispassionate tone proper to a formal business statement for that is what it is a business statement of a murder by the chief engineer of it or superintendent or foreman or whatever one may prefer to call him we were getting impatient when we saw four men and a pack horse coming i left my cover and had a look at the men for levy had told me that mathieu was a small man and wore a large beard and that it was a chestnut horse i said 'here they come ' they were then a good distance away i took the caps off my gun and put fresh ones on i said 'you keep where you are i'll put them up and you give me your gun while you tie them ' it was arranged as i have described the men came they arrived within about fifteen yards when i stepped up and said 'stand! bail up!' that means all of them to get together i made them fall back on the upper side of the road with their faces up the range and sullivan brought me his gun and then tied their hands behind them the horse was very quiet all the time he did not move when they were all tied sullivan took the horse up the hill and put him in the bush he cut the rope and let the swags [a swag is a kit a pack small baggage ] fall on the ground and then came to me we then marched the men down the incline to the creek the water at this time barely running up this creek we took the men we went i daresay five or six hundred yards up it which took us nearly half an hour to accomplish then we turned to the right up the range we went i daresay one hundred and fifty yards from the creek and there we sat down with the men i said to sullivan 'put down your gun and search these men ' which he did i asked them their several names they told me i asked them if they were expected at nelson they said 'no ' if such their lives would have been spared in money we took l60 odd i said 'is this all you have you had better tell me ' sullivan said 'here is a bag of gold ' i said 'what's on that pack horse is there any gold ' when kempthorne said 'yes my gold is in the portmanteau and i trust you will not take it all ' 'well ' i said 'we must take you away one at a time because the range is steep just here and then we will let you go ' they said 'all right ' most cheerfully we tied their feet and took dudley with us we went about sixty yards with him this was through a scrub it was arranged the night previously that it would be best to choke them in case the report of the arms might be heard from the road and if they were missed they never would be found so we tied a handkerchief over his eyes when sullivan took the sash off his waist put it round his neck and so strangled him sullivan after i had killed the old laboring man found fault with the way he was choked he said 'the next we do i'll show you my way ' i said 'i have never done such a thing before i have shot a man but never choked one ' we returned to the others when kempthorne said 'what noise was that ' i said it was caused by breaking through the scrub this was taking too much time so it was agreed to shoot them with that i said 'we'll take you no further but separate you and then loose one of you and he can relieve the others ' so with that sullivan took de pontius to the left of where kempthorne was sitting i took mathieu to the right i tied a strap round his legs and shot him with a revolver he yelled i ran from him with my gun in my hand i sighted kempthorne who had risen to his feet i presented the gun and shot him behind the right ear his life's blood welled from him and he died instantaneously sullivan had shot de pontius in the meantime and then came to me i said 'look to mathieu ' indicating the spot where he lay he shortly returned and said 'i had to chiv that fellow he was not dead ' a cant word meaning that he had to stab him returning to the road we passed where de pontius lay and was dead sullivan said 'this is the digger the others were all storekeepers this is the digger let's cover him up for should the others be found they'll think he done it and sloped ' meaning he had gone so with that we threw all the stones on him and then left him this bloody work took nearly an hour and a half from the time we stopped the men anyone who reads that confession will think that the man who wrote it was destitute of emotions destitute of feeling that is partly true as regarded others he was plainly without feeling utterly cold and pitiless but as regarded himself the case was different while he cared nothing for the future of the murdered men he cared a great deal for his own it makes one's flesh creep to read the introduction to his confession the judge on the bench characterized it as scandalously blasphemous and it certainly reads so but burgess meant no blasphemy he was merely a brute and whatever he said or wrote was sure to expose the fact his redemption was a very real thing to him and he was as jubilantly happy on the gallows as ever was christian martyr at the stake we dwellers in this world are strangely made and mysteriously circumstanced we have to suppose that the murdered men are lost and that burgess is saved but we cannot suppress our natural regrets written in my dungeon drear this 7th of august in the year of grace 1866 to god be ascribed all power and glory in subduing the rebellious spirit of a most guilty wretch who has been brought through the instrumentality of a faithful follower of christ to see his wretched and guilty state inasmuch as hitherto he has led an awful and wretched life and through the assurance of this faithful soldier of christ he has been led and also believes that christ will yet receive and cleanse him from all his deep dyed and bloody sins i lie under the imputation which says 'come now and let us reason together saith the lord though your sins be as scarlet they shall be as white as snow though they be red like crimson they shall be as wool ' on this promise i rely we sailed in the afternoon late spent a few hours at new plymouth then sailed again and reached auckland the next day november 20th and remained in that fine city several days its situation is commanding and the sea view is superb there are charming drives all about and by courtesy of friends we had opportunity to enjoy them from the grassy crater summit of mount eden one's eye ranges over a grand sweep and variety of scenery forests clothed in luxuriant foliage rolling green fields conflagrations of flowers receding and dimming stretches of green plain broken by lofty and symmetrical old craters then the blue bays twinkling and sparkling away into the dreamy distances where the mountains loom spiritual in their veils of haze it is from auckland that one goes to rotorua the region of the renowned hot lakes and geysers one of the chief wonders of new zealand but i was not well enough to make the trip the government has a sanitorium there and everything is comfortable for the tourist and the invalid the government's official physician is almost over cautious in his estimates of the efficacy of the baths when he is talking about rheumatism gout paralysis and such things but when he is talking about the effectiveness of the waters in eradicating the whisky habit he seems to have no reserves the baths will cure the drinking habit no matter how chronic it is and cure it so effectually that even the desire to drink intoxicants will come no more there should be a rush from europe and america to that place and when the victims of alcoholism find out what they can get by going there the rush will begin the thermal springs district of new zealand comprises an area of upwards of 600 000 acres or close on 1 000 square miles rotorua is the favorite place it is the center of a rich field of lake and mountain scenery from rotorua as a base the pleasure seeker makes excursions the crowd of sick people is great and growing rotorua is the carlsbad of australasia it is from auckland that the kauri gum is shipped for a long time now about 8 000 tons of it have been brought into the town per year it is worth about $300 per ton unassorted assorted the finest grades are worth about $1 000 it goes to america chiefly it is in lumps and is hard and smooth and looks like amber the light colored like new amber and the dark brown like rich old amber and it has the pleasant feel of amber too some of the light colored samples were a tolerably fair counterfeit of uncut south african diamonds they were so perfectly smooth and polished and transparent it is manufactured into varnish a varnish which answers for copal varnish and is cheaper the gum is dug up out of the ground it has been there for ages it is the sap of the kauri tree dr campbell of auckland told me he sent a cargo of it to england fifty years ago but nothing came of the venture nobody knew what to do with it so it was sold at 15 a ton to light fires with november 26 3 p m sailed vast and beautiful harbor land all about for hours tangariwa the mountain that has the same shape from every point of view that is the common belief in auckland and so it has from every point of view except thirteen perfect summer weather large school of whales in the distance nothing could be daintier than the puffs of vapor they spout up when seen against the pink glory of the sinking sun or against the dark mass of an island reposing in the deep blue shadow of a storm cloud great barrier rock standing up out of the sea away to the left sometime ago a ship hit it full speed in a fog 20 miles out of her course 140 lives lost the captain committed suicide without waiting a moment he knew that whether he was to blame or not the company owning the vessel would discharge him and make a devotion to passengers' safety advertisement out of it and his chance to make a livelihood would be permanently gone chapter xxxiv let us not be too particular it is better to have old second hand diamonds than none at all pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar november 27 to day we reached gisborne and anchored in a big bay there was a heavy sea on so we remained on board we were a mile from shore a little steam tug put out from the land she was an object of thrilling interest she would climb to the summit of a billow reel drunkenly there a moment dim and gray in the driving storm of spindrift then make a plunge like a diver and remain out of sight until one had given her up then up she would dart again on a steep slant toward the sky shedding niagaras of water from her forecastle and this she kept up all the way out to us she brought twenty five passengers in her stomach men and women mainly a traveling dramatic company in sight on deck were the crew in sou'westers yellow waterproof canvas suits and boots to the thigh the deck was never quiet for a moment and seldom nearer level than a ladder and noble were the seas which leapt aboard and went flooding aft we rove a long line to the yard arm hung a most primitive basketchair to it and swung it out into the spacious air of heaven and there it swayed pendulum fashion waiting for its chance then down it shot skillfully aimed and was grabbed by the two men on the forecastle a young fellow belonging to our crew was in the chair to be a protection to the lady comers at once a couple of ladies appeared from below took seats in his lap we hoisted them into the sky waited a moment till the roll of the ship brought them in overhead then we lowered suddenly away and seized the chair as it struck the deck we took the twenty five aboard and delivered twenty five into the tug among them several aged ladies and one blind one and all without accident it was a fine piece of work ours is a nice ship roomy comfortable well ordered and satisfactory now and then we step on a rat in a hotel but we have had no rats on shipboard lately unless perhaps in the flora we had more serious things to think of there and did not notice i have noticed that it is only in ships and hotels which still employ the odious chinese gong that you find rats the reason would seem to be that as a rat cannot tell the time of day by a clock he won't stay where he cannot find out when dinner is ready november 29 the doctor tells me of several old drunkards one spiritless loafer and several far gone moral wrecks who have been reclaimed by the salvation army and have remained staunch people and hard workers these two years wherever one goes these testimonials to the army's efficiency are forthcoming this morning we had one of those whizzing green ballarat flies in the room with his stunning buzz saw noise the swiftest creature in the world except the lightning flash it is a stupendous force that is stored up in that little body if we had it in a ship in the same proportion we could spin from liverpool to new york in the space of an hour the time it takes to eat luncheon the new zealand express train is called the ballarat fly bad teeth in the colonies a citizen told me they don't have teeth filled but pull them out and put in false ones and that now and then one sees a young lady with a full set she is fortunate i wish i had been born with false teeth and a false liver and false carbuncles i should get along better december 2 monday left napier in the ballarat fly the one that goes twice a week from napier to hastings twelve miles time fifty five minutes not so far short of thirteen miles an hour a perfect summer day cool breeze brilliant sky rich vegetation two or three times during the afternoon we saw wonderfully dense and beautiful forests tumultuously piled skyward on the broken highlands not the customary roof like slant of a hillside where the trees are all the same height the noblest of these trees were of the kauri breed we were told the timber that is now furnishing the wood paving for europe and is the best of all wood for that purpose sometimes these towering upheavals of forestry were festooned and garlanded with vine cables and sometimes the masses of undergrowth were cocooned in another sort of vine of a delicate cobwebby texture they call it the supplejack i think tree ferns everywhere a stem fifteen feet high with a graceful chalice of fern fronds sprouting from its top a lovely forest ornament and there was a ten foot reed with a flowing suit of what looked like yellow hair hanging from its upper end i do not know its name but if there is such a thing as a scalp plant this is it a romantic gorge with a brook flowing in its bottom approaching palmerston north waitukurau twenty minutes for luncheon with me sat my wife and daughter and my manager mr carlyle smythe i sat at the head of the table and could see the right hand wall the others had their backs to it on that wall at a good distance away were a couple of framed pictures i could not see them clearly but from the groupings of the figures i fancied that they represented the killing of napoleon iii's son by the zulus in south africa i broke into the conversation which was about poetry and cabbage and art and said to my wife do you remember when the news came to paris of the killing of the prince those were the very words i had in my mind yes but what prince napoleon lulu what made you think of that i don't know there was no collusion she had not seen the pictures and they had not been mentioned she ought to have thought of some recent news that came to paris for we were but seven months from there and had been living there a couple of years when we started on this trip but instead of that she thought of an incident of our brief sojourn in paris of sixteen years before here was a clear case of mental telegraphy of mind transference of my mind telegraphing a thought into hers how do i know because i telegraphed an error for it turned out that the pictures did not represent the killing of lulu at all nor anything connected with lulu she had to get the error from my head it existed nowhere else chapter xxxv the autocrat of russia possesses more power than any other man in the earth but he cannot stop a sneeze pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar wauganiui december 3 a pleasant trip yesterday per ballarat fly four hours i do not know the distance but it must have been well along toward fifty miles the fly could have spun it out to eight hours and not discommoded me for where there is comfort and no need for hurry speed is of no value at least to me and nothing that goes on wheels can be more comfortable more satisfactory than the new zealand trains outside of america there are no cars that are so rationally devised when you add the constant presence of charming scenery and the nearly constant absence of dust well if one is not content then he ought to get out and walk that would change his spirit perhaps i think so at the end of an hour you would find him waiting humbly beside the track and glad to be taken aboard again much horseback riding in and around this town many comely girls in cool and pretty summer gowns much salvation army lots of maoris the faces and bodies of some of the old ones very tastefully frescoed maori council house over the river large strong carpeted from end to end with matting and decorated with elaborate wood carvings artistically executed the maoris were very polite i was assured by a member of the house of representatives that the native race is not decreasing but actually increasing slightly it is another evidence that they are a superior breed of savages i do not call to mind any savage race that built such good houses or such strong and ingenious and scientific fortresses or gave so much attention to agriculture or had military arts and devices which so nearly approached the white man's these taken together with their high abilities in boat building and their tastes and capacities in the ornamental arts modify their savagery to a semi civilization or at least to a quarter civilization it is a compliment to them that the british did not exterminate them as they did the australians and the tasmanians but were content with subduing them and showed no desire to go further and it is another compliment to them that the british did not take the whole of their choicest lands but left them a considerable part and then went further and protected them from the rapacities of landsharks a protection which the new zealand government still extends to them and it is still another compliment to the maoris that the government allows native representation in both the legislature and the cabinet and gives both sexes the vote and in doing these things the government also compliments itself it has not been the custom of the world for conquerors to act in this large spirit toward the conquered the highest class white men who lived among the maoris in the earliest time had a high opinion of them and a strong affection for them among the whites of this sort was the author of old new zealand and dr campbell of auckland was another dr campbell was a close friend of several chiefs and has many pleasant things to say of their fidelity their magnanimity and their generosity also of their quaint notions about the white man's queer civilization and their equally quaint comments upon it one of them thought the missionary had got everything wrong end first and upside down why he wants us to stop worshiping and supplicating the evil gods and go to worshiping and supplicating the good one! there is no sense in that a good god is not going to do us any harm the maoris had the tabu and had it on a polynesian scale of comprehensiveness and elaboration some of its features could have been importations from india and judea neither the maori nor the hindoo of common degree could cook by a fire that a person of higher caste had used nor could the high maori or high hindoo employ fire that had served a man of low grade if a low grade maori or hindoo drank from a vessel belonging to a high grade man the vessel was defiled and had to be destroyed there were other resemblances between maori tabu and hindoo caste custom yesterday a lunatic burst into my quarters and warned me that the jesuits were going to cook poison me in my food or kill me on the stage at night he said a mysterious sign was visible upon my posters and meant my death he said he saved rev mr haweis's life by warning him that there were three men on his platform who would kill him if he took his eyes off them for a moment during his lecture the same men were in my audience last night but they saw that he was there will they be there again to night he hesitated then said no he thought they would rather take a rest and chance the poison this lunatic has no delicacy but he was not uninteresting he told me a lot of things he said he had saved so many lecturers in twenty years that they put him in the asylum i think he has less refinement than any lunatic i have met december 8 a couple of curious war monuments here at wanganui one is in honor of white men who fell in defence of law and order against fanaticism and barbarism fanaticism we americans are english in blood english in speech english in religion english in the essentials of our governmental system english in the essentials of our civilization and so let us hope for the honor of the blend for the honor of the blood for the honor of the race that that word got there through lack of heedfulness and will not be suffered to remain if you carve it at thermopylae or where winkelried died or upon bunker hill monument and read it again who fell in defence of law and order against fanaticism you will perceive what the word means and how mischosen it is patriotism is patriotism calling it fanaticism cannot degrade it nothing can degrade it even though it be a political mistake and a thousand times a political mistake that does not affect it it is honorable always honorable always noble and privileged to hold its head up and look the nations in the face it is right to praise these brave white men who fell in the maori war they deserve it but the presence of that word detracts from the dignity of their cause and their deeds and makes them appear to have spilt their blood in a conflict with ignoble men men not worthy of that costly sacrifice but the men were worthy it was no shame to fight them they fought for their homes they fought for their country they bravely fought and bravely fell and it would take nothing from the honor of the brave englishmen who lie under the monument but add to it to say that they died in defense of english laws and english homes against men worthy of the sacrifice the maori patriots the other monument cannot be rectified except with dynamite it is a mistake all through and a strangely thoughtless one it is a monument erected by white men to maoris who fell fighting with the whites and against their own people in the maori war sacred to the memory of the brave men who fell on the 14th of may 1864 etc on one side are the names of about twenty maoris it is not a fancy of mine the monument exists i saw it it is an object lesson to the rising generation it invites to treachery disloyalty unpatriotism its lesson in frank terms is desert your flag slay your people burn their homes shame your nationality we honor such december 9 wellington ten hours from wanganui by the fly december 12 it is a fine city and nobly situated a busy place and full of life and movement have spent the three days partly in walking about partly in enjoying social privileges and largely in idling around the magnificent garden at hutt a little distance away around the shore i suppose we shall not see such another one soon we are packing to night for the return voyage to australia our stay in new zealand has been too brief still we are not unthankful for the glimpse which we have had of it the sturdy maoris made the settlement of the country by the whites rather difficult not at first but later at first they welcomed the whites and were eager to trade with them particularly for muskets for their pastime was internecine war and they greatly preferred the white man's weapons to their own war was their pastime i use the word advisedly they often met and slaughtered each other just for a lark and when there was no quarrel the author of old new zealand mentions a case where a victorious army could have followed up its advantage and exterminated the opposing army but declined to do it explaining naively that if we did that there couldn't be any more fighting in another battle one army sent word that it was out of ammunition and would be obliged to stop unless the opposing army would send some it was sent and the fight went on in the early days things went well enough the natives sold land without clearly understanding the terms of exchange and the whites bought it without being much disturbed about the native's confusion of mind but by and by the maori began to comprehend that he was being wronged then there was trouble for he was not the man to swallow a wrong and go aside and cry about it he had the tasmanian's spirit and endurance and a notable share of military science besides and so he rose against the oppressor did this gallant fanatic and started a war that was not brought to a definite end until more than a generation had sped chapter xxxvi there are several good protections against temptations but the surest is cowardice pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar names are not always what they seem the common welsh name bzjxxllwep is pronounced jackson pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar friday december 13 sailed at 3 p m in the 'mararoa' summer seas and a good ship life has nothing better monday three days of paradise warm and sunny and smooth the sea a luminous mediterranean blue one lolls in a long chair all day under deck awnings and reads and smokes in measureless content one does not read prose at such a time but poetry i have been reading the poems of mrs julia a moore again and i find in them the same grace and melody that attracted me when they were first published twenty years ago and have held me in happy bonds ever since the sentimental song book has long been out of print and has been forgotten by the world in general but not by me i carry it with me always it and goldsmith's deathless story indeed it has the same deep charm for me that the vicar of wakefield has and i find in it the same subtle touch the touch that makes an intentionally humorous episode pathetic and an intentionally pathetic one funny in her time mrs moore was called the sweet singer of michigan and was best known by that name i have read her book through twice today with the purpose of determining which of her pieces has most merit and i am persuaded that for wide grasp and sustained power william upson may claim first place william upson air the major's only son come all good people far and near oh come and see what you can hear it's of a young man true and brave that is now sleeping in his grave now william upson was his name if it's not that it's all the same he did enlist in a cruel strife and it caused him to lose his life he was perry upson's eldest son his father loved his noble son this son was nineteen years of age when first in the rebellion he engaged his father said that he might go but his dear mother she said no oh! stay at home dear billy she said but she could not turn his head he went to nashville in tennessee there his kind friends he could not see he died among strangers so far away they did not know where his body lay he was taken sick and lived four weeks and oh! how his parents weep but now they must in sorrow mourn for billy has gone to his heavenly home oh! if his mother could have seen her son for she loved him her darling son if she could heard his dying prayer it would ease her heart till she met him there how it would relieve his mother's heart to see her son from this world depart and hear his noble words of love as he left this world for that above now it will relieve his mother's heart for her son is laid in our graveyard for now she knows that his grave is near she will not shed so many tears although she knows not that it was her son for his coffin could not be opened it might be someone in his place for she could not see his noble face december 17 reached sydney december 19 in the train fellow of 30 with four valises a slim creature with teeth which made his mouth look like a neglected churchyard he had solidified hair solidified with pomatum it was all one shell he smoked the most extraordinary cigarettes made of some kind of manure apparently these and his hair made him smell like the very nation he had a low cut vest on which exposed a deal of frayed and broken and unclean shirtfront showy studs of imitation gold they had made black disks on the linen oversized sleeve buttons of imitation gold the copper base showing through ponderous watch chain of imitation gold i judge that he couldn't tell the time by it for he asked smythe what time it was once he wore a coat which had been gay when it was young 5 o'clock tea trousers of a light tint and marvelously soiled yellow mustache with a dashing upward whirl at the ends foxy shoes imitation patent leather he was a novelty an imitation dude he would have been a real one if he could have afforded it but he was satisfied with himself you could see it in his expression and in all his attitudes and movements he was living in a dude dreamland where all his squalid shams were genuine and himself a sincerity it disarmed criticism it mollified spite to see him so enjoy his imitation languors and arts and airs and his studied daintinesses of gesture and misbegotten refinements it was plain to me that he was imagining himself the prince of wales and was doing everything the way he thought the prince would do it for bringing his four valises aboard and stowing them in the nettings he gave his porter four cents and lightly apologized for the smallness of the gratuity just with the condescendingest little royal air in the world he stretched himself out on the front seat and rested his pomatum cake on the middle arm and stuck his feet out of the window and began to pose as the prince and work his dreams and languors for exhibition and he would indolently watch the blue films curling up from his cigarette and inhale the stench and look so grateful and would flip the ash away with the daintiest gesture unintentionally displaying his brass ring in the most intentional way why it was as good as being in marlborough house itself to see him do it so like there was other scenery in the trip that of the hawksbury river in the national park region fine extraordinarily fine with spacious views of stream and lake imposingly framed in woody hills and every now and then the noblest groupings of mountains and the most enchanting rearrangements of the water effects further along green flats thinly covered with gum forests with here and there the huts and cabins of small farmers engaged in raising children still further along arid stretches lifeless and melancholy then newcastle a rushing town capital of the rich coal regions approaching scone wide farming and grazing levels with pretty frequent glimpses of a troublesome plant a particularly devilish little prickly pear daily damned in the orisons of the agriculturist imported by a lady of sentiment and contributed gratis to the colony blazing hot all day december 20 back to sydney blazing hot again from the newspaper and from the map i have made a collection of curious names of australasian towns with the idea of making a poem out of them tumut takee murriwillumba bowral ballarat mullengudgery murrurundi wagga wagga wyalong murrumbidgee goomeroo wolloway wangary wanilla worrow koppio yankalilla yaranyacka yackamoorundie kaiwaka coomooroo tauranga geelong tongariro kaikoura wakatipu oohipara waitpinga goelwa munno para nangkita myponga kapunda kooringa penola nangwarry kongorong comaum koolywurtie killanoola naracoorte muloowurtie binnum wallaroo wirrega mundoora hauraki rangiriri teawamute taranaki toowoomba goondiwindi jerrilderie whangaroa wollongong woolloomooloo bombola coolgardie bendigo coonamble cootamundra woolgoolga mittagong jamberoo kondoparinga kuitpo tungkillo oukaparinga talunga yatala parawirra moorooroo whangarei woolundunga booleroo pernatty parramatta taroom narrandera deniliquin kawakawa it may be best to build the poem now and make the weather help a sweltering day in australia to be read soft and low with the lights turned down the bombola faints in the hot bowral tree where fierce mullengudgery's smothering fires far from the breezes of coolgardie burn ghastly and blue as the day expires and murriwillumba complaineth in song for the garlanded bowers of woolloomooloo and the ballarat fly and the lone wollongong they dream of the gardens of jamberoo the wallabi sighs for the murrubidgee for the velvety sod of the munno parah where the waters of healing from muloowurtie flow dim in the gloaming by yaranyackah the koppio sorrows for lost wolloway and sigheth in secret for murrurundi the whangeroo wombat lamenteth the day that made him an exile from jerrilderie the teawamute tumut from wirrega's glade the nangkita swallow the wallaroo swan they long for the peace of the timaru shade and thy balmy soft airs o sweet mittagong! the kooringa buffalo pants in the sun the kondoparinga lies gaping for breath the kongorong camaum to the shadow has won but the goomeroo sinks in the slumber of death in the weltering hell of the moorooroo plain the yatala wangary withers and dies and the worrow wanilla demented with pain to the woolgoolga woodlands despairingly flies sweet nangwarry's desolate coonamble wails and tungkillo kuito in sables is drest for the whangerei winds fall asleep in the sails and the booleroo life breeze is dead in the west mypongo kapunda o slumber no more yankalilla parawirra be warned there's death in the air! killanoola wherefore shall the prayer of penola be scorned cootamundra and takee and wakatipu toowoomba kaikoura are lost from onkaparinga to far oamaru all burn in this hell's holocaust! paramatta and binnum are gone to their rest in the vale of tapanni taroom kawakawa deniliquin all that was best in the earth are but graves and a tomb! narrandera mourns cameron answers not when the roll of the scathless we cry tongariro goondiwindi woolundunga the spot is mute and forlorn where ye lie those are good words for poetry among the best i have ever seen there are 81 in the list i did not need them all but i have knocked down 66 of them which is a good bag it seems to me for a person not in the business perhaps a poet laureate could do better but a poet laureate gets wages and that is different when i write poetry i do not get any wages often i lose money by it the best word in that list and the most musical and gurgly is woolloomoolloo it is a place near sydney and is a favorite pleasure resort it has eight o's in it chapter xxxvii to succeed in the other trades capacity must be shown in the law concealment of it will do pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar monday december 23 1895 sailed from sydney for ceylon in the p & o steamer 'oceana' a lascar crew mans this ship the first i have seen white cotton petticoat and pants barefoot red shawl for belt straw cap brimless on head with red scarf wound around it complexion a rich dark brown short straight black hair whiskers fine and silky lustrous and intensely black mild good faces willing and obedient people capable too but are said to go into hopeless panics when there is danger they are from bombay and the coast thereabouts left some of the trunks in sydney to be shipped to south africa by a vessel advertised to sail three months hence the proverb says separate not yourself from your baggage this 'oceana' is a stately big ship luxuriously appointed she has spacious promenade decks large rooms a surpassingly comfortable ship the officers' library is well selected a ship's library is not usually that for meals the bugle call man of war fashion a pleasant change from the terrible gong three big cats very friendly loafers they wander all over the ship the white one follows the chief steward around like a dog there is also a basket of kittens one of these cats goes ashore in port in england australia and india to see how his various families are getting along and is seen no more till the ship is ready to sail no one knows how he finds out the sailing date but no doubt he comes down to the dock every day and takes a look and when he sees baggage and passengers flocking in recognizes that it is time to get aboard this is what the sailors believe the chief engineer has been in the china and india trade thirty three years and has had but three christmases at home in that time conversational items at dinner mocha! sold all over the world! it is not true in fact very few foreigners except the emperor of russia have ever seen a grain of it or ever will while they live another man said there is no sale in australia for australian wine but it goes to france and comes back with a french label on it and then they buy it i have heard that the most of the french labeled claret in new york is made in california and i remember what professor s told me once about veuve cliquot if that was the wine and i think it was he was the guest of a great wine merchant whose town was quite near that vineyard and this merchant asked him if very much v c was drunk in america oh yes said s a great abundance of it is it easy to be had oh yes easy as water all first and second class hotels have it what do you pay for it it depends on the style of the hotel from fifteen to twenty five francs a bottle oh fortunate country! why it's worth 100 francs right here on the ground no! yes! do you mean that we are drinking a bogus veuve cliquot over there yes and there was never a bottle of the genuine in america since columbus's time that wine all comes from a little bit of a patch of ground which isn't big enough to raise many bottles and all of it that is produced goes every year to one person the emperor of russia he takes the whole crop in advance be it big or little january 4 1898 christmas in melbourne new year's day in adelaide and saw most of the friends again in both places lying here at anchor all day albany king george's sound western australia it is a perfectly landlocked harbor or roadstead spacious to look at but not deep water desolate looking rocks and scarred hills plenty of ships arriving now rushing to the new gold fields the papers are full of wonderful tales of the sort always to be heard in connection with new gold diggings a sample a youth staked out a claim and tried to sell half for l5 no takers he stuck to it fourteen days starving then struck it rich and sold out for l10 000 about sunset strong breeze blowing got up the anchor we were in a small deep puddle with a narrow channel leading out of it minutely buoyed to the sea i stayed on deck to see how we were going to manage it with such a big ship and such a strong wind on the bridge our giant captain in uniform at his side a little pilot in elaborately gold laced uniform on the forecastle a white mate and quartermaster or two and a brilliant crowd of lascars standing by for business our stern was pointing straight at the head of the channel so we must turn entirely around in the puddle and the wind blowing as described it was done and beautifully it was done by help of a jib we stirred up much mud but did not touch the bottom we turned right around in our tracks a seeming impossibility we had several casts of quarter less 5 and one cast of half 4 27 feet we were drawing 26 astern by the time we were entirely around and pointed the first buoy was not more than a hundred yards in front of us it was a fine piece of work and i was the only passenger that saw it however the others got their dinner the p & o company got mine more cats developed smythe says it is a british law that they must be carried and he instanced a case of a ship not allowed to sail till she sent for a couple the bill came too debtor to 2 cats 20 shillings news comes that within this week siam has acknowledged herself to be in effect a french province it seems plain that all savage and semi civilized countries are going to be grabbed a vulture on board bald red queer shaped head featherless red places here and there on his body intense great black eyes set in featherless rims of inflamed flesh dissipated look a businesslike style a selfish conscienceless murderous aspect the very look of a professional assassin and yet a bird which does no murder what was the use of getting him up in that tragic style for so innocent a trade as his for this one isn't the sort that wars upon the living his diet is offal and the more out of date it is the better he likes it nature should give him a suit of rusty black then he would be all right for he would look like an undertaker and would harmonize with his business whereas the way he is now he is horribly out of true january 5 at 9 this morning we passed cape leeuwin lioness and ceased from our long due west course along the southern shore of australia turning this extreme southwestern corner we now take a long straight slant nearly n w without a break for ceylon as we speed northward it will grow hotter very fast but it isn't chilly now the vulture is from the public menagerie at adelaide a great and interesting collection it was there that we saw the baby tiger solemnly spreading its mouth and trying to roar like its majestic mother it swaggered scowling back and forth on its short legs just as it had seen her do on her long ones and now and then snarling viciously exposing its teeth with a threatening lift of its upper lip and bristling moustache and when it thought it was impressing the visitors it would spread its mouth wide and do that screechy cry which it meant for a roar but which did not deceive it took itself quite seriously and was lovably comical and there was a hyena an ugly creature as ugly as the tiger kitty was pretty it repeatedly arched its back and delivered itself of such a human cry a startling resemblance a cry which was just that of a grown person badly hurt in the dark one would assuredly go to its assistance and be disappointed many friends of australasian federation on board they feel sure that the good day is not far off now but there seems to be a party that would go further have australasia cut loose from the british empire and set up housekeeping on her own hook it seems an unwise idea they point to the united states but it seems to me that the cases lack a good deal of being alike australasia governs herself wholly there is no interference and her commerce and manufactures are not oppressed in any way if our case had been the same we should not have gone out when we did january 13 unspeakably hot the equator is arriving again we are within eight degrees of it ceylon present dear me it is beautiful! and most sumptuously tropical as to character of foliage and opulence of it what though the spicy breezes blow soft o'er ceylon's isle an eloquent line an incomparable line it says little but conveys whole libraries of sentiment and oriental charm and mystery and tropic deliciousness a line that quivers and tingles with a thousand unexpressed and inexpressible things things that haunt one and find no articulate voice colombo the capital an oriental town most manifestly and fascinating in this palatial ship the passengers dress for dinner the ladies' toilettes make a fine display of color and this is in keeping with the elegance of the vessel's furnishings and the flooding brilliancies of the electric light on the stormy atlantic one never sees a man in evening dress except at the rarest intervals and then there is only one not two and he shows up but once on the voyage the night before the ship makes port the night when they have the concert and do the amateur wailings and recitations he is the tenor as a rule there has been a deal of cricket playing on board it seems a queer game for a ship but they enclose the promenade deck with nettings and keep the ball from flying overboard and the sport goes very well and is properly violent and exciting we must part from this vessel here january 14 hotel bristol servant brompy alert gentle smiling winning young brown creature as ever was beautiful shining black hair combed back like a woman's and knotted at the back of his head tortoise shell comb in it sign that he is a singhalese slender shapely form jacket under it is a beltless and flowing white cotton gown from neck straight to heel he and his outfit quite unmasculine it was an embarrassment to undress before him we drove to the market using the japanese jinriksha our first acquaintanceship with it it is a light cart with a native to draw it he makes good speed for half an hour but it is hard work for him he is too slight for it after the half hour there is no more pleasure for you your attention is all on the man just as it would be on a tired horse and necessarily your sympathy is there too there's a plenty of these 'rickshas and the tariff is incredibly cheap i was in cairo years ago that was oriental but there was a lack when you are in florida or new orleans you are in the south that is granted but you are not in the south you are in a modified south a tempered south cairo was a tempered orient an orient with an indefinite something wanting that feeling was not present in ceylon ceylon was oriental in the last measure of completeness utterly oriental also utterly tropical and indeed to one's unreasoning spiritual sense the two things belong together all the requisites were present the costumes were right the black and brown exposures unconscious of immodesty were right the juggler was there with his basket his snakes his mongoose and his arrangements for growing a tree from seed to foliage and ripe fruitage before one's eyes in sight were plants and flowers familiar to one on books but in no other way celebrated desirable strange but in production restricted to the hot belt of the equator and out a little way in the country were the proper deadly snakes and fierce beasts of prey and the wild elephant and the monkey and there was that swoon in the air which one associates with the tropics and that smother of heat heavy with odors of unknown flowers and that sudden invasion of purple gloom fissured with lightnings then the tumult of crashing thunder and the downpour and presently all sunny and smiling again all these things were there the conditions were complete nothing was lacking and away off in the deeps of the jungle and in the remotenesses of the mountains were the ruined cities and mouldering temples mysterious relics of the pomps of a forgotten time and a vanished race and this was as it should be also for nothing is quite satisfyingly oriental that lacks the somber and impressive qualities of mystery and antiquity the drive through the town and out to the galle face by the seashore what a dream it was of tropical splendors of bloom and blossom and oriental conflagrations of costume! the walking groups of men women boys girls babies each individual was a flame each group a house afire for color and such stunning colors such intensely vivid colors such rich and exquisite minglings and fusings of rainbows and lightnings! and all harmonious all in perfect taste never a discordant note never a color on any person swearing at another color on him or failing to harmonize faultlessly with the colors of any group the wearer might join the stuffs were silk thin soft delicate clinging and as a rule each piece a solid color a splendid green a splendid blue a splendid yellow a splendid purple a splendid ruby deep and rich with smouldering fires they swept continuously by in crowds and legions and multitudes glowing flashing burning radiant and every five seconds came a burst of blinding red that made a body catch his breath and filled his heart with joy and then the unimaginable grace of those costumes! sometimes a woman's whole dress was but a scarf wound about her person and her head sometimes a man's was but a turban and a careless rag or two in both cases generous areas of polished dark skin showing but always the arrangement compelled the homage of the eye and made the heart sing for gladness i can see it to this day that radiant panorama that wilderness of rich color that incomparable dissolving view of harmonious tints and lithe half covered forms and beautiful brown faces and gracious and graceful gestures and attitudes and movements free unstudied barren of stiffness and restraint and just then into this dream of fairyland and paradise a grating dissonance was injected out of a missionary school came marching two and two sixteen prim and pious little christian black girls europeanly clothed dressed to the last detail as they would have been dressed on a summer sunday in an english or american village those clothes oh they were unspeakably ugly! ugly barbarous destitute of taste destitute of grace repulsive as a shroud i looked at my womenfolk's clothes just full grown duplicates of the outrages disguising those poor little abused creatures and was ashamed to be seen in the street with them then i looked at my own clothes and was ashamed to be seen in the street with myself however we must put up with our clothes as they are they have their reason for existing they are on us to expose us to advertise what we wear them to conceal they are a sign a sign of insincerity a sign of suppressed vanity a pretense that we despise gorgeous colors and the graces of harmony and form and we put them on to propagate that lie and back it up but we do not deceive our neighbor and when we step into ceylon we realize that we have not even deceived ourselves we do love brilliant colors and graceful costumes and at home we will turn out in a storm to see them when the procession goes by and envy the wearers we go to the theater to look at them and grieve that we can't be clothed like that we go to the king's ball when we get a chance and are glad of a sight of the splendid uniforms and the glittering orders when we are granted permission to attend an imperial drawing room we shut ourselves up in private and parade around in the theatrical court dress by the hour and admire ourselves in the glass and are utterly happy and every member of every governor's staff in democratic america does the same with his grand new uniform and if he is not watched he will get himself photographed in it too when i see the lord mayor's footman i am dissatisfied with my lot yes our clothes are a lie and have been nothing short of that these hundred years they are insincere they are the ugly and appropriate outward exposure of an inward sham and a moral decay the last little brown boy i chanced to notice in the crowds and swarms of colombo had nothing on but a twine string around his waist but in my memory the frank honesty of his costume still stands out in pleasant contrast with the odious flummery in which the little sunday school dowdies were masquerading chapter xxxviii prosperity is the best protector of principle pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar evening 11th sailed in the rosetta this is a poor old ship and ought to be insured and sunk as in the 'oceana' just so here everybody dresses for dinner they make it a sort of pious duty these fine and formal costumes are a rather conspicuous contrast to the poverty and shabbiness of the surroundings if you want a slice of a lime at four o'clock tea you must sign an order on the bar limes cost 14 cents a barrel january 18th we have been running up the arabian sea latterly closing up on bombay now and due to arrive this evening january 20th bombay! a bewitching place a bewildering place an enchanting place the arabian nights come again it is a vast city contains about a million inhabitants natives they are with a slight sprinkling of white people not enough to have the slightest modifying effect upon the massed dark complexion of the public it is winter here yet the weather is the divine weather of june and the foliage is the fresh and heavenly foliage of june there is a rank of noble great shade trees across the way from the hotel and under them sit groups of picturesque natives of both sexes and the juggler in his turban is there with his snakes and his magic and all day long the cabs and the multitudinous varieties of costumes flock by it does not seem as if one could ever get tired of watching this moving show this shining and shifting spectacle in the great bazar the pack and jam of natives was marvelous the sea of rich colored turbans and draperies an inspiring sight and the quaint and showy indian architecture was just the right setting for it toward sunset another show this is the drive around the sea shore to malabar point where lord sandhurst the governor of the bombay presidency lives parsee palaces all along the first part of the drive and past them all the world is driving the private carriages of wealthy englishmen and natives of rank are manned by a driver and three footmen in stunning oriental liveries two of these turbaned statues standing up behind as fine as monuments sometimes even the public carriages have this superabundant crew slightly modified one to drive one to sit by and see it done and one to stand up behind and yell yell when there is anybody in the way and for practice when there isn't it all helps to keep up the liveliness and augment the general sense of swiftness and energy and confusion and pow wow in the region of scandal point felicitous name where there are handy rocks to sit on and a noble view of the sea on the one hand and on the other the passing and reprising whirl and tumult of gay carriages are great groups of comfortably off parsee women perfect flower beds of brilliant color a fascinating spectacle tramp tramp tramping along the road in singles couples groups and gangs you have the working man and the working woman but not clothed like ours usually the man is a nobly built great athlete with not a rag on but his loin handkerchief his color a deep dark brown his skin satin his rounded muscles knobbing it as if it had eggs under it usually the woman is a slender and shapely creature as erect as a lightning rod and she has but one thing on a bright colored piece of stuff which is wound about her head and her body down nearly half way to her knees and which clings like her own skin her legs and feet are bare and so are her arms except for her fanciful bunches of loose silver rings on her ankles and on her arms she has jewelry bunched on the side of her nose also and showy clusterings on her toes when she undresses for bed she takes off her jewelry i suppose if she took off anything more she would catch cold as a rule she has a large shiney brass water jar of graceful shape on her head and one of her naked arms curves up and the hand holds it there she is so straight so erect and she steps with such style and such easy grace and dignity and her curved arm and her brazen jar are such a help to the picture indeed our working women cannot begin with her as a road decoration it is all color bewitching color enchanting color everywhere all around all the way around the curving great opaline bay clear to government house where the turbaned big native 'chuprassies' stand grouped in state at the door in their robes of fiery red and do most properly and stunningly finish up the splendid show and make it theatrically complete i wish i were a 'chuprassy' this is indeed india! the land of dreams and romance of fabulous wealth and fabulous poverty of splendor and rags of palaces and hovels of famine and pestilence of genii and giants and aladdin lamps of tigers and elephants the cobra and the jungle the country of a hundred nations and a hundred tongues of a thousand religions and two million gods cradle of the human race birthplace of human speech mother of history grandmother of legend great grandmother of tradition whose yesterdays bear date with the mouldering antiquities of the rest of the nations the one sole country under the sun that is endowed with an imperishable interest for alien prince and alien peasant for lettered and ignorant wise and fool rich and poor bond and free the one land that all men desire to see and having seen once by even a glimpse would not give that glimpse for the shows of all the rest of the globe combined even now after the lapse of a year the delirium of those days in bombay has not left me and i hope never will it was all new no detail of it hackneyed and india did not wait for morning it began at the hotel straight away the lobbies and halls were full of turbaned and fez'd and embroidered cap'd and barefooted and cotton clad dark natives some of them rushing about others at rest squatting or sitting on the ground some of them chattering with energy others still and dreamy in the dining room every man's own private native servant standing behind his chair and dressed for a part in the arabian nights our rooms were high up on the front a white man he was a burly german went up with us and brought three natives along to see to arranging things about fourteen others followed in procession with the hand baggage each carried an article and only one a bag in some cases in other cases less one strong native carried my overcoat another a parasol another a box of cigars another a novel and the last man in the procession had no load but a fan it was all done with earnestness and sincerity there was not a smile in the procession from the head of it to the tail of it each man waited patiently tranquilly in no sort of hurry till one of us found time to give him a copper then he bent his head reverently touched his forehead with his fingers and went his way they seemed a soft and gentle race and there was something both winning and touching about their demeanor there was a vast glazed door which opened upon the balcony it needed closing or cleaning or something and a native got down on his knees and went to work at it he seemed to be doing it well enough but perhaps he wasn't for the burly german put on a look that betrayed dissatisfaction then without explaining what was wrong gave the native a brisk cuff on the jaw and then told him where the defect was it seemed such a shame to do that before us all the native took it with meekness saying nothing and not showing in his face or manner any resentment i had not seen the like of this for fifty years it carried me back to my boyhood and flashed upon me the forgotten fact that this was the usual way of explaining one's desires to a slave i was able to remember that the method seemed right and natural to me in those days i being born to it and unaware that elsewhere there were other methods but i was also able to remember that those unresented cuffings made me sorry for the victim and ashamed for the punisher my father was a refined and kindly gentleman very grave rather austere of rigid probity a sternly just and upright man albeit he attended no church and never spoke of religious matters and had no part nor lot in the pious joys of his presbyterian family nor ever seemed to suffer from this deprivation he laid his hand upon me in punishment only twice in his life and then not heavily once for telling him a lie which surprised me and showed me how unsuspicious he was for that was not my maiden effort he punished me those two times only and never any other member of the family at all yet every now and then he cuffed our harmless slave boy lewis for trifling little blunders and awkwardnesses my father had passed his life among the slaves from his cradle up and his cuffings proceeded from the custom of the time not from his nature when i was ten years old i saw a man fling a lump of iron ore at a slaveman in anger for merely doing something awkwardly as if that were a crime it bounded from the man's skull and the man fell and never spoke again he was dead in an hour i knew the man had a right to kill his slave if he wanted to and yet it seemed a pitiful thing and somehow wrong though why wrong i was not deep enough to explain if i had been asked to do it nobody in the village approved of that murder but of course no one said much about it it is curious the space annihilating power of thought for just one second all that goes to make the me in me was in a missourian village on the other side of the globe vividly seeing again these forgotten pictures of fifty years ago and wholly unconscious of all things but just those and in the next second i was back in bombay and that kneeling native's smitten cheek was not done tingling yet! back to boyhood fifty years back to age again another fifty and a flight equal to the circumference of the globe all in two seconds by the watch! some natives i don't remember how many went into my bedroom now and put things to rights and arranged the mosquito bar and i went to bed to nurse my cough it was about nine in the evening what a state of things! for three hours the yelling and shouting of natives in the hall continued along with the velvety patter of their swift bare feet what a racket it was! they were yelling orders and messages down three flights why in the matter of noise it amounted to a riot an insurrection a revolution and then there were other noises mixed up with these and at intervals tremendously accenting them roofs falling in i judged windows smashing persons being murdered crows squawking and deriding and cursing canaries screeching monkeys jabbering macaws blaspheming and every now and then fiendish bursts of laughter and explosions of dynamite by midnight i had suffered all the different kinds of shocks there are and knew that i could never more be disturbed by them either isolated or in combination then came peace stillness deep and solemn and lasted till five then it all broke loose again and who re started it the bird of birds the indian crow i came to know him well by and by and be infatuated with him i suppose he is the hardest lot that wears feathers yes and the cheerfulest and the best satisfied with himself he never arrived at what he is by any careless process or any sudden one he is a work of art and art is long he is the product of immemorial ages and of deep calculation one can't make a bird like that in a day he has been reincarnated more times than shiva and he has kept a sample of each incarnation and fused it into his constitution in the course of his evolutionary promotions his sublime march toward ultimate perfection he has been a gambler a low comedian a dissolute priest a fussy woman a blackguard a scoffer a liar a thief a spy an informer a trading politician a swindler a professional hypocrite a patriot for cash a reformer a lecturer a lawyer a conspirator a rebel a royalist a democrat a practicer and propagator of irreverence a meddler an intruder a busybody an infidel and a wallower in sin for the mere love of it the strange result the incredible result of this patient accumulation of all damnable traits is that be does not know what care is he does not know what sorrow is he does not know what remorse is his life is one long thundering ecstasy of happiness and he will go to his death untroubled knowing that he will soon turn up again as an author or something and be even more intolerably capable and comfortable than ever he was before in his straddling wide forward step and his springy side wise series of hops and his impudent air and his cunning way of canting his head to one side upon occasion he reminds one of the american blackbird but the sharp resemblances stop there he is much bigger than the blackbird and he lacks the blackbird's trim and slender and beautiful build and shapely beak and of course his sober garb of gray and rusty black is a poor and humble thing compared with the splendid lustre of the blackbird's metallic sables and shifting and flashing bronze glories the blackbird is a perfect gentleman in deportment and attire and is not noisy i believe except when holding religious services and political conventions in a tree but this indian sham quaker is just a rowdy and is always noisy when awake always chaffing scolding scoffing laughing ripping and cursing and carrying on about something or other i never saw such a bird for delivering opinions nothing escapes him he notices everything that happens and brings out his opinion about it particularly if it is a matter that is none of his business and it is never a mild opinion but always violent violent and profane the presence of ladies does not affect him his opinions are not the outcome of reflection for he never thinks about anything but heaves out the opinion that is on top in his mind and which is often an opinion about some quite different thing and does not fit the case but that is his way his main idea is to get out an opinion and if he stopped to think he would lose chances i suppose he has no enemies among men the whites and mohammedans never seemed to molest him and the hindoos because of their religion never take the life of any creature but spare even the snakes and tigers and fleas and rats if i sat on one end of the balcony the crows would gather on the railing at the other end and talk about me and edge closer little by little till i could almost reach them and they would sit there in the most unabashed way and talk about my clothes and my hair and my complexion and probable character and vocation and politics and how i came to be in india and what i had been doing and how many days i had got for it and how i had happened to go unhanged so long and when would it probably come off and might there be more of my sort where i came from and when would they be hanged and so on and so on until i could not longer endure the embarrassment of it then i would shoo them away and they would circle around in the air a little while laughing and deriding and mocking and presently settle on the rail and do it all over again they were very sociable when there was anything to eat oppressively so with a little encouragement they would come in and light on the table and help me eat my breakfast and once when i was in the other room and they found themselves alone they carried off everything they could lift and they were particular to choose things which they could make no use of after they got them in india their number is beyond estimate and their noise is in proportion i suppose they cost the country more than the government does yet that is not a light matter still they pay their company pays it would sadden the land to take their cheerful voice out of it chapter xxxix by trying we can easily learn to endure adversity another man's i mean pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar you soon find your long ago dreams of india rising in a sort of vague and luscious moonlight above the horizon rim of your opaque consciousness and softly lighting up a thousand forgotten details which were parts of a vision that had once been vivid to you when you were a boy and steeped your spirit in tales of the east the barbaric gorgeousnesses for instance and the princely titles the sumptuous titles the sounding titles how good they taste in the mouth! the nizam of hyderabad the maharajah of travancore the nabob of jubbelpore the begum of bhopal the nawab of mysore the rance of gulnare the ahkoond of swat's the rao of rohilkund the gaikwar of baroda indeed it is a country that runs richly to name the great god vishnu has 108 108 special ones 108 peculiarly holy ones names just for sunday use only i learned the whole of vishnu's 108 by heart once but they wouldn't stay i don't remember any of them now but john w and the romances connected with those princely native houses to this day they are always turning up just as in the old old times they were sweating out a romance in an english court in bombay a while before we were there in this case a native prince 16 1/2 years old who has been enjoying his titles and dignities and estates unmolested for fourteen years is suddenly haled into court on the charge that he is rightfully no prince at all but a pauper peasant that the real prince died when two and one half years old that the death was concealed and a peasant child smuggled into the royal cradle and that this present incumbent was that smuggled substitute this is the very material that so many oriental tales have been made of the case of that great prince the gaikwar of baroda is a reversal of the theme when that throne fell vacant no heir could be found for some time but at last one was found in the person of a peasant child who was making mud pies in a village street and having an innocent good time but his pedigree was straight he was the true prince and he has reigned ever since with none to dispute his right lately there was another hunt for an heir to another princely house and one was found who was circumstanced about as the gaikwar had been his fathers were traced back in humble life along a branch of the ancestral tree to the point where it joined the stem fourteen generations ago and his heirship was thereby squarely established the tracing was done by means of the records of one of the great hindoo shrines where princes on pilgrimage record their names and the date of their visit this is to keep the prince's religious account straight and his spiritual person safe but the record has the added value of keeping the pedigree authentic too when i think of bombay now at this distance of time i seem to have a kaleidoscope at my eye and i hear the clash of the glass bits as the splendid figures change and fall apart and flash into new forms figure after figure and with the birth of each new form i feel my skin crinkle and my nerve web tingle with a new thrill of wonder and delight these remembered pictures float past me in a sequence of contracts following the same order always and always whirling by and disappearing with the swiftness of a dream leaving me with the sense that the actuality was the experience of an hour at most whereas it really covered days i think the series begins with the hiring of a bearer native man servant a person who should be selected with some care because as long as he is in your employ he will be about as near to you as your clothes in india your day may be said to begin with the bearer's knock on the bedroom door accompanied by a formula of words a formula which is intended to mean that the bath is ready it doesn't really seem to mean anything at all but that is because you are not used to bearer english you will presently understand where he gets his english is his own secret there is nothing like it elsewhere in the earth or even in paradise perhaps but the other place is probably full of it you hire him as soon as you touch indian soil for no matter what your sex is you cannot do without him he is messenger valet chambermaid table waiter lady's maid courier he is everything he carries a coarse linen clothes bag and a quilt he sleeps on the stone floor outside your chamber door and gets his meals you do not know where nor when you only know that he is not fed on the premises either when you are in a hotel or when you are a guest in a private house his wages are large from an indian point of view and he feeds and clothes himself out of them we had three of him in two and a half months the first one's rate was thirty rupees a month that is to say twenty seven cents a day the rate of the others rs 40 40 rupees a month a princely sum for the native switchman on a railway and the native servant in a private family get only rs 7 per month and the farm hand only 4 the two former feed and clothe themselves and their families on their $1 90 per month but i cannot believe that the farmhand has to feed himself on his $1 08 i think the farm probably feeds him and that the whole of his wages except a trifle for the priest go to the support of his family that is to the feeding of his family for they live in a mud hut hand made and doubtless rent free and they wear no clothes at least nothing more than a rag and not much of a rag at that in the case of the males however these are handsome times for the farm hand he was not always the child of luxury that he is now the chief commissioner of the central provinces in a recent official utterance wherein he was rebuking a native deputation for complaining of hard times reminded them that they could easily remember when a farm hand's wages were only half a rupee former value a month that is to say less than a cent a day nearly $2 90 a year if such a wage earner had a good deal of a family and they all have that for god is very good to these poor natives in some ways he would save a profit of fifteen cents clean and clear out of his year's toil i mean a frugal thrifty person would not one given to display and ostentation and if he owed $13 50 and took good care of his health he could pay it off in ninety years then he could hold up his head and look his creditors in the face again think of these facts and what they mean india does not consist of cities there are no cities in india to speak of its stupendous population consists of farm laborers india is one vast farm one almost interminable stretch of fields with mud fences between think of the above facts and consider what an incredible aggregate of poverty they place before you the first bearer that applied waited below and sent up his recommendations that was the first morning in bombay we read them over carefully cautiously thoughtfully there was not a fault to find with them except one they were all from americans is that a slur if it is it is a deserved one in my experience an american's recommendation of a servant is not usually valuable we are too good natured a race we hate to say the unpleasant thing we shrink from speaking the unkind truth about a poor fellow whose bread depends upon our verdict so we speak of his good points only thus not scrupling to tell a lie a silent lie for in not mentioning his bad ones we as good as say he hasn't any the only difference that i know of between a silent lie and a spoken one is that the silent lie is a less respectable one than the other and it can deceive whereas the other can't as a rule we not only tell the silent lie as to a servant's faults but we sin in another way we overpraise his merits for when it comes to writing recommendations of servants we are a nation of gushers and we have not the frenchman's excuse in france you must give the departing servant a good recommendation and you must conceal his faults you have no choice if you mention his faults for the protection of the next candidate for his services he can sue you for damages and the court will award them too and moreover the judge will give you a sharp dressing down from the bench for trying to destroy a poor man's character and rob him of his bread i do not state this on my own authority i got it from a french physician of fame and repute a man who was born in paris and had practiced there all his life and he said that he spoke not merely from common knowledge but from exasperating personal experience as i was saying the bearer's recommendations were all from american tourists and st peter would have admitted him to the fields of the blest on them i mean if he is as unfamiliar with our people and our ways as i suppose he is according to these recommendations manuel x was supreme in all the arts connected with his complex trade and these manifold arts were mentioned and praised in detail his english was spoken of in terms of warm admiration admiration verging upon rapture i took pleased note of that and hoped that some of it might be true we had to have some one right away so the family went down stairs and took him a week on trial then sent him up to me and departed on their affairs i was shut up in my quarters with a bronchial cough and glad to have something fresh to look at something new to play with manuel filled the bill manuel was very welcome he was toward fifty years old tall slender with a slight stoop an artificial stoop a deferential stoop a stoop rigidified by long habit with face of european mould short hair intensely black gentle black eyes timid black eyes indeed complexion very dark nearly black in fact face smooth shaven he was bareheaded and barefooted and was never otherwise while his week with us lasted his clothing was european cheap flimsy and showed much wear he stood before me and inclined his head and body in the pathetic indian way touching his forehead with the finger ends of his right hand in salute i said manuel you are evidently indian but you seem to have a spanish name when you put it all together how is that a perplexed look gathered in his face it was plain that he had not understood but he didn't let on he spoke back placidly name manuel yes master i know but how did you get the name oh yes i suppose think happen so father same name not mother i saw that i must simplify my language and spread my words apart if i would be understood by this english scholar well then how did your father get his name oh he brightening a little he christian portygee live in goa i born goa mother not portygee mother native high caste brahmin coolin brahmin highest caste no other so high caste i high caste brahmin too christian too same like father high caste christian brahmin master salvation army all this haltingly and with difficulty then he had an inspiration and began to pour out a flood of words that i could make nothing of so i said there don't do that i can't understand hindostani not hindostani master english always i speaking english sometimes when i talking every day all the time at you very well stick to that that is intelligible it is not up to my hopes it is not up to the promise of the recommendations still it is english and i understand it don't elaborate it i don't like elaborations when they are crippled by uncertainty of touch master oh never mind it was only a random thought i didn't expect you to understand it how did you get your english is it an acquirement or just a gift of god after some hesitation piously yes he very good christian god very good hindoo god very good too two million hindoo god one christian god make two million and one all mine two million and one god i got a plenty sometime i pray all time at those keep it up go all time every day give something at shrine all good for me make me better man good for me good for my family dam good then he had another inspiration and went rambling off into fervent confusions and incoherencies and i had to stop him again i thought we had talked enough so i told him to go to the bathroom and clean it up and remove the slops this to get rid of him he went away seeming to understand and got out some of my clothes and began to brush them i repeated my desire several times simplifying and re simplifying it and at last he got the idea then he went away and put a coolie at the work and explained that he would lose caste if he did it himself it would be pollution by the law of his caste and it would cost him a deal of fuss and trouble to purify himself and accomplish his rehabilitation he said that that kind of work was strictly forbidden to persons of caste and as strictly restricted to the very bottom layer of hindoo society the despised 'sudra' the toiler the laborer he was right and apparently the poor sudra has been content with his strange lot his insulting distinction for ages and ages clear back to the beginning of things so to speak buckle says that his name laborer is a term of contempt that it is ordained by the institutes of menu 900 b c that if a sudra sit on a level with his superior he shall be exiled or branded [without going into particulars i will remark that as a rule they wear no clothing that would conceal the brand m t ] if he speak contemptuously of his superior or insult him he shall suffer death if he listen to the reading of the sacred books he shall have burning oil poured in his ears if he memorize passages from them he shall be killed if he marry his daughter to a brahmin the husband shall go to hell for defiling himself by contact with a woman so infinitely his inferior and that it is forbidden to a sudra to acquire wealth the bulk of the population of india says bucklet [population to day 300 000 000 ] is the sudras the workers the farmers the creators of wealth manuel was a failure poor old fellow his age was against him he was desperately slow and phenomenally forgetful when he went three blocks on an errand he would be gone two hours and then forget what it was he went for when he packed a trunk it took him forever and the trunk's contents were an unimaginable chaos when he got done he couldn't wait satisfactorily at table a prime defect for if you haven't your own servant in an indian hotel you are likely to have a slow time of it and go away hungry we couldn't understand his english he couldn't understand ours and when we found that he couldn't understand his own it seemed time for us to part i had to discharge him there was no help for it but i did it as kindly as i could and as gently we must part said i but i hoped we should meet again in a better world it was not true but it was only a little thing to say and saved his feelings and cost me nothing but now that he was gone and was off my mind and heart my spirits began to rise at once and i was soon feeling brisk and ready to go out and have adventures then his newly hired successor flitted in touched his forehead and began to fly around here there and everywhere on his velvet feet and in five minutes he had everything in the room ship shape and bristol fashion as the sailors say and was standing at the salute waiting for orders dear me what a rustler he was after the slumbrous way of manuel poor old slug! all my heart all my affection all my admiration went out spontaneously to this frisky little forked black thing this compact and compressed incarnation of energy and force and promptness and celerity and confidence this smart smily engaging shiney eyed little devil feruled on his upper end by a gleaming fire coal of a fez with a red hot tassel dangling from it i said with deep satisfaction you'll suit what is your name he reeled it mellowly off let me see if i can make a selection out of it for business uses i mean we will keep the rest for sundays give it to me in installments he did it but there did not seem to be any short ones except mousawhich suggested mouse it was out of character it was too soft too quiet too conservative it didn't fit his splendid style i considered and said mousa is short enough but i don't quite like it it seems colorless inharmonious inadequate and i am sensitive to such things how do you think satan would do yes master satan do wair good it was his way of saying very good there was a rap at the door satan covered the ground with a single skip there was a word or two of hindostani then he disappeared three minutes later he was before me again militarily erect and waiting for me to speak first what is it satan god want to see you who god i show him up master why this is so unusual that that well you see indeed i am so unprepared i don't quite know what i do mean dear me can't you explain don't you see that this is a most ex here his card master wasn't it curious and amazing and tremendous and all that such a personage going around calling on such as i and sending up his card like a mortal sending it up by satan it was a bewildering collision of the impossibles but this was the land of the arabian nights this was india! and what is it that cannot happen in india we had the interview satan was right the visitor was indeed a god in the conviction of his multitudinous followers and was worshiped by them in sincerity and humble adoration they are troubled by no doubts as to his divine origin and office they believe in him they pray to him they make offerings to him they beg of him remission of sins to them his person together with everything connected with it is sacred from his barber they buy the parings of his nails and set them in gold and wear them as precious amulets i tried to seem tranquilly conversational and at rest but i was not would you have been i was in a suppressed frenzy of excitement and curiosity and glad wonder i could not keep my eyes off him i was looking upon a god an actual god a recognized and accepted god and every detail of his person and his dress had a consuming interest for me and the thought went floating through my head he is worshiped think of it he is not a recipient of the pale homage called compliment wherewith the highest human clay must make shift to be satisfied but of an infinitely richer spiritual food adoration worship! men and women lay their cares and their griefs and their broken hearts at his feet and he gives them his peace and they go away healed and just then the awful visitor said in the simplest way there is a feature of the philosophy of huck finn which and went luminously on with the construction of a compact and nicely discriminated literary verdict it is a land of surprises india! i had had my ambitions i had hoped and almost expected to be read by kings and presidents and emperors but i had never looked so high as that it would be false modesty to pretend that i was not inordinately pleased i was i was much more pleased than i should have been with a compliment from a man he remained half an hour and i found him a most courteous and charming gentleman the godship has been in his family a good while but i do not know how long he is a mohammedan deity by earthly rank he is a prince not an indian but a persian prince he is a direct descendant of the prophet's line he is comely also young for a god not forty perhaps not above thirty five years old he wears his immense honors with tranquil brace and with a dignity proper to his awful calling he speaks english with the ease and purity of a person born to it i think i am not overstating this he was the only god i had ever seen and i was very favorably impressed when he rose to say good bye the door swung open and i caught the flash of a red fez and heard these words reverently said satan see god out yes and these mis mated beings passed from view satan in the lead and the other following after chapter xl few of us can stand prosperity another man's i mean pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the next picture in my mind is government house on malabar point with the wide sea view from the windows and broad balconies abode of his excellency the governor of the bombay presidency a residence which is european in everything but the native guards and servants and is a home and a palace of state harmoniously combined that was england the english power the english civilization the modern civilization with the quiet elegancies and quiet colors and quiet tastes and quiet dignity that are the outcome of the modern cultivation and following it came a picture of the ancient civilization of india an hour in the mansion of a native prince kumar schri samatsinhji bahadur of the palitana state the young lad his heir was with the prince also the lad's sister a wee brown sprite very pretty very serious very winning delicately moulded costumed like the daintiest butterfly a dear little fairyland princess gravely willing to be friendly with the strangers but in the beginning preferring to hold her father's hand until she could take stock of them and determine how far they were to be trusted she must have been eight years old so in the natural indian order of things she would be a bride in three or four years from now and then this free contact with the sun and the air and the other belongings of out door nature and comradeship with visiting male folk would end and she would shut herself up in the zenana for life like her mother and by inherited habit of mind would be happy in that seclusion and not look upon it as an irksome restraint and a weary captivity the game which the prince amuses his leisure with however never mind it i should never be able to describe it intelligibly i tried to get an idea of it while my wife and daughter visited the princess in the zenana a lady of charming graces and a fluent speaker of english but i did not make it out it is a complicated game and i believe it is said that nobody can learn to play it well but an indian and i was not able to learn how to wind a turban it seemed a simple art and easy but that was a deception it is a piece of thin delicate stuff a foot wide or more and forty or fifty feet long and the exhibitor of the art takes one end of it in his hands and winds it in and out intricately about his head twisting it as he goes and in a minute or two the thing is finished and is neat and symmetrical and fits as snugly as a mould we were interested in the wardrobe and the jewels and in the silverware and its grace of shape and beauty and delicacy of ornamentation the silverware is kept locked up except at meal times and none but the chief butler and the prince have keys to the safe i did not clearly understand why but it was not for the protection of the silver it was either to protect the prince from the contamination which his caste would suffer if the vessels were touched by low caste hands or it was to protect his highness from poison possibly it was both i believe a salaried taster has to taste everything before the prince ventures it an ancient and judicious custom in the east and has thinned out the tasters a good deal for of course it is the cook that puts the poison in if i were an indian prince i would not go to the expense of a taster i would eat with the cook ceremonials are always interesting and i noted that the indian good morning is a ceremonial whereas ours doesn't amount to that in salutation the son reverently touches the father's forehead with a small silver implement tipped with vermillion paste which leaves a red spot there and in return the son receives the father's blessing our good morning is well enough for the rowdy west perhaps but would be too brusque for the soft and ceremonious east after being properly necklaced according to custom with great garlands made of yellow flowers and provided with betel nut to chew this pleasant visit closed and we passed thence to a scene of a different sort from this glow of color and this sunny life to those grim receptacles of the parsee dead the towers of silence there is something stately about that name and an impressiveness which sinks deep the hush of death is in it we have the grave the tomb the mausoleum god's acre the cemetery and association has made them eloquent with solemn meaning but we have no name that is so majestic as that one or lingers upon the ear with such deep and haunting pathos on lofty ground in the midst of a paradise of tropical foliage and flowers remote from the world and its turmoil and noise they stood the towers of silence and away below was spread the wide groves of cocoa palms then the city mile on mile then the ocean with its fleets of creeping ships all steeped in a stillness as deep as the hush that hallowed this high place of the dead the vultures were there they stood close together in a great circle all around the rim of a massive low tower waiting stood as motionless as sculptured ornaments and indeed almost deceived one into the belief that that was what they were presently there was a slight stir among the score of persons present and all moved reverently out of the path and ceased from talking a funeral procession entered the great gate marching two and two and moved silently by toward the tower the corpse lay in a shallow shell and was under cover of a white cloth but was otherwise naked the bearers of the body were separated by an interval of thirty feet from the mourners they and also the mourners were draped all in pure white and each couple of mourners was figuratively bound together by a piece of white rope or a handkerchief though they merely held the ends of it in their hands behind the procession followed a dog which was led in a leash when the mourners had reached the neighborhood of the tower neither they nor any other human being but the bearers of the dead must approach within thirty feet of it they turned and went back to one of the prayer houses within the gates to pray for the spirit of their dead the bearers unlocked the tower's sole door and disappeared from view within in a little while they came out bringing the bier and the white covering cloth and locked the door again then the ring of vultures rose flapping their wings and swooped down into the tower to devour the body nothing was left of it but a clean picked skeleton when they flocked out again a few minutes afterward the principle which underlies and orders everything connected with a parsee funeral is purity by the tenets of the zoroastrian religion the elements earth fire and water are sacred and must not be contaminated by contact with a dead body hence corpses must not be burned neither must they be buried none may touch the dead or enter the towers where they repose except certain men who are officially appointed for that purpose they receive high pay but theirs is a dismal life for they must live apart from their species because their commerce with the dead defiles them and any who should associate with them would share their defilement when they come out of the tower the clothes they are wearing are exchanged for others in a building within the grounds and the ones which they have taken off are left behind for they are contaminated and must never be used again or suffered to go outside the grounds these bearers come to every funeral in new garments so far as is known no human being other than an official corpse bearer save one has ever entered a tower of silence after its consecration just a hundred years ago a european rushed in behind the bearers and fed his brutal curiosity with a glimpse of the forbidden mysteries of the place this shabby savage's name is not given his quality is also concealed these two details taken in connection with the fact that for his extraordinary offense the only punishment he got from the east india company's government was a solemn official reprimand suggest the suspicion that he was a european of consequence the same public document which contained the reprimand gave warning that future offenders of his sort if in the company's service would be dismissed and if merchants suffer revocation of license and exile to england the towers are not tall but are low in proportion to their circumference like a gasometer if you should fill a gasometer half way up with solid granite masonry then drive a wide and deep well down through the center of this mass of masonry you would have the idea of a tower of silence on the masonry surrounding the well the bodies lie in shallow trenches which radiate like wheel spokes from the well the trenches slant toward the well and carry into it the rainfall underground drains with charcoal filters in them carry off this water from the bottom of the well when a skeleton has lain in the tower exposed to the rain and the flaming sun a month it is perfectly dry and clean then the same bearers that brought it there come gloved and take it up with tongs and throw it into the well there it turns to dust it is never seen again never touched again in the world other peoples separate their dead and preserve and continue social distinctions in the grave the skeletons of kings and statesmen and generals in temples and pantheons proper to skeletons of their degree and the skeletons of the commonplace and the poor in places suited to their meaner estate but the parsees hold that all men rank alike in death all are humble all poor all destitute in sign of their poverty they are sent to their grave naked in sign of their equality the bones of the rich the poor the illustrious and the obscure are flung into the common well together at a parsee funeral there are no vehicles all concerned must walk both rich and poor howsoever great the distance to be traversed may be in the wells of the five towers of silence is mingled the dust of all the parsee men and women and children who have died in bombay and its vicinity during the two centuries which have elapsed since the mohammedan conquerors drove the parsees out of persia and into that region of india the earliest of the five towers was built by the modi family something more than 200 years ago and it is now reserved to the heirs of that house none but the dead of that blood are carried thither the origin of at least one of the details of a parsee funeral is not now known the presence of the dog before a corpse is borne from the house of mourning it must be uncovered and exposed to the gaze of a dog a dog must also be led in the rear of the funeral mr nusserwanjee byranijee secretary to the parsee punchayet said that these formalities had once had a meaning and a reason for their institution but that they were survivals whose origin none could now account for custom and tradition continue them in force antiquity hallows them it is thought that in ancient times in persia the dog was a sacred animal and could guide souls to heaven also that his eye had the power of purifying objects which had been contaminated by the touch of the dead and that hence his presence with the funeral cortege provides an ever applicable remedy in case of need the parsees claim that their method of disposing of the dead is an effective protection of the living that it disseminates no corruption no impurities of any sort no disease germs that no wrap no garment which has touched the dead is allowed to touch the living afterward that from the towers of silence nothing proceeds which can carry harm to the outside world these are just claims i think as a sanitary measure their system seems to be about the equivalent of cremation and as sure we are drifting slowly but hopefully toward cremation in these days it could not be expected that this progress should be swift but if it be steady and continuous even if slow that will suffice when cremation becomes the rule we shall cease to shudder at it we should shudder at burial if we allowed ourselves to think what goes on in the grave the dog was an impressive figure to me representing as he did a mystery whose key is lost he was humble and apparently depressed and he let his head droop pensively and looked as if he might be trying to call back to his mind what it was that he had used to symbolize ages ago when he began his function there was another impressive thing close at hand but i was not privileged to see it that was the sacred fire a fire which is supposed to have been burning without interruption for more than two centuries and so living by the same heat that was imparted to it so long ago the parsees are a remarkable community there are only about 60 000 in bombay and only about half as many as that in the rest of india but they make up in importance what they lack in numbers they are highly educated energetic enterprising progressive rich and the jew himself is not more lavish or catholic in his charities and benevolences the parsees build and endow hospitals for both men and animals and they and their womenkind keep an open purse for all great and good objects they are a political force and a valued support to the government they have a pure and lofty religion and they preserve it in its integrity and order their lives by it we took a final sweep of the wonderful view of plain and city and ocean and so ended our visit to the garden and the towers of silence and the last thing i noticed was another symbol a voluntary symbol this one it was a vulture standing on the sawed off top of a tall and slender and branchless palm in an open space in the ground he was perfectly motionless and looked like a piece of sculpture on a pillar and he had a mortuary look too which was in keeping with the place chapter xli there is an old time toast which is golden for its beauty when you ascend the hill of prosperity may you not meet a friend pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the next picture that drifts across the field of my memory is one which is connected with religious things we were taken by friends to see a jain temple it was small and had many flags or streamers flying from poles standing above its roof and its little battlements supported a great many small idols or images upstairs inside a solitary jain was praying or reciting aloud in the middle of the room our presence did not interrupt him nor even incommode him or modify his fervor ten or twelve feet in front of him was the idol a small figure in a sitting posture it had the pinkish look of a wax doll but lacked the doll's roundness of limb and approximation to correctness of form and justness of proportion mr gandhi explained every thing to us he was delegate to the chicago fair congress of religions it was lucidly done in masterly english but in time it faded from me and now i have nothing left of that episode but an impression a dim idea of a religious belief clothed in subtle intellectual forms lofty and clean barren of fleshly grossnesses and with this another dim impression which connects that intellectual system somehow with that crude image that inadequate idol how i do not know properly they do not seem to belong together apparently the idol symbolized a person who had become a saint or a god through accessions of steadily augmenting holiness acquired through a series of reincarnations and promotions extending over many ages and was now at last a saint and qualified to vicariously receive worship and transmit it to heaven's chancellery was that it and thence we went to mr premchand roychand's bungalow in lovelane byculla where an indian prince was to receive a deputation of the jain community who desired to congratulate him upon a high honor lately conferred upon him by his sovereign victoria empress of india she had made him a knight of the order of the star of india it would seem that even the grandest indian prince is glad to add the modest title sir to his ancient native grandeurs and is willing to do valuable service to win it he will remit taxes liberally and will spend money freely upon the betterment of the condition of his subjects if there is a knighthood to be gotten by it and he will also do good work and a deal of it to get a gun added to the salute allowed him by the british government every year the empress distributes knighthoods and adds guns for public services done by native princes the salute of a small prince is three or four guns princes of greater consequence have salutes that run higher and higher gun by gun oh clear away up to eleven possibly more but i did not hear of any above eleven gun princes i was told that when a four gun prince gets a gun added he is pretty troublesome for a while till the novelty wears off for he likes the music and keeps hunting up pretexts to get himself saluted it may be that supremely grand folk like the nyzam of hyderabad and the gaikwar of baroda have more than eleven guns but i don't know when we arrived at the bungalow the large hall on the ground floor was already about full and carriages were still flowing into the grounds the company present made a fine show an exhibition of human fireworks so to speak in the matters of costume and comminglings of brilliant color the variety of form noticeable in the display of turbans was remarkable we were told that the explanation of this was that this jain delegation was drawn from many parts of india and that each man wore the turban that was in vogue in his own region this diversity of turbans made a beautiful effect i could have wished to start a rival exhibition there of christian hats and clothes i would have cleared one side of the room of its indian splendors and repacked the space with christians drawn from america england and the colonies dressed in the hats and habits of now and of twenty and forty and fifty years ago it would have been a hideous exhibition a thoroughly devilish spectacle then there would have been the added disadvantage of the white complexion it is not an unbearably unpleasant complexion when it keeps to itself but when it comes into competition with masses of brown and black the fact is betrayed that it is endurable only because we are used to it nearly all black and brown skins are beautiful but a beautiful white skin is rare how rare one may learn by walking down a street in paris new york or london on a week day particularly an unfashionable street and keeping count of the satisfactory complexions encountered in the course of a mile where dark complexions are massed they make the whites look bleached out unwholesome and sometimes frankly ghastly i could notice this as a boy down south in the slavery days before the war the splendid black satin skin of the south african zulus of durban seemed to me to come very close to perfection i can see those zulus yet 'ricksha athletes waiting in front of the hotel for custom handsome and intensely black creatures moderately clothed in loose summer stuffs whose snowy whiteness made the black all the blacker by contrast keeping that group in my mind i can compare those complexions with the white ones which are streaming past this london window now a lady complexion new parchment another lady complexion old parchment another pink and white very fine man grayish skin with purple areas man unwholesome fish belly skin girl sallow face sprinkled with freckles old woman face whitey gray young butcher face a general red flush jaundiced man mustard yellow elderly lady colorless skin with two conspicuous moles elderly man a drinker boiled cauliflower nose in a flabby face veined with purple crinklings healthy young gentleman fine fresh complexion sick young man his face a ghastly white no end of people whose skins are dull and characterless modifications of the tint which we miscall white some of these faces are pimply some exhibit other signs of diseased blood some show scars of a tint out of a harmony with the surrounding shades of color the white man's complexion makes no concealments it can't it seemed to have been designed as a catch all for everything that can damage it ladies have to paint it and powder it and cosmetic it and diet it with arsenic and enamel it and be always enticing it and persuading it and pestering it and fussing at it to make it beautiful and they do not succeed but these efforts show what they think of the natural complexion as distributed as distributed it needs these helps the complexion which they try to counterfeit is one which nature restricts to the few to the very few to ninety nine persons she gives a bad complexion to the hundredth a good one the hundredth can keep it how long ten years perhaps the advantage is with the zulu i think he starts with a beautiful complexion and it will last him through and as for the indian brown firm smooth blemishless pleasant and restful to the eye afraid of no color harmonizing with all colors and adding a grace to them all i think there is no sort of chance for the average white complexion against that rich and perfect tint to return to the bungalow the most gorgeous costume present were worn by some children they seemed to blaze so bright were the colors and so brilliant the jewels strum over the rich materials these children were professional nautch dancers and looked like girls but they were boys they got up by ones and twos and fours and danced and sang to an accompaniment of weird music their posturings and gesturings were elaborate and graceful but their voices were stringently raspy and unpleasant and there was a good deal of monotony about the tune by and by there was a burst of shouts and cheers outside and the prince with his train entered in fine dramatic style he was a stately man he was ideally costumed and fairly festooned with ropes of gems some of the ropes were of pearls some were of uncut great emeralds emeralds renowned in bombay for their quality and value their size was marvelous and enticing to the eye those rocks a boy a princeling was with the prince and he also was a radiant exhibition the ceremonies were not tedious the prince strode to his throne with the port and majesty and the sternness of a julius caesar coming to receive and receipt for a back country kingdom and have it over and get out and no fooling there was a throne for the young prince too and the two sat there side by side with their officers grouped at either hand and most accurately and creditably reproducing the pictures which one sees in the books pictures which people in the prince's line of business have been furnishing ever since solomon received the queen of sheba and showed her his things the chief of the jain delegation read his paper of congratulations then pushed it into a beautifully engraved silver cylinder which was delivered with ceremony into the prince's hands and at once delivered by him without ceremony into the hands of an officer i will copy the address here it is interesting as showing what an indian prince's subject may have opportunity to thank him for in these days of modern english rule as contrasted with what his ancestor would have given them opportunity to thank him for a century and a half ago the days of freedom unhampered by english interference a century and a half ago an address of thanks could have been put into small space it would have thanked the prince 1 for not slaughtering too many of his people upon mere caprice 2 for not stripping them bare by sudden and arbitrary tax levies and bringing famine upon them 3 for not upon empty pretext destroying the rich and seizing their property 4 for not killing blinding imprisoning or banishing the relatives of the royal house to protect the throne from possible plots 5 for not betraying the subject secretly for a bribe into the hands of bands of professional thugs to be murdered and robbed in the prince's back lot those were rather common princely industries in the old times but they and some others of a harsh sort ceased long ago under english rule better industries have taken their place as this address from the jain community will show your highness we the undersigned members of the jain community of bombay have the pleasure to approach your highness with the expression of our heartfelt congratulations on the recent conference on your highness of the knighthood of the most exalted order of the star of india ten years ago we had the pleasure and privilege of welcoming your highness to this city under circumstances which have made a memorable epoch in the history of your state for had it not been for a generous and reasonable spirit that your highness displayed in the negotiations between the palitana durbar and the jain community the conciliatory spirit that animated our people could not have borne fruit that was the first step in your highness's administration and it fitly elicited the praise of the jain community and of the bombay government a decade of your highness's administration combined with the abilities training and acquirements that your highness brought to bear upon it has justly earned for your highness the unique and honourable distinction the knighthood of the most exalted order of the star of india which we understand your highness is the first to enjoy among chiefs of your highness's rank and standing and we assure your highness that for this mark of honour that has been conferred on you by her most gracious majesty the queen empress we feel no less proud than your highness establishment of commercial factories schools hospitals etc by your highness in your state has marked your highness's career during these ten years and we trust that your highness will be spared to rule over your people with wisdom and foresight and foster the many reforms that your highness has been pleased to introduce in your state we again offer your highness our warmest felicitations for the honour that has been conferred on you we beg to remain your highness's obedient servants factories schools hospitals reforms the prince propagates that kind of things in the modern times and gets knighthood and guns for it after the address the prince responded with snap and brevity spoke a moment with half a dozen guests in english and with an official or two in a native tongue then the garlands were distributed as usual and the function ended chapter xlii each person is born to one possession which outvalues all his others his last breath pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar toward midnight that night there was another function this was a hindoo wedding no i think it was a betrothal ceremony always before we had driven through streets that were multitudinous and tumultuous with picturesque native life but now there was nothing of that we seemed to move through a city of the dead there was hardly a suggestion of life in those still and vacant streets even the crows were silent but everywhere on the ground lay sleeping natives hundreds and hundreds they lay stretched at full length and tightly wrapped in blankets beads and all their attitude and their rigidity counterfeited death the plague was not in bombay then but it is devastating the city now the shops are deserted now half of the people have fled and of the remainder the smitten perish by shoals every day no doubt the city looks now in the daytime as it looked then at night when we had pierced deep into the native quarter and were threading its narrow dim lanes we had to go carefully for men were stretched asleep all about and there was hardly room to drive between them and every now and then a swarm of rats would scamper across past the horses' feet in the vague light the forbears of the rats that are carrying the plague from house to house in bombay now the shops were but sheds little booths open to the street and the goods had been removed and on the counters families were sleeping usually with an oil lamp present recurrent dead watches it looked like but at last we turned a corner and saw a great glare of light ahead it was the home of the bride wrapped in a perfect conflagration of illuminations mainly gas work designs gotten up specially for the occasion within was abundance of brilliancy flames costumes colors decorations mirrors it was another aladdin show the bride was a trim and comely little thing of twelve years dressed as we would dress a boy though more expensively than we should do it of course she moved about very much at her ease and stopped and talked with the guests and allowed her wedding jewelry to be examined it was very fine particularly a rope of great diamonds a lovely thing to look at and handle it had a great emerald hanging to it the bridegroom was not present he was having betrothal festivities of his own at his father's house as i understood it he and the bride were to entertain company every night and nearly all night for a week or more then get married if alive both of the children were a little elderly as brides and grooms go in india twelve they ought to have been married a year or two sooner still to a stranger twelve seems quite young enough a while after midnight a couple of celebrated and high priced nautch girls appeared in the gorgeous place and danced and sang with them were men who played upon strange instruments which made uncanny noises of a sort to make one's flesh creep one of these instruments was a pipe and to its music the girls went through a performance which represented snake charming it seemed a doubtful sort of music to charm anything with but a native gentleman assured me that snakes like it and will come out of their holes and listen to it with every evidence of refreshment and gratitude he said that at an entertainment in his grounds once the pipe brought out half a dozen snakes and the music had to be stopped before they would be persuaded to go nobody wanted their company for they were bold familiar and dangerous but no one would kill them of course for it is sinful for a hindoo to kill any kind of a creature we withdrew from the festivities at two in the morning another picture then but it has lodged itself in my memory rather as a stage scene than as a reality it is of a porch and short flight of steps crowded with dark faces and ghostly white draperies flooded with the strong glare from the dazzling concentration of illuminations and midway of the steps one conspicuous figure for accent a turbaned giant with a name according to his size rao bahadur baskirao balinkanje pitale vakeel to his highness the gaikwar of baroda without him the picture would not have been complete and if his name had been merely smith he wouldn't have answered close at hand on house fronts on both sides of the narrow street were illuminations of a kind commonly employed by the natives scores of glass tumblers containing tapers fastened a few in inches apart all over great latticed frames forming starry constellations which showed out vividly against their black back grounds as we drew away into the distance down the dim lanes the illuminations gathered together into a single mass and glowed out of the enveloping darkness like a sun then again the deep silence the skurrying rats the dim forms stretched every where on the ground and on either hand those open booths counterfeiting sepulchres with counterfeit corpses sleeping motionless in the flicker of the counterfeit death lamps and now a year later when i read the cablegrams i seem to be reading of what i myself partly saw saw before it happened in a prophetic dream as it were one cablegram says business in the native town is about suspended except the wailing and the tramp of the funerals there is but little life or movement the closed shops exceed in number those that remain open another says that 325 000 of the people have fled the city and are carrying the plague to the country three days later comes the news the population is reduced by half the refugees have carried the disease to karachi 220 cases 214 deaths a day or two later 52 fresh cases all of which proved fatal the plague carries with it a terror which no other disease can excite for of all diseases known to men it is the deadliest by far the deadliest fifty two fresh cases all fatal it is the black death alone that slays like that we can all imagine after a fashion the desolation of a plague stricken city and the stupor of stillness broken at intervals by distant bursts of wailing marking the passing of funerals here and there and yonder but i suppose it is not possible for us to realize to ourselves the nightmare of dread and fear that possesses the living who are present in such a place and cannot get away that half million fled from bombay in a wild panic suggests to us something of what they were feeling but perhaps not even they could realize what the half million were feeling whom they left stranded behind to face the stalking horror without chance of escape kinglake was in cairo many years ago during an epidemic of the black death and he has imagined the terrors that creep into a man's heart at such a time and follow him until they themselves breed the fatal sign in the armpit and then the delirium with confused images and home dreams and reeling billiard tables and then the sudden blank of death to the contagionist filled as he is with the dread of final causes having no faith in destiny nor in the fixed will of god and with none of the devil may care indifference which might stand him instead of creeds to such one every rag that shivers in the breeze of a plague stricken city has this sort of sublimity if by any terrible ordinance he be forced to venture forth be sees death dangling from every sleeve and as he creeps forward he poises his shuddering limbs between the imminent jacket that is stabbing at his right elbow and the murderous pelisse that threatens to mow him clean down as it sweeps along on his left but most of all he dreads that which most of all he should love the touch of a woman's dress for mothers and wives hurrying forth on kindly errands from the bedsides of the dying go slouching along through the streets more willfully and less courteously than the men for a while it may be that the caution of the poor levantine may enable him to avoid contact but sooner or later perhaps the dreaded chance arrives that bundle of linen with the dark tearful eyes at the top of it that labors along with the voluptuous clumsiness of grisi she has touched the poor levantine with the hem of her sleeve! from that dread moment his peace is gone his mind for ever hanging upon the fatal touch invites the blow which he fears he watches for the symptoms of plague so carefully that sooner or later they come in truth the parched mouth is a sign his mouth is parched the throbbing brain his brain does throb the rapid pulse he touches his own wrist for he dares not ask counsel of any man lest he be deserted he touches his wrist and feels how his frighted blood goes galloping out of his heart there is nothing but the fatal swelling that is wanting to make his sad conviction complete immediately he has an odd feel under the arm no pain but a little straining of the skin he would to god it were his fancy that were strong enough to give him that sensation this is the worst of all it now seems to him that he could be happy and contented with his parched mouth and his throbbing brain and his rapid pulse if only he could know that there were no swelling under the left arm but dares he try in a moment of calmness and deliberation he dares not but when for a while he has writhed under the torture of suspense a sudden strength of will drives him to seek and know his fate he touches the gland and finds the skin sane and sound but under the cuticle there lies a small lump like a pistol bullet that moves as he pushes it oh! but is this for all certainty is this the sentence of death feel the gland of the other arm there is not the same lump exactly yet something a little like it have not some people glands naturally enlarged would to heaven he were one! so he does for himself the work of the plague and when the angel of death thus courted does indeed and in truth come he has only to finish that which has been so well begun he passes his fiery hand over the brain of the victim and lets him rave for a season but all chance wise of people and things once dear or of people and things indifferent once more the poor fellow is back at his home in fair provence and sees the sundial that stood in his childhood's garden sees his mother and the long since forgotten face of that little dear sister he sees her he says on a sunday morning for all the church bells are ringing he looks up and down through the universe and owns it well piled with bales upon bales of cotton and cotton eternal so much so that he feels he knows he swears he could make that winning hazard if the billiard table would not slant upwards and if the cue were a cue worth playing with but it is not it's a cue that won't move his own arm won't move in short there's the devil to pay in the brain of the poor levantine and perhaps the next night but one he becomes the 'life and the soul' of some squalling jackal family who fish him out by the foot from his shallow and sandy grave chapter xliii hunger is the handmaid of genius pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar one day during our stay in bombay there was a criminal trial of a most interesting sort a terribly realistic chapter out of the arabian nights a strange mixture of simplicities and pieties and murderous practicalities which brought back the forgotten days of thuggee and made them live again in fact even made them believable it was a case where a young girl had been assassinated for the sake of her trifling ornaments things not worth a laborer's day's wages in america this thing could have been done in many other countries but hardly with the cold business like depravity absence of fear absence of caution destitution of the sense of horror repentance remorse exhibited in this case elsewhere the murderer would have done his crime secretly by night and without witnesses his fears would have allowed him no peace while the dead body was in his neighborhood he would not have rested until he had gotten it safe out of the way and hidden as effectually as he could hide it but this indian murderer does his deed in the full light of day cares nothing for the society of witnesses is in no way incommoded by the presence of the corpse takes his own time about disposing of it and the whole party are so indifferent so phlegmatic that they take their regular sleep as if nothing was happening and no halters hanging over them and these five bland people close the episode with a religious service the thing reads like a meadows taylor thug tale of half a century ago as may be seen by the official report of the trial at the mazagon police court yesterday superintendent nolan again charged tookaram suntoo savat baya woman her daughter krishni and gopal yithoo bhanayker before mr phiroze hoshang dastur fourth presidency magistrate under sections 302 and 109 of the code with having on the night of the 30th of december last murdered a hindoo girl named cassi aged 12 by strangulation in the room of a chawl at jakaria bunder on the sewriroad and also with aiding and abetting each other in the commission of the offense mr f a little public prosecutor conducted the case on behalf of the crown the accused being undefended mr little applied under the provisions of the criminal procedure code to tender pardon to one of the accused krishni woman aged 22 on her undertaking to make a true and full statement of facts under which the deceased girl cassi was murdered the magistrate having granted the public prosecutor's application the accused krishni went into the witness box and on being examined by mr little made the following confession i am a mill hand employed at the jubilee mill i recollect the day tuesday on which the body of the deceased cassi was found previous to that i attended the mill for half a day and then returned home at 3 in the afternoon when i saw five persons in the house viz the first accused tookaram who is my paramour my mother the second accused baya the accused gopal and two guests named ramji daji and annaji gungaram tookaram rented the room of the chawl situated at jakaria bunder road from its owner girdharilal radhakishan and in that room i my paramour tookaram and his younger brother yesso mahadhoo live since his arrival in bombay from his native country yesso came and lived with us when i returned from the mill on the afternoon of that day i saw the two guests seated on a cot in the veranda and a few minutes after the accused gopal came and took his seat by their side while i and my mother were seated inside the room tookaram who had gone out to fetch some 'pan' and betelnuts on his return home had brought the two guests with him after returning home he gave them 'pan supari' while they were eating it my mother came out of the room and inquired of one of the guests ramji what had happened to his foot when he replied that he had tried many remedies but they had done him no good my mother then took some rice in her hand and prophesied that the disease which ramji was suffering from would not be cured until he returned to his native country in the meantime the deceased casi came from the direction of an out house and stood in front on the threshold of our room with a 'lota' in her hand tookaram then told his two guests to leave the room and they then went up the steps towards the quarry after the guests had gone away tookaram seized the deceased who had come into the room and he afterwards put a waistband around her and tied her to a post which supports a loft after doing this he pressed the girl's throat and having tied her mouth with the 'dhotur' now shown in court fastened it to the post having killed the girl tookaram removed her gold head ornament and a gold 'putlee' and also took charge of her 'lota' besides these two ornaments cassi had on her person ear studs a nose ring some silver toe rings two necklaces a pair of silver anklets and bracelets tookaram afterwards tried to remove the silver amulets the ear studs and the nose ring but he failed in his attempt while he was doing so i my mother and gopal were present after removing the two gold ornaments he handed them over to gopal who was at the time standing near me when he killed cassi tookaram threatened to strangle me also if i informed any one of this gopal and myself were then standing at the door of our room and we both were threatened by tookaram my mother baya had seized the legs of the deceased at the time she was killed and whilst she was being tied to the post cassi then made a noise tookaram and my mother took part in killing the girl after the murder her body was wrapped up in a mattress and kept on the loft over the door of our room when cassi was strangled the door of the room was fastened from the inside by tookaram this deed was committed shortly after my return home from work in the mill tookaram put the body of the deceased in the mattress and after it was left on the loft he went to have his head shaved by a barber named sambhoo raghoo who lives only one door away from me my mother and myself then remained in the possession of the information i was slapped and threatened by my paramour tookaram and that was the only reason why i did not inform any one at that time when i told tookaram that i would give information of the occurrence he slapped me the accused gopal was asked by tookaram to go back to his room and he did so taking away with him the two gold ornaments and the 'lota' yesso mahadhoo a brother in law of tookaram came to the house and asked taokaram why he was washing the water pipe being just opposite tookaram replied that he was washing his dhotur as a fowl had polluted it about 6 o'clock of the evening of that day my mother gave me three pice and asked me to buy a cocoanut and i gave the money to yessoo who went and fetched a cocoanut and some betel leaves when yessoo and others were in the room i was bathing and after i finished my bath my mother took the cocoanut and the betel leaves from yessoo and we five went to the sea the party consisted of tookaram my mother yessoo tookaram's younger brother and myself on reaching the seashore my mother made the offering to the sea and prayed to be pardoned for what we had done before we went to the sea some one came to inquire after the girl cassi the police and other people came to make these inquiries both before and after we left the house for the seashore the police questioned my mother about the girl and she replied that cassi had come to her door but had left the next day the police questioned tookaram and he too gave a similar reply this was said the same night when the search was made for the girl after the offering was made to the sea we partook of the cocoanut and returned home when my mother gave me some food but tookaram did not partake of any food that night after dinner i and my mother slept inside the room and tookaram slept on a cot near his brother in law yessoo mahadhoo just outside the door that was not the usual place where tookaram slept he usually slept inside the room the body of the deceased remained on the loft when i went to sleep the room in which we slept was locked and i heard that my paramour tookaram was restless outside about 3 o'clock the following morning tookaram knocked at the door when both myself and my mother opened it he then told me to go to the steps leading to the quarry and see if any one was about those steps lead to a stable through which we go to the quarry at the back of the compound when i got to the steps i saw no one there tookaram asked me if any one was there and i replied that i could see no one about he then took the body of the deceased from the loft and having wrapped it up in his saree asked me to accompany him to the steps of the quarry and i did so the 'saree' now produced here was the same besides the 'saree' there was also a 'cholee' on the body he then carried the body in his arms and went up the steps through the stable and then to the right hand towards a sahib's bungalow where tookaram placed the body near a wall all the time i and my mother were with him when the body was taken down yessoo was lying on the cot after depositing the body under the wall we all returned home and soon after 5 a m the police again came and took tookaram away about an hour after they returned and took me and my mother away we were questioned about it when i made a statement two hours later i was taken to the room and i pointed out this waistband the 'dhotur' the mattress and the wooden post to superintendent nolan and inspectors roberts and rashanali in the presence of my mother and tookaram tookaram killed the girl cassi for her ornaments which he wanted for the girl to whom he was shortly going to be married the body was found in the same place where it was deposited by tookaram the criminal side of the native has always been picturesque always readable the thuggee and one or two other particularly outrageous features of it have been suppressed by the english but there is enough of it left to keep it darkly interesting one finds evidence of these survivals in the newspapers macaulay has a light throwing passage upon this matter in his great historical sketch of warren hastings where he is describing some effects which followed the temporary paralysis of hastings' powerful government brought about by sir philip francis and his party the natives considered hastings as a fallen man and they acted after their kind some of our readers may have seen in india a cloud of crows pecking a sick vulture to death no bad type of what happens in that country as often as fortune deserts one who has been great and dreaded in an instant all the sycophants who had lately been ready to lie for him to forge for him to pander for him to poison for him hasten to purchase the favor of his victorious enemies by accusing him an indian government has only to let it be understood that it wishes a particular man to be ruined and in twenty four hours it will be furnished with grave charges supported by depositions so full and circumstantial that any person unaccustomed to asiatic mendacity would regard them as decisive it is well if the signature of the destined victim is not counterfeited at the foot of some illegal compact and if some treasonable paper is not slipped into a hiding place in his house that was nearly a century and a quarter ago an article in one of the chief journals of india the pioneer shows that in some respects the native of to day is just what his ancestor was then here are niceties of so subtle and delicate a sort that they lift their breed of rascality to a place among the fine arts and almost entitle it to respect the records of the indian courts might certainly be relied upon to prove that swindlers as a class in the east come very close to if they do not surpass in brilliancy of execution and originality of design the most expert of their fraternity in europe and america india in especial is the home of forgery there are some particular districts which are noted as marts for the finest specimens of the forger's handiwork the business is carried on by firms who possess stores of stamped papers to suit every emergency they habitually lay in a store of fresh stamped papers every year and some of the older and more thriving houses can supply documents for the past forty years bearing the proper water mark and possessing the genuine appearance of age other districts have earned notoriety for skilled perjury a pre eminence that excites a respectful admiration when one thinks of the universal prevalence of the art and persons desirous of succeeding in false suits are ready to pay handsomely to avail themselves of the services of these local experts as witnesses various instances illustrative of the methods of these swindlers are given they exhibit deep cunning and total depravity on the part of the swindler and his pals and more obtuseness on the part of the victim than one would expect to find in a country where suspicion of your neighbor must surely be one of the earliest things learned the favorite subject is the young fool who has just come into a fortune and is trying to see how poor a use he can put it to i will quote one example sometimes another form of confidence trick is adopted which is invariably successful the particular pigeon is spotted and his acquaintance having been made he is encouraged in every form of vice when the friendship is thoroughly established the swindler remarks to the young man that he has a brother who has asked him to lend him rs 10 000 the swindler says he has the money and would lend it but as the borrower is his brother he cannot charge interest so he proposes that he should hand the dupe the money and the latter should lend it to the swindler's brother exacting a heavy pre payment of interest which it is pointed out they may equally enjoy in dissipation the dupe sees no objection and on the appointed day receives rs 7 000 from the swindler which he hands over to the confederate the latter is profuse in his thanks and executes a promissory note for rs 10 000 payable to bearer the swindler allows the scheme to remain quiescent for a time and then suggests that as the money has not been repaid and as it would be unpleasant to sue his brother it would be better to sell the note in the bazaar the dupe hands the note over for the money he advanced was not his and on being informed that it would be necessary to have his signature on the back so as to render the security negotiable he signs without any hesitation the swindler passes it on to confederates and the latter employ a respectable firm of solicitors to ask the dupe if his signature is genuine he admits it at once and his fate is sealed a suit is filed by a confederate against the dupe two accomplices being made co defendants they admit their signatures as indorsers and the one swears he bought the note for value from the dupe the latter has no defense for no court would believe the apparently idle explanation of the manner in which he came to endorse the note there is only one india! it is the only country that has a monopoly of grand and imposing specialties when another country has a remarkable thing it cannot have it all to itself some other country has a duplicate but india that is different its marvels are its own the patents cannot be infringed imitations are not possible and think of the size of them the majesty of them the weird and outlandish character of the most of them! there is the plague the black death india invented it india is the cradle of that mighty birth the car of juggernaut was india's invention so was the suttee and within the time of men still living eight hundred widows willingly and in fact rejoicingly burned themselves to death on the bodies of their dead husbands in a single year eight hundred would do it this year if the british government would let them famine is india's specialty elsewhere famines are inconsequential incidents in india they are devastating cataclysms in one case they annihilate hundreds in the other millions india had 2 000 000 gods and worships them all in religion all other countries are paupers india is the only millionaire with her everything is on a giant scale even her poverty no other country can show anything to compare with it and she has been used to wealth on so vast a scale that she has to shorten to single words the expressions describing great sums she describes 100 000 with one word a 'lahk' she describes ten millions with one word a 'crore' in the bowels of the granite mountains she has patiently carved out dozens of vast temples and made them glorious with sculptured colonnades and stately groups of statuary and has adorned the eternal walls with noble paintings she has built fortresses of such magnitude that the show strongholds of the rest of the world are but modest little things by comparison palaces that are wonders for rarity of materials delicacy and beauty of workmanship and for cost and one tomb which men go around the globe to see it takes eighty nations speaking eighty languages to people her and they number three hundred millions on top of all this she is the mother and home of that wonder of wonders caste and of that mystery of mysteries the satanic brotherhood of the thugs india had the start of the whole world in the beginning of things she had the first civilization she had the first accumulation of material wealth she was populous with deep thinkers and subtle intellects she had mines and woods and a fruitful soil it would seem as if she should have kept the lead and should be to day not the meek dependent of an alien master but mistress of the world and delivering law and command to every tribe and nation in it but in truth there was never any possibility of such supremacy for her if there had been but one india and one language but there were eighty of them! where there are eighty nations and several hundred governments fighting and quarreling must be the common business of life unity of purpose and policy are impossible out of such elements supremacy in the world cannot come even caste itself could have had the defeating effect of a multiplicity of tongues no doubt for it separates a people into layers and layers and still other layers that have no community of feeling with each other and in such a condition of things as that patriotism can have no healthy growth it was the division of the country into so many states and nations that made thuggee possible and prosperous it is difficult to realize the situation but perhaps one may approximate it by imagining the states of our union peopled by separate nations speaking separate languages with guards and custom houses strung along all frontiers plenty of interruptions for travelers and traders interpreters able to handle all the languages very rare or non existent and a few wars always going on here and there and yonder as a further embarrassment to commerce and excursioning it would make intercommunication in a measure ungeneral india had eighty languages and more custom houses than cats no clever man with the instinct of a highway robber could fail to notice what a chance for business was here offered india was full of clever men with the highwayman instinct and so quite naturally the brotherhood of the thugs came into being to meet the long felt want how long ago that was nobody knows centuries it is supposed one of the chiefest wonders connected with it was the success with which it kept its secret the english trader did business in india two hundred years and more before he ever heard of it and yet it was assassinating its thousands all around him every year the whole time chapter xliv the old saw says let a sleeping dog lie right still when there is much at stake it is better to get a newspaper to do it pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar from diary january 28 i learned of an official thug book the other day i was not aware before that there was such a thing i am allowed the temporary use of it we are making preparations for travel mainly the preparations are purchases of bedding this is to be used in sleeping berths in the trains in private houses sometimes and in nine tenths of the hotels it is not realizable and yet it is true it is a survival an apparently unnecessary thing which in some strange way has outlived the conditions which once made it necessary it comes down from a time when the railway and the hotel did not exist when the occasional white traveler went horseback or by bullock cart and stopped over night in the small dak bungalow provided at easy distances by the government a shelter merely and nothing more he had to carry bedding along or do without the dwellings of the english residents are spacious and comfortable and commodiously furnished and surely it must be an odd sight to see half a dozen guests come filing into such a place and dumping blankets and pillows here and there and everywhere but custom makes incongruous things congruous one buys the bedding with waterproof hold all for it at almost any shop there is no difficulty about it january 30 what a spectacle the railway station was at train time! it was a very large station yet when we arrived it seemed as if the whole world was present half of it inside the other half outside and both halves bearing mountainous head loads of bedding and other freight trying simultaneously to pass each other in opposing floods in one narrow door these opposing floods were patient gentle long suffering natives with whites scattered among them at rare intervals and wherever a white man's native servant appeared that native seemed to have put aside his natural gentleness for the time and invested himself with the white man's privilege of making a way for himself by promptly shoving all intervening black things out of it in these exhibitions of authority satan was scandalous he was probably a thug in one of his former incarnations inside the great station tides upon tides of rainbow costumed natives swept along this way and that in massed and bewildering confusion eager anxious belated distressed and washed up to the long trains and flowed into them with their packs and bundles and disappeared followed at once by the next wash the next wave and here and there in the midst of this hurly burly and seemingly undisturbed by it sat great groups of natives on the bare stone floor young slender brown women old gray wrinkled women little soft brown babies old men young men boys all poor people but all the females among them both big and little bejeweled with cheap and showy nose rings toe rings leglets and armlets these things constituting all their wealth no doubt these silent crowds sat there with their humble bundles and baskets and small household gear about them and patiently waited for what a train that was to start at some time or other during the day or night! they hadn't timed themselves well but that was no matter the thing had been so ordered from on high therefore why worry there was plenty of time hours and hours of it and the thing that was to happen would happen there was no hurrying it the natives traveled third class and at marvelously cheap rates they were packed and crammed into cars that held each about fifty and it was said that often a brahmin of the highest caste was thus brought into personal touch and consequent defilement with persons of the lowest castes no doubt a very shocking thing if a body could understand it and properly appreciate it yes a brahmin who didn't own a rupee and couldn't borrow one might have to touch elbows with a rich hereditary lord of inferior caste inheritor of an ancient title a couple of yards long and he would just have to stand it for if either of the two was allowed to go in the cars where the sacred white people were it probably wouldn't be the august poor brahmin there was an immense string of those third class cars for the natives travel by hordes and a weary hard night of it the occupants would have no doubt when we reached our car satan and barney had already arrived there with their train of porters carrying bedding and parasols and cigar boxes and were at work we named him barney for short we couldn't use his real name there wasn't time it was a car that promised comfort indeed luxury yet the cost of it well economy could no further go even in france not even in italy it was built of the plainest and cheapest partially smoothed boards with a coating of dull paint on them and there was nowhere a thought of decoration the floor was bare but would not long remain so when the dust should begin to fly across one end of the compartment ran a netting for the accommodation of hand baggage at the other end was a door which would shut upon compulsion but wouldn't stay shut it opened into a narrow little closet which had a wash bowl in one end of it and a place to put a towel in case you had one with you and you would be sure to have towels because you buy them with the bedding knowing that the railway doesn't furnish them on each side of the car and running fore and aft was a broad leather covered sofa to sit on in the day and sleep on at night over each sofa hung by straps a wide flat leather covered shelf to sleep on in the daytime you can hitch it up against the wall out of the way and then you have a big unencumbered and most comfortable room to spread out in no car in any country is quite its equal for comfort and privacy i think for usually there are but two persons in it and even when there are four there is but little sense of impaired privacy our own cars at home can surpass the railway world in all details but that one they have no cosiness there are too many people together at the foot of each sofa was a side door for entrance and exit along the whole length of the sofa on each side of the car ran a row of large single plate windows of a blue tint blue to soften the bitter glare of the sun and protect one's eyes from torture these could be let down out of the way when one wanted the breeze in the roof were two oil lamps which gave a light strong enough to read by each had a green cloth attachment by which it could be covered when the light should be no longer needed while we talked outside with friends barney and satan placed the hand baggage books fruits and soda bottles in the racks and the hold alls and heavy baggage in the closet hung the overcoats and sun helmets and towels on the hooks hoisted the two bed shelves up out of the way then shouldered their bedding and retired to the third class now then you see what a handsome spacious light airy homelike place it was wherein to walk up and down or sit and write or stretch out and read and smoke a central door in the forward end of the compartment opened into a similar compartment it was occupied by my wife and daughter about nine in the evening while we halted a while at a station barney and satan came and undid the clumsy big hold alls and spread the bedding on the sofas in both compartments mattresses sheets gay coverlets pillows all complete there are no chambermaids in india apparently it was an office that was never heard of then they closed the communicating door nimbly tidied up our place put the night clothing on the beds and the slippers under them then returned to their own quarters january 31 it was novel and pleasant and i stayed awake as long as i could to enjoy it and to read about those strange people the thugs in my sleep they remained with me and tried to strangle me the leader of the gang was that giant hindoo who was such a picture in the strong light when we were leaving those hindoo betrothal festivities at two o'clock in the morning rao bahadur baskirao balinkanje pitale vakeel to the gaikwar of baroda it was he that brought me the invitation from his master to go to baroda and lecture to that prince and now he was misbehaving in my dreams but all things can happen in dreams it is indeed as the sweet singer of michigan says irrelevantly of course for the one and unfailing great quality which distinguishes her poetry from shakespeare's and makes it precious to us is its stern and simple irrelevancy my heart was gay and happy this was ever in my mind there is better times a coming and i hope some day to find myself capable of composing it was my heart's delight to compose on a sentimental subject if it came in my mind just right [ the sentimental song book p 49 theme the author's early life 19th stanza ] barroda arrived at 7 this morning the dawn was just beginning to show it was forlorn to have to turn out in a strange place at such a time and the blinking lights in the station made it seem night still but the gentlemen who had come to receive us were there with their servants and they make quick work there was no lost time we were soon outside and moving swiftly through the soft gray light and presently were comfortably housed with more servants to help than we were used to and with rather embarassingly important officials to direct them but it was custom they spoke ballarat english their bearing was charming and hospitable and so all went well breakfast was a satisfaction across the lawns was visible in the distance through the open window an indian well with two oxen tramping leisurely up and down long inclines drawing water and out of the stillness came the suffering screech of the machinery not quite musical and yet soothingly melancholy and dreamy and reposeful a wail of lost spirits one might imagine and commemorative and reminiscent perhaps for of course the thugs used to throw people down that well when they were done with them after breakfast the day began a sufficiently busy one we were driven by winding roads through a vast park with noble forests of great trees and with tangles and jungles of lovely growths of a humbler sort and at one place three large gray apes came out and pranced across the road a good deal of a surprise and an unpleasant one for such creatures belong in the menagerie and they look artificial and out of place in a wilderness we came to the city by and by and drove all through it intensely indian it was and crumbly and mouldering and immemorially old to all appearance and the houses oh indescribably quaint and curious they were with their fronts an elaborate lace work of intricate and beautiful wood carving and now and then further adorned with rude pictures of elephants and princes and gods done in shouting colors and all the ground floors along these cramped and narrow lanes occupied as shops shops unbelievably small and impossibly packed with merchantable rubbish and with nine tenths naked natives squatting at their work of hammering pounding brazing soldering sewing designing cooking measuring out grain grinding it repairing idols and then the swarm of ragged and noisy humanity under the horses' feet and everywhere and the pervading reek and fume and smell! it was all wonderful and delightful imagine a file of elephants marching through such a crevice of a street and scraping the paint off both sides of it with their hides how big they must look and how little they must make the houses look and when the elephants are in their glittering court costume what a contrast they must make with the humble and sordid surroundings and when a mad elephant goes raging through belting right and left with his trunk how do these swarms of people get out of the way i suppose it is a thing which happens now and then in the mad season for elephants have a mad season i wonder how old the town is there are patches of building massive structures monuments apparently that are so battered and worn and seemingly so tired and so burdened with the weight of age and so dulled and stupefied with trying to remember things they forgot before history began that they give one the feeling that they must have been a part of original creation this is indeed one of the oldest of the princedoms of india and has always been celebrated for its barbaric pomps and splendors and for the wealth of its princes chapter xlv it takes your enemy and your friend working together to hurt you to the heart the one to slander you and the other to get the news to you pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar out of the town again a long drive through open country by winding roads among secluded villages nestling in the inviting shade of tropic vegetation a sabbath stillness everywhere sometimes a pervading sense of solitude but always barefoot natives gliding by like spirits without sound of footfall and others in the distance dissolving away and vanishing like the creatures of dreams now and then a string of stately camels passed by always interesting things to look at and they were velvet shod by nature and made no noise indeed there were no noises of any sort in this paradise yes once there was one for a moment a file of native convicts passed along in charge of an officer and we caught the soft clink of their chains in a retired spot resting himself under a tree was a holy person a naked black fakeer thin and skinny and whitey gray all over with ashes by and by to the elephant stables and i took a ride but it was by request i did not ask for it and didn't want it but i took it because otherwise they would have thought i was afraid which i was the elephant kneels down by command one end of him at a time and you climb the ladder and get into the howdah and then he gets up one end at a time just as a ship gets up over a wave and after that as he strides monstrously about his motion is much like a ship's motion the mahout bores into the back of his head with a great iron prod and you wonder at his temerity and at the elephant's patience and you think that perhaps the patience will not last but it does and nothing happens the mahout talks to the elephant in a low voice all the time and the elephant seems to understand it all and to be pleased with it and he obeys every order in the most contented and docile way among these twenty five elephants were two which were larger than any i had ever seen before and if i had thought i could learn to not be afraid i would have taken one of them while the police were not looking in the howdah house there were many howdahs that were made of silver one of gold and one of old ivory and equipped with cushions and canopies of rich and costly stuffs the wardrobe of the elephants was there too vast velvet covers stiff and heavy with gold embroidery and bells of silver and gold and ropes of these metals for fastening the things on harness so to speak and monster hoops of massive gold for the elephant to wear on his ankles when he is out in procession on business of state but we did not see the treasury of crown jewels and that was a disappointment for in mass and richness it ranks only second in india by mistake we were taken to see the new palace instead and we used up the last remnant of our spare time there it was a pity too for the new palace is mixed modern american european and has not a merit except costliness it is wholly foreign to india and impudent and out of place the architect has escaped this comes of overdoing the suppression of the thugs they had their merits the old palace is oriental and charming and in consonance with the country the old palace would still be great if there were nothing of it but the spacious and lofty hall where the durbars are held it is not a good place to lecture in on account of the echoes but it is a good place to hold durbars in and regulate the affairs of a kingdom and that is what it is for if i had it i would have a durbar every day instead of once or twice a year the prince is an educated gentleman his culture is european he has been in europe five times people say that this is costly amusement for him since in crossing the sea he must sometimes be obliged to drink water from vessels that are more or less public and thus damage his caste to get it purified again he must make pilgrimage to some renowned hindoo temples and contribute a fortune or two to them his people are like the other hindoos profoundly religious and they could not be content with a master who was impure we failed to see the jewels but we saw the gold cannon and the silver one they seemed to be six pounders they were not designed for business but for salutes upon rare and particularly important state occasions an ancestor of the present gaikwar had the silver one made and a subsequent ancestor had the gold one made in order to outdo him this sort of artillery is in keeping with the traditions of baroda which was of old famous for style and show it used to entertain visiting rajahs and viceroys with tiger fights elephant fights illuminations and elephant processions of the most glittering and gorgeous character it makes the circus a pale poor thing in the train during a part of the return journey from baroda we had the company of a gentleman who had with him a remarkable looking dog i had not seen one of its kind before as far as i could remember though of course i might have seen one and not noticed it for i am not acquainted with dogs but only with cats this dog's coat was smooth and shiny and black and i think it had tan trimmings around the edges of the dog and perhaps underneath it was a long low dog with very short strange legs legs that curved inboard something like parentheses wrong way indeed it was made on the plan of a bench for length and lowness it seemed to be satisfied but i thought the plan poor and structurally weak on account of the distance between the forward supports and those abaft with age the dog's back was likely to sag and it seemed to me that it would have been a stronger and more practicable dog if it had had some more legs it had not begun to sag yet but the shape of the legs showed that the undue weight imposed upon them was beginning to tell it had a long nose and floppy ears that hung down and a resigned expression of countenance i did not like to ask what kind of a dog it was or how it came to be deformed for it was plain that the gentleman was very fond of it and naturally he could be sensitive about it from delicacy i thought it best not to seem to notice it too much no doubt a man with a dog like that feels just as a person does who has a child that is out of true the gentleman was not merely fond of the dog he was also proud of it just the same again as a mother feels about her child when it is an idiot i could see that he was proud of it not withstanding it was such a long dog and looked so resigned and pious it had been all over the world with him and had been pilgriming like that for years and years it had traveled 50 000 miles by sea and rail and had ridden in front of him on his horse 8 000 it had a silver medal from the geographical society of great britain for its travels and i saw it it had won prizes in dog shows both in india and in england i saw them he said its pedigree was on record in the kennel club and that it was a well known dog he said a great many people in london could recognize it the moment they saw it i did not say anything but i did not think it anything strange i should know that dog again myself yet i am not careful about noticing dogs he said that when he walked along in london people often stopped and looked at the dog of course i did not say anything for i did not want to hurt his feelings but i could have explained to him that if you take a great long low dog like that and waddle it along the street anywhere in the world and not charge anything people will stop and look he was gratified because the dog took prizes but that was nothing if i were built like that i could take prizes myself i wished i knew what kind of a dog it was and what it was for but i could not very well ask for that would show that i did not know not that i want a dog like that but only to know the secret of its birth i think he was going to hunt elephants with it because i know from remarks dropped by him that he has hunted large game in india and africa and likes it but i think that if he tries to hunt elephants with it he is going to be disappointed i do not believe that it is suited for elephants it lacks energy it lacks force of character it lacks bitterness these things all show in the meekness and resignation of its expression it would not attack an elephant i am sure of it it might not run if it saw one coming but it looked to me like a dog that would sit down and pray i wish he had told me what breed it was if there are others but i shall know the dog next time and then if i can bring myself to it i will put delicacy aside and ask if i seem strangely interested in dogs i have a reason for it for a dog saved me from an embarrassing position once and that has made me grateful to these animals and if by study i could learn to tell some of the kinds from the others i should be greatly pleased i only know one kind apart yet and that is the kind that saved me that time i always know that kind when i meet it and if it is hungry or lost i take care of it the matter happened in this way it was years and years ago i had received a note from mr augustin daly of the fifth avenue theatre asking me to call the next time i should be in new york i was writing plays in those days and he was admiring them and trying to get me a chance to get them played in siberia i took the first train the early one the one that leaves hartford at 8 29 in the morning at new haven i bought a paper and found it filled with glaring display lines about a bench show there i had often heard of bench shows but had never felt any interest in them because i supposed they were lectures that were not well attended it turned out now that it was not that but a dog show there was a double leaded column about the king feature of this one which was called a saint bernard and was worth $10 000 and was known to be the largest and finest of his species in the world i read all this with interest because out of my school boy readings i dimly remembered how the priests and pilgrims of st bernard used to go out in the storms and dig these dogs out of the snowdrifts when lost and exhausted and give them brandy and save their lives and drag them to the monastery and restore them with gruel also there was a picture of this prize dog in the paper a noble great creature with a benignant countenance standing by a table he was placed in that way so that one could get a right idea of his great dimensions you could see that he was just a shade higher than the table indeed a huge fellow for a dog then there was a description which event into the details it gave his enormous weight 150 1/2 pounds and his length 4 feet 2 inches from stem to stern post and his height 3 feet 1 inch to the top of his back the pictures and the figures so impressed me that i could see the beautiful colossus before me and i kept on thinking about him for the next two hours then i reached new york and he dropped out of my mind in the swirl and tumult of the hotel lobby i ran across mr daly's comedian the late james lewis of beloved memory and i casually mentioned that i was going to call upon mr daly in the evening at 8 he looked surprised and said he reckoned not for answer i handed him mr daly's note its substance was come to my private den over the theater where we cannot be interrupted and come by the back way not the front no 642 sixth avenue is a cigar shop pass through it and you are in a paved court with high buildings all around enter the second door on the left and come up stairs is this all yes i said well you'll never get in why because you won't or if you do you can draw on me for a hundred dollars for you will be the first man that has accomplished it in twenty five years i can't think what mr daly can have been absorbed in he has forgotten a most important detail and he will feel humiliated in the morning when he finds that you tried to get in and couldn't why what is the trouble i'll tell you you see at that point we were swept apart by the crowd somebody detained me with a moment's talk and we did not get together again but it did not matter i believed he was joking anyway at eight in the evening i passed through the cigar shop and into the court and knocked at the second door come in! i entered it was a small room carpetless dusty with a naked deal table and two cheap wooden chairs for furniture a giant irishman was standing there with shirt collar and vest unbuttoned and no coat on i put my hat on the table and was about to say something when the irishman took the innings himself and not with marked courtesy of tone well sor what will you have i was a little disconcerted and my easy confidence suffered a shrinkage the man stood as motionless as gibraltar and kept his unblinking eye upon me it was very embarrassing very humiliating i stammered at a false start or two then i have just run down from av ye plaze ye'll not smoke here ye understand i laid my cigar on the window ledge chased my flighty thoughts a moment then said in a placating manner i i have come to see mr daly oh ye have have ye yes well ye'll not see him but he asked me to come oh he did did he yes he sent me this note and lemme see it for a moment i fancied there would be a change in the atmosphere now but this idea was premature the big man was examining the note searchingly under the gas jet a glance showed me that he had it upside down disheartening evidence that he could not read is ut his own handwrite yes he wrote it himself he did did he yes h'm well then why ud he write it like that how do you mean i mane why wudn't he put his naime to ut his name is to it that's not it you are looking at my name i thought that that was a home shot but he did not betray that he had been hit he said it's not an aisy one to spell how do you pronounce ut mark twain h'm h'm mike train h'm i don't remember ut what is it ye want to see him about it isn't i that want to see him he wants to see me oh he does does he yes what does he want to see ye about i don't know ye don't know! and ye confess it becod! well i can tell ye wan thing ye'll not see him are ye in the business what business the show business a fatal question i recognized that i was defeated if i answered no he would cut the matter short and wave me to the door without the grace of a word i saw it in his uncompromising eye if i said i was a lecturer he would despise me and dismiss me with opprobrious words if i said i was a dramatist he would throw me out of the window i saw that my case was hopeless so i chose the course which seemed least humiliating i would pocket my shame and glide out without answering the silence was growing lengthy i'll ask ye again are ye in the show business yerself yes! i said it with splendid confidence for in that moment the very twin of that grand new haven dog loafed into the room and i saw that irishman's eye light eloquently with pride and affection ye are and what is it i've got a bench show in new haven the weather did change then you don't say sir! and that's your show sir! oh it's a grand show it's a wonderful show sir and a proud man i am to see your honor this day and ye'll be an expert sir and ye'll know all about dogs more than ever they know theirselves i'll take me oath to ut i said with modesty i believe i have some reputation that way in fact my business requires it ye have some reputation your honor! bedad i believe you! there's not a jintleman in the worrld that can lay over ye in the judgmint of a dog sir now i'll vinture that your honor'll know that dog's dimensions there better than he knows them his own self and just by the casting of your educated eye upon him would you mind giving a guess if ye'll be so good i knew that upon my answer would depend my fate if i made this dog bigger than the prize dog it would be bad diplomacy and suspicious if i fell too far short of the prizedog that would be equally damaging the dog was standing by the table and i believed i knew the difference between him and the one whose picture i had seen in the newspaper to a shade i spoke promptly up and said it's no trouble to guess this noble creature's figures height three feet length four feet and three quarters of an inch weight a hundred and forty eight and a quarter the man snatched his hat from its peg and danced on it with joy shouting ye've hardly missed it the hair's breadth hardly the shade of a shade your honor! oh it's the miraculous eye ye've got for the judgmint of a dog! and still pouring out his admiration of my capacities he snatched off his vest and scoured off one of the wooden chairs with it and scrubbed it and polished it and said there sit down your honor i'm ashamed of meself that i forgot ye were standing all this time and do put on your hat ye mustn't take cold it's a drafty place and here is your cigar sir a getting cold i'll give ye a light there the place is all yours sir and if ye'll just put your feet on the table and make yourself at home i'll stir around and get a candle and light ye up the ould crazy stairs and see that ye don't come to anny harm for be this time mr daly'll be that impatient to see your honor that he'll be taking the roof off he conducted me cautiously and tenderly up the stairs lighting the way and protecting me with friendly warnings then pushed the door open and bowed me in and went his way mumbling hearty things about my wonderful eye for points of a dog mr daly was writing and had his back to me he glanced over his shoulder presently then jumped up and said oh dear me i forgot all about giving instructions i was just writing you to beg a thousand pardons but how is it you are here how did you get by that irishman you are the first man that's done it in five and twenty years you didn't bribe him i know that there's not money enough in new york to do it and you didn't persuade him he is all ice and iron there isn't a soft place nor a warm one in him anywhere that is your secret look here you owe me a hundred dollars for unintentionally giving you a chance to perform a miracle for it is a miracle that you've done that is all right i said collect it of jimmy lewis that good dog not only did me that good turn in the time of my need but he won for me the envious reputation among all the theatrical people from the atlantic to the pacific of being the only man in history who had ever run the blockade of augustin daly's back door chapter xlvi if the desire to kill and the opportunity to kill came always together who would escape hanging pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar on the train fifty years ago when i was a boy in the then remote and sparsely peopled mississippi valley vague tales and rumors of a mysterious body of professional murderers came wandering in from a country which was constructively as far from us as the constellations blinking in space india vague tales and rumors of a sect called thugs who waylaid travelers in lonely places and killed them for the contentment of a god whom they worshiped tales which everybody liked to listen to and nobody believed except with reservations it was considered that the stories had gathered bulk on their travels the matter died down and a lull followed then eugene sue's wandering jew appeared and made great talk for a while one character in it was a chief of thugs feringhea a mysterious and terrible indian who was as slippery and sly as a serpent and as deadly and he stirred up the thug interest once more but it did not last it presently died again this time to stay dead at first glance it seems strange that this should have happened but really it was not strange on the contrary it was natural i mean on our side of the water for the source whence the thug tales mainly came was a government report and without doubt was not republished in america it was probably never even seen there government reports have no general circulation they are distributed to the few and are not always read by those few i heard of this report for the first time a day or two ago and borrowed it it is full of fascinations and it turns those dim dark fairy tales of my boyhood days into realities the report was made in 1889 by major sleeman of the indian service and was printed in calcutta in 1840 it is a clumsy great fat poor sample of the printer's art but good enough for a government printing office in that old day and in that remote region perhaps to major sleeman was given the general superintendence of the giant task of ridding india of thuggee and he and his seventeen assistants accomplished it it was the augean stables over again captain vallancey writing in a madras journal in those old times makes this remark the day that sees this far spread evil eradicated from india and known only in name will greatly tend to immortalize british rule in the east he did not overestimate the magnitude and difficulty of the work nor the immensity of the credit which would justly be due to british rule in case it was accomplished thuggee became known to the british authorities in india about 1810 but its wide prevalence was not suspected it was not regarded as a serious matter and no systematic measures were taken for its suppression until about 1830 about that time major sleeman captured eugene sue's thug chief feringhea and got him to turn king's evidence the revelations were so stupefying that sleeman was not able to believe them sleeman thought he knew every criminal within his jurisdiction and that the worst of them were merely thieves but feringhea told him that he was in reality living in the midst of a swarm of professional murderers that they had been all about him for many years and that they buried their dead close by these seemed insane tales but feringhea said come and see and he took him to a grave and dug up a hundred bodies and told him all the circumstances of the killings and named the thugs who had done the work it was a staggering business sleeman captured some of these thugs and proceeded to examine them separately and with proper precautions against collusion for he would not believe any indian's unsupported word the evidence gathered proved the truth of what feringhea had said and also revealed the fact that gangs of thugs were plying their trade all over india the astonished government now took hold of thuggee and for ten years made systematic and relentless war upon it and finally destroyed it gang after gang was captured tried and punished the thugs were harried and hunted from one end of india to the other the government got all their secrets out of them and also got the names of the members of the bands and recorded them in a book together with their birthplaces and places of residence the thugs were worshipers of bhowanee and to this god they sacrificed anybody that came handy but they kept the dead man's things themselves for the god cared for nothing but the corpse men were initiated into the sect with solemn ceremonies then they were taught how to strangle a person with the sacred choke cloth but were not allowed to perform officially with it until after long practice no half educated strangler could choke a man to death quickly enough to keep him from uttering a sound a muffled scream gurgle gasp moan or something of the sort but the expert's work was instantaneous the cloth was whipped around the victim's neck there was a sudden twist and the head fell silently forward the eyes starting from the sockets and all was over the thug carefully guarded against resistance it was usual to to get the victims to sit down for that was the handiest position for business if the thug had planned india itself it could not have been more conveniently arranged for the needs of his occupation there were no public conveyances there were no conveyances for hire the traveler went on foot or in a bullock cart or on a horse which he bought for the purpose as soon as he was out of his own little state or principality he was among strangers nobody knew him nobody took note of him and from that time his movements could no longer be traced he did not stop in towns or villages but camped outside of them and sent his servants in to buy provisions there were no habitations between villages whenever he was between villages he was an easy prey particularly as he usually traveled by night to avoid the heat he was always being overtaken by strangers who offered him the protection of their company or asked for the protection of his and these strangers were often thugs as he presently found out to his cost the landholders the native police the petty princes the village officials the customs officers were in many cases protectors and harborers of the thugs and betrayed travelers to them for a share of the spoil at first this condition of things made it next to impossible for the government to catch the marauders they were spirited away by these watchful friends all through a vast continent thus infested helpless people of every caste and kind moved along the paths and trails in couples and groups silently by night carrying the commerce of the country treasure jewels money and petty batches of silks spices and all manner of wares it was a paradise for the thug when the autumn opened the thugs began to gather together by pre concert other people had to have interpreters at every turn but not the thugs they could talk together no matter how far apart they were born for they had a language of their own and they had secret signs by which they knew each other for thugs and they were always friends even their diversities of religion and caste were sunk in devotion to their calling and the moslem and the high caste and low caste hindoo were staunch and affectionate brothers in thuggery when a gang had been assembled they had religious worship and waited for an omen they had definite notions about the omens the cries of certain animals were good omens the cries of certain other creatures were bad omens a bad omen would stop proceedings and send the men home the sword and the strangling cloth were sacred emblems the thugs worshiped the sword at home before going out to the assembling place the strangling cloth was worshiped at the place of assembly the chiefs of most of the bands performed the religious ceremonies themselves but the kaets delegated them to certain official stranglers chaurs the rites of the kaets were so holy that no one but the chaur was allowed to touch the vessels and other things used in them thug methods exhibit a curious mixture of caution and the absence of it cold business calculation and sudden unreflecting impulse but there were two details which were constant and not subject to caprice patient persistence in following up the prey and pitilessness when the time came to act caution was exhibited in the strength of the bands they never felt comfortable and confident unless their strength exceeded that of any party of travelers they were likely to meet by four or fivefold yet it was never their purpose to attack openly but only when the victims were off their guard when they got hold of a party of travelers they often moved along in their company several days using all manner of arts to win their friendship and get their confidence at last when this was accomplished to their satisfaction the real business began a few thugs were privately detached and sent forward in the dark to select a good killing place and dig the graves when the rest reached the spot a halt was called for a rest or a smoke the travelers were invited to sit by signs the chief appointed certain thugs to sit down in front of the travelers as if to wait upon them others to sit down beside them and engage them in conversation and certain expert stranglers to stand behind the travelers and be ready when the signal was given the signal was usually some commonplace remark like bring the tobacco sometimes a considerable wait ensued after all the actors were in their places the chief was biding his time in order to make everything sure meantime the talk droned on dim figures moved about in the dull light peace and tranquility reigned the travelers resigned themselves to the pleasant reposefulness and comfort of the situation unconscious of the death angels standing motionless at their backs the time was ripe now and the signal came bring the tobacco there was a mute swift movement all in the same instant the men at each victim's sides seized his hands the man in front seized his feet and pulled the man at his back whipped the cloth around his neck and gave it a twist the head sunk forward the tragedy was over the bodies were stripped and covered up in the graves the spoil packed for transportation then the thugs gave pious thanks to bhowanee and departed on further holy service the report shows that the travelers moved in exceedingly small groups twos threes fours as a rule a party with a dozen in it was rare the thugs themselves seem to have been the only people who moved in force they went about in gangs of 10 15 25 40 60 100 150 200 250 and one gang of 310 is mentioned considering their numbers their catch was not extraordinary particularly when you consider that they were not in the least fastidious but took anybody they could get whether rich or poor and sometimes even killed children now and then they killed women but it was considered sinful to do it and unlucky the season was six or eight months long one season the half dozen bundelkand and gwalior gangs aggregated 712 men and they murdered 210 people one season the malwa and kandeish gangs aggregated 702 men and they murdered 232 one season the kandeish and berar gangs aggregated 963 men and they murdered 385 people here is the tally sheet of a gang of sixty thugs for a whole season gang under two noted chiefs chotee and sheik nungoo from gwalior left poora in jhansee and on arrival at sarora murdered a traveler on nearly reaching bhopal met 3 brahmins and murdered them cross the nerbudda at a village called hutteea murdered a hindoo went through aurungabad to walagow there met a havildar of the barber caste and 5 sepoys native soldiers in the evening came to jokur and in the morning killed them near the place where the treasure bearers were killed the year before between jokur and dholeea met a sepoy of the shepherd caste killed him in the jungle passed through dholeea and lodged in a village two miles beyond on the road to indore met a byragee beggar holy mendicant murdered him at the thapa in the morning beyond the thapa fell in with 3 marwarie travelers murdered them near a village on the banks of the taptee met 4 travelers and killed them between choupra and dhoreea met a marwarie murdered him at dhoreea met 3 marwaries took them two miles and murdered them two miles further on overtaken by three treasure bearers took them two miles and murdered them in the jungle came on to khurgore bateesa in indore divided spoil and dispersed a total of 27 men murdered on one expedition chotee to save his neck was informer and furnished these facts several things are noticeable about his resume 1 business brevity 2 absence of emotion 3 smallness of the parties encountered by the 60 4 variety in character and quality of the game captured 5 hindoo and mohammedan chiefs in business together for bhowanee 6 the sacred caste of the brahmins not respected by either 7 nor yet the character of that mendicant that byragee a beggar is a holy creature and some of the gangs spared him on that account no matter how slack business might be but other gangs slaughtered not only him but even that sacredest of sacred creatures the fakeer that repulsive skin and bone thing that goes around naked and mats his bushy hair with dust and dirt and so beflours his lean body with ashes that he looks like a specter sometimes a fakeer trusted a shade too far in the protection of his sacredness in the middle of a tally sheet of feringhea's who had been out with forty thugs i find a case of the kind after the killing of thirty nine men and one woman the fakeer appears on the scene approaching doregow met 3 pundits also a fakeer mounted on a pony he was plastered over with sugar to collect flies and was covered with them drove off the fakeer and killed the other three leaving doregow the fakeer joined again and went on in company to raojana met 6 khutries on their way from bombay to nagpore drove off the fakeer with stones and killed the 6 men in camp and buried them in the grove next day the fakeer joined again made him leave at mana beyond there fell in with two kahars and a sepoy and came on towards the place selected for the murder when near it the fakeer came again losing all patience with him gave mithoo one of the gang 5 rupees $2 50 to murder him and take the sin upon himself all four were strangled including the fakeer surprised to find among the fakeer's effects 30 pounds of coral 350 strings of small pearls 15 strings of large pearls and a gilt necklace it it curious the little effect that time has upon a really interesting circumstance this one so old so long ago gone down into oblivion reads with the same freshness and charm that attach to the news in the morning paper one's spirits go up then down then up again following the chances which the fakeer is running now you hope now you despair now you hope again and at last everything comes out right and you feel a great wave of personal satisfaction go weltering through you and without thinking you put out your hand to pat mithoo on the back when puff! the whole thing has vanished away there is nothing there mithoo and all the crowd have been dust and ashes and forgotten oh so many many many lagging years! and then comes a sense of injury you don't know whether mithoo got the swag along with the sin or had to divide up the swag and keep all the sin himself there is no literary art about a government report it stops a story right in the most interesting place these reports of thug expeditions run along interminably in one monotonous tune met a sepoy killed him met 5 pundits killed them met 4 rajpoots and a woman killed them and so on till the statistics get to be pretty dry but this small trip of feringhea's forty had some little variety about it once they came across a man hiding in a grave a thief he had stolen 1 100 rupees from dhunroj seith of parowtee they strangled him and took the money they had no patience with thieves they killed two treasure bearers and got 4 000 rupees they came across two bullocks laden with copper pice and killed the four drivers and took the money there must have been half a ton of it i think it takes a double handful of pice to make an anna and 16 annas to make a rupee and even in those days the rupee was worth only half a dollar coming back over their tracks from baroda they had another picturesque stroke of luck 'the lohars of oodeypore' put a traveler in their charge for safety dear dear across this abyssmal gulf of time we still see feringhea's lips uncover his teeth and through the dim haze we catch the incandescent glimmer of his smile he accepted that trust good man and so we know what went with the traveler even rajahs had no terrors for feringhea he came across an elephant driver belonging to the rajah of oodeypore and promptly strangled him a total of 100 men and 5 women murdered on this expedition among the reports of expeditions we find mention of victims of almost every quality and estate also a prince's cook and even the water carrier of that sublime lord of lords and king of kings the governor general of india! how broad they were in their tastes! they also murdered actors poor wandering barnstormers there are two instances recorded the first one by a gang of thugs under a chief who soils a great name borne by a better man kipling's deathless gungadin after murdering 4 sepoys going on toward indore met 4 strolling players and persuaded them to come with us on the pretense that we would see their performance at the next stage murdered them at a temple near bhopal second instance at deohuttee joined by comedians murdered them eastward of that place but this gang was a particularly bad crew on that expedition they murdered a fakeer and twelve beggars and yet bhowanee protected them for once when they were strangling a man in a wood when a crowd was going by close at hand and the noose slipped and the man screamed bhowanee made a camel burst out at the same moment with a roar that drowned the scream and before the man could repeat it the breath was choked out of his body the cow is so sacred in india that to kill her keeper is an awful sacrilege and even the thugs recognized this yet now and then the lust for blood was too strong and so they did kill a few cow keepers in one of these instances the witness who killed the cowherd said in thuggee this is strictly forbidden and is an act from which no good can come i was ill of a fever for ten days afterward i do believe that evil will follow the murder of a man with a cow if there be no cow it does not signify another thug said he held the cowherd's feet while this witness did the strangling he felt no concern because the bad fortune of such a deed is upon the strangler and not upon the assistants even if there should be a hundred of them there were thousands of thugs roving over india constantly during many generations they made thug gee a hereditary vocation and taught it to their sons and to their son's sons boys were in full membership as early as 16 years of age veterans were still at work at 70 what was the fascination what was the impulse apparently it was partly piety largely gain and there is reason to suspect that the sport afforded was the chiefest fascination of all meadows taylor makes a thug in one of his books claim that the pleasure of killing men was the white man's beast hunting instinct enlarged refined ennobled i will quote the passage chapter xlvii simple rules for saving money to save half when you are fired by an eager impulse to contribute to a charity wait and count forty to save three quarters count sixty to save it all count sixty five pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the thug said how many of you english are passionately devoted to sporting! your days and months are passed in its excitement a tiger a panther a buffalo or a hog rouses your utmost energies for its destruction you even risk your lives in its pursuit how much higher game is a thug's! that must really be the secret of the rise and development of thuggee the joy of killing! the joy of seeing killing done these are traits of the human race at large we white people are merely modified thugs thugs fretting under the restraints of a not very thick skin of civilization thugs who long ago enjoyed the slaughter of the roman arena and later the burning of doubtful christians by authentic christians in the public squares and who now with the thugs of spain and nimes flock to enjoy the blood and misery of the bullring we have no tourists of either sex or any religion who are able to resist the delights of the bull ring when opportunity offers and we are gentle thugs in the hunting season and love to chase a tame rabbit and kill it still we have made some progress microscopic and in truth scarcely worth mentioning and certainly nothing to be proud of still it is progress we no longer take pleasure in slaughtering or burning helpless men we have reached a little altitude where we may look down upon the indian thugs with a complacent shudder and we may even hope for a day many centuries hence when our posterity will look down upon us in the same way there are many indications that the thug often hunted men for the mere sport of it that the fright and pain of the quarry were no more to him than are the fright and pain of the rabbit or the stag to us and that he was no more ashamed of beguiling his game with deceits and abusing its trust than are we when we have imitated a wild animal's call and shot it when it honored us with its confidence and came to see what we wanted madara son of nihal and i ramzam set out from kotdee in the cold weather and followed the high road for about twenty days in search of travelers until we came to selempore where we met a very old man going to the east we won his confidence in this manner he carried a load which was too heavy for his old age i said to him 'you are an old man i will aid you in carrying your load as you are from my part of the country ' he said 'very well take me with you ' so we took him with us to selempore where we slept that night we woke him next morning before dawn and set out and at the distance of three miles we seated him to rest while it was still very dark madara was ready behind him and strangled him he never spoke a word he was about 60 or 70 years of age another gang fell in with a couple of barbers and persuaded them to come along in their company by promising them the job of shaving the whole crew 30 thugs at the place appointed for the murder 15 got shaved and actually paid the barbers for their work then killed them and took back the money a gang of forty two thugs came across two brahmins and a shopkeeper on the road beguiled them into a grove and got up a concert for their entertainment while these poor fellows were listening to the music the stranglers were standing behind them and at the proper moment for dramatic effect they applied the noose the most devoted fisherman must have a bite at least as often as once a week or his passion will cool and he will put up his tackle the tiger sportsman must find a tiger at least once a fortnight or he will get tired and quit the elephant hunter's enthusiasm will waste away little by little and his zeal will perish at last if he plod around a month without finding a member of that noble family to assassinate but when the lust in the hunter's heart is for the noblest of all quarries man how different is the case! and how watery and poor is the zeal and how childish the endurance of those other hunters by comparison then neither hunger nor thirst nor fatigue nor deferred hope nor monotonous disappointment nor leaden footed lapse of time can conquer the hunter's patience or weaken the joy of his quest or cool the splendid rage of his desire of all the hunting passions that burn in the breast of man there is none that can lift him superior to discouragements like these but the one the royal sport the supreme sport whose quarry is his brother by comparison tiger hunting is a colorless poor thing for all it has been so bragged about why the thug was content to tramp patiently along afoot in the wasting heat of india week after week at an average of nine or ten miles a day if he might but hope to find game some time or other and refresh his longing soul with blood here is an instance i ramzam and hyder set out for the purpose of strangling travelers from guddapore and proceeded via the fort of julalabad newulgunge bangermow on the banks of the ganges upwards of 100 miles from whence we returned by another route still no travelers! till we reached bowaneegunge where we fell in with a traveler a boatman we inveigled him and about two miles east of there hyder strangled him as he stood for he was troubled and afraid and would not sit we then made a long journey about 130 miles and reached hussunpore bundwa where at the tank we fell in with a traveler he slept there that night next morning we followed him and tried to win his confidence at the distance of two miles we endeavored to induce him to sit down but he would not having become aware of us i attempted to strangle him as he walked along but did not succeed both of us then fell upon him he made a great outcry 'they are murdering me!' at length we strangled him and flung his body into a well after this we returned to our homes having been out a month and traveled about 260 miles a total of two men murdered on the expedition and here is another case related by the terrible futty khan a man with a tremendous record to be re mentioned by and by i with three others traveled for about 45 days a distance of about 200 miles in search of victims along the highway to bundwa and returned by davodpore another 200 miles during which journey we had only one murder which happened in this manner four miles to the east of noubustaghat we fell in with a traveler an old man i with koshal and hyder inveigled him and accompanied him that day within 3 miles of rampoor where after dark in a lonely place we got him to sit down and rest and while i kept him in talk seated before him hyder behind strangled him he made no resistance koshal stabbed him under the arms and in the throat and we flung the body into a running stream we got about 4 or 5 rupees each $2 or $2 50 we then proceeded homewards a total of one man murdered on this expedition there they tramped 400 miles were gone about three months and harvested two dollars and a half apiece but the mere pleasure of the hunt was sufficient that was pay enough they did no grumbling every now and then in this big book one comes across that pathetic remark we tried to get him to sit down but he would not it tells the whole story some accident had awakened the suspicion in him that these smooth friends who had been petting and coddling him and making him feel so safe and so fortunate after his forlorn and lonely wanderings were the dreaded thugs and now their ghastly invitation to sit and rest had confirmed its truth he knew there was no help for him and that he was looking his last upon earthly things but he would not sit no not that it was too awful to think of! there are a number of instances which indicate that when a man had once tasted the regal joys of man hunting he could not be content with the dull monotony of a crimeless life after ward example from a thug's testimony we passed through to kurnaul where we found a former thug named junooa an old comrade of ours who had turned religious mendicant and become a disciple and holy he came to us in the serai and weeping with joy returned to his old trade neither wealth nor honors nor dignities could satisfy a reformed thug for long he would throw them all away someday and go back to the lurid pleasures of hunting men and being hunted himself by the british ramzam was taken into a great native grandee's service and given authority over five villages my authority extended over these people to summons them to my presence to make them stand or sit i dressed well rode my pony and had two sepoys a scribe and a village guard to attend me during three years i used to pay each village a monthly visit and no one suspected that i was a thug! the chief man used to wait on me to transact business and as i passed along old and young made their salaam to me and yet during that very three years he got leave of absence to attend a wedding and instead went off on a thugging lark with six other thugs and hunted the highway for fifteen days! with satisfactory results afterwards he held a great office under a rajah there he had ten miles of country under his command and a military guard of fifteen men with authority to call out 2 000 more upon occasion but the british got on his track and they crowded him so that he had to give himself up see what a figure he was when he was gotten up for style and had all his things on i was fully armed a sword shield pistols a matchlock musket and a flint gun for i was fond of being thus arrayed and when so armed feared not though forty men stood before me he gave himself up and proudly proclaimed himself a thug then by request he agreed to betray his friend and pal buhram a thug with the most tremendous record in india i went to the house where buhram slept often has he led our gangs! i woke him he knew me well and came outside to me it was a cold night so under pretence of warming myself but in reality to have light for his seizure by the guards i lighted some straw and made a blaze we were warming our hands the guards drew around us i said to them 'this is buhram ' and he was seized just as a cat seizes a mouse then buhram said 'i am a thug! my father was a thug my grandfather was a thug and i have thugged with many!' so spoke the mighty hunter the mightiest of the mighty the gordon cumming of his day not much regret noticeable in it [ having planted a bullet in the shoulder bone of an elephant and caused the agonized creature to lean for support against a tree i proceeded to brew some coffee having refreshed myself taking observations of the elephant's spasms and writhings between the sips i resolved to make experiments on vulnerable points and approaching very near i fired several bullets at different parts of his enormous skull he only acknowledged the shots by a salaam like movement of his trunk with the point of which he gently touched the wounds with a striking and peculiar action surprised and shocked to find that i was only prolonging the suffering of the noble beast which bore its trials with such dignified composure i resolved to finish the proceeding with all possible despatch and accordingly opened fire upon him from the left side aiming at the shoulder i fired six shots with the two grooved rifle which must have eventually proved mortal after which i fired six shots at the same part with the dutch six founder large tears now trickled down from his eyes which he slowly shut and opened his colossal frame shivered convulsively and falling on his side he expired gordon cumming ] so many many times this official report leaves one's curiosity unsatisfied for instance here is a little paragraph out of the record of a certain band of 193 thugs which has that defect fell in with lall sing subahdar and his family consisting of nine persons traveled with them two days and the third put them all to death except the two children little boys of one and a half years old there it stops what did they do with those poor little fellows what was their subsequent history did they purpose training them up as thugs how could they take care of such little creatures on a march which stretched over several months no one seems to have cared to ask any questions about the babies but i do wish i knew one would be apt to imagine that the thugs were utterly callous utterly destitute of human feelings heartless toward their own families as well as toward other people's but this was not so like all other indians they had a passionate love for their kin a shrewd british officer who knew the indian character took that characteristic into account in laying his plans for the capture of eugene sue's famous feringhea he found out feringhea's hiding place and sent a guard by night to seize him but the squad was awkward and he got away however they got the rest of the family the mother wife child and brother and brought them to the officer at jubbulpore the officer did not fret but bided his time i knew feringhea would not go far while links so dear to him were in my hands he was right feringhea knew all the danger he was running by staying in the neighborhood still he could not tear himself away the officer found that he divided his time between five villages where be had relatives and friends who could get news for him from his family in jubbulpore jail and that he never slept two consecutive nights in the same village the officer traced out his several haunts then pounced upon all the five villages on the one night and at the same hour and got his man another example of family affection a little while previously to the capture of feringhea's family the british officer had captured feringhea's foster brother leader of a gang of ten and had tried the eleven and condemned them to be hanged feringhea's captured family arrived at the jail the day before the execution was to take place the foster brother jhurhoo entreated to be allowed to see the aged mother and the others the prayer was granted and this is what took place it is the british officer who speaks in the morning just before going to the scaffold the interview took place before me he fell at the old woman's feet and begged that she would relieve him from the obligations of the milk with which she had nourished him from infancy as he was about to die before he could fulfill any of them she placed her hands on his head and he knelt and she said she forgave him all and bid him die like a man if a capable artist should make a picture of it it would be full of dignity and solemnity and pathos and it could touch you you would imagine it to be anything but what it was there is reverence there and tenderness and gratefulness and compassion and resignation and fortitude and self respect and no sense of disgrace no thought of dishonor everything is there that goes to make a noble parting and give it a moving grace and beauty and dignity and yet one of these people is a thug and the other a mother of thugs! the incongruities of our human nature seem to reach their limit here i wish to make note of one curious thing while i think of it one of the very commonest remarks to be found in this bewildering array of thug confessions is this strangled him and threw him an a well! in one case they threw sixteen into a well and they had thrown others in the same well before it makes a body thirsty to read about it and there is another very curious thing the bands of thugs had private graveyards they did not like to kill and bury at random here and there and everywhere they preferred to wait and toll the victims along and get to one of their regular burying places 'bheels' if they could in the little kingdom of oude which was about half as big as ireland and about as big as the state of maine they had two hundred and seventy four 'bheels' they were scattered along fourteen hundred miles of road at an average of only five miles apart and the british government traced out and located each and every one of them and set them down on the map the oude bands seldom went out of their own country but they did a thriving business within its borders so did outside bands who came in and helped some of the thug leaders of oude were noted for their successful careers each of four of them confessed to above 300 murders another to nearly 400 our friend ramzam to 604 he is the one who got leave of absence to attend a wedding and went thugging instead and he is also the one who betrayed buhram to the british but the biggest records of all were the murder lists of futty khan and buhram futty khan's number is smaller than ramzam's but he is placed at the head because his average is the best in oude thug history per year of service his slaughter was 508 men in twenty years and he was still a young man when the british stopped his industry buhram's list was 931 murders but it took him forty years his average was one man and nearly all of another man per month for forty years but futty khan's average was two men and a little of another man per month during his twenty years of usefulness there is one very striking thing which i wish to call attention to you have surmised from the listed callings followed by the victims of the thugs that nobody could travel the indian roads unprotected and live to get through that the thugs respected no quality no vocation no religion nobody that they killed every unarmed man that came in their way that is wholly true with one reservation in all the long file of thug confessions an english traveler is mentioned but once and this is what the thug says of the circumstance he was on his way from mhow to bombay we studiously avoided him he proceeded next morning with a number of travelers who had sought his protection and they took the road to baroda we do not know who he was he flits across the page of this rusty old book and disappears in the obscurity beyond but he is an impressive figure moving through that valley of death serene and unafraid clothed in the might of the english name we have now followed the big official book through and we understand what thuggee was what a bloody terror it was what a desolating scourge it was in 1830 the english found this cancerous organization imbedded in the vitals of the empire doing its devastating work in secrecy and assisted protected sheltered and hidden by innumerable confederates big and little native chiefs customs officers village officials and native police all ready to lie for it and the mass of the people through fear persistently pretending to know nothing about its doings and this condition of things had existed for generations and was formidable with the sanctions of age and old custom if ever there was an unpromising task if ever there was a hopeless task in the world surely it was offered here the task of conquering thuggee but that little handful of english officials in india set their sturdy and confident grip upon it and ripped it out root and branch! how modest do captain vallancey's words sound now when we read them again knowing what we know the day that sees this far spread evil completely eradicated from india and known only in name will greatly tend to immortalize british rule in the east it would be hard to word a claim more modestly than that for this most noble work chapter xlviii grief can take care of itself but to get the full value of a joy you must have somebody to divide it with pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we left bombay for allahabad by a night train it is the custom of the country to avoid day travel when it can conveniently be done but there is one trouble while you can seemingly secure the two lower berths by making early application there is no ticket as witness of it and no other producible evidence in case your proprietorship shall chance to be challenged the word engaged appears on the window but it doesn't state who the compartment is engaged for if your satan and your barney arrive before somebody else's servants and spread the bedding on the two sofas and then stand guard till you come all will be well but if they step aside on an errand they may find the beds promoted to the two shelves and somebody else's demons standing guard over their master's beds which in the meantime have been spread upon your sofas you do not pay anything extra for your sleeping place that is where the trouble lies if you buy a fare ticket and fail to use it there is room thus made available for someone else but if the place were secured to you it would remain vacant and yet your ticket would secure you another place when you were presently ready to travel however no explanation of such a system can make it seem quite rational to a person who has been used to a more rational system if our people had the arranging of it we should charge extra for securing the place and then the road would suffer no loss if the purchaser did not occupy it the present system encourages good manners and also discourages them if a young girl has a lower berth and an elderly lady comes in it is usual for the girl to offer her place to this late comer and it is usual for the late comer to thank her courteously and take it but the thing happens differently sometimes when we were ready to leave bombay my daughter's satchels were holding possession of her berth a lower one at the last moment a middle aged american lady swarmed into the compartment followed by native porters laden with her baggage she was growling and snarling and scolding and trying to make herself phenomenally disagreeable and succeeding without a word she hoisted the satchels into the hanging shelf and took possession of that lower berth on one of our trips mr smythe and i got out at a station to walk up and down and when we came back smythe's bed was in the hanging shelf and an english cavalry officer was in bed on the sofa which he had lately been occupying it was mean to be glad about it but it is the way we are made i could not have been gladder if it had been my enemy that had suffered this misfortune we all like to see people in trouble if it doesn't cost us anything i was so happy over mr smythe's chagrin that i couldn't go to sleep for thinking of it and enjoying it i knew he supposed the officer had committed the robbery himself whereas without a doubt the officer's servant had done it without his knowledge mr smythe kept this incident warm in his heart and longed for a chance to get even with somebody for it sometime afterward the opportunity came in calcutta we were leaving on a 24 hour journey to darjeeling mr barclay the general superintendent has made special provision for our accommodation mr smythe said so there was no need to hurry about getting to the train consequently we were a little late when we arrived the usual immense turmoil and confusion of a great indian station were in full blast it was an immoderately long train for all the natives of india were going by it somewhither and the native officials were being pestered to frenzy by belated and anxious people they didn't know where our car was and couldn't remember having received any orders about it it was a deep disappointment moreover it looked as if our half of our party would be left behind altogether then satan came running and said he had found a compartment with one shelf and one sofa unoccupied and had made our beds and had stowed our baggage we rushed to the place and just as the train was ready to pull out and the porters were slamming the doors to all down the line an officer of the indian civil service a good friend of ours put his head in and said i have been hunting for you everywhere what are you doing here don't you know the train started before he could finish mr smythe's opportunity was come his bedding on the shelf at once changed places with the bedding a stranger's that was occupying the sofa that was opposite to mine about ten o'clock we stopped somewhere and a large englishman of official military bearing stepped in we pretended to be asleep the lamps were covered but there was light enough for us to note his look of surprise he stood there grand and fine peering down at smythe and wondering in silence at the situation after a bit be said well! and that was all but that was enough it was easy to understand it meant this is extraordinary this is high handed i haven't had an experience like this before he sat down on his baggage and for twenty minutes we watched him through our eyelashes rocking and swaying there to the motion of the train then we came to a station and he got up and went out muttering i must find a lower berth or wait over his servant came presently and carried away his things mr smythe's sore place was healed his hunger for revenge was satisfied but he couldn't sleep and neither could i for this was a venerable old car and nothing about it was taut the closet door slammed all night and defied every fastening we could invent we got up very much jaded at dawn and stepped out at a way station and while we were taking a cup of coffee that englishman ranged up alongside and somebody said to him so you didn't stop off after all no the guard found a place for me that had been engaged and not occupied i had a whole saloon car all to myself oh quite palatial! i never had such luck in my life that was our car you see we moved into it straight off the family and all but i asked the english gentleman to remain and he did a pleasant man an infantry colonel and doesn't know yet that smythe robbed him of his berth but thinks it was done by smythe's servant without smythe's knowledge he was assisted in gathering this impression the indian trains are manned by natives exclusively the indian stations except very large and important ones are manned entirely by natives and so are the posts and telegraphs the rank and file of the police are natives all these people are pleasant and accommodating one day i left an express train to lounge about in that perennially ravishing show the ebb and flow and whirl of gaudy natives that is always surging up and down the spacious platform of a great indian station and i lost myself in the ecstasy of it and when i turned the train was moving swiftly away i was going to sit down and wait for another train as i would have done at home i had no thought of any other course but a native official who had a green flag in his hand saw me and said politely don't you belong in the train sir yes i said he waved his flag and the train came back! and he put me aboard with as much ceremony as if i had been the general superintendent they are kindly people the natives the face and the bearing that indicate a surly spirit and a bad heart seemed to me to be so rare among indians so nearly non existent in fact that i sometimes wondered if thuggee wasn't a dream and not a reality the bad hearts are there but i believe that they are in a small poor minority one thing is sure they are much the most interesting people in the world and the nearest to being incomprehensible at any rate the hardest to account for their character and their history their customs and their religion confront you with riddles at every turn riddles which are a trifle more perplexing after they are explained than they were before you can get the facts of a custom like caste and suttee and thuggee and so on and with the facts a theory which tries to explain but never quite does it to your satisfaction you can never quite understand how so strange a thing could have been born nor why for instance the suttee this is the explanation of it a woman who throws away her life when her husband dies is instantly joined to him again and is forever afterward happy with him in heaven her family will build a little monument to her or a temple and will hold her in honor and indeed worship her memory always they will themselves be held in honor by the public the woman's self sacrifice has conferred a noble and lasting distinction upon her posterity and besides see what she has escaped if she had elected to live she would be a disgraced person she could not remarry her family would despise her and disown her she would be a friendless outcast and miserable all her days very well you say but the explanation is not complete yet how did people come to drift into such a strange custom what was the origin of the idea well nobody knows it was probably a revelation sent down by the gods one more thing why was such a cruel death chosen why wouldn't a gentle one have answered nobody knows maybe that was a revelation too no you can never understand it it all seems impossible you resolve to believe that a widow never burnt herself willingly but went to her death because she was afraid to defy public opinion but you are not able to keep that position history drives you from it major sleeman has a convincing case in one of his books in his government on the nerbudda he made a brave attempt on the 28th of march 1828 to put down suttee on his own hook and without warrant from the supreme government of india he could not foresee that the government would put it down itself eight months later the only backing he had was a bold nature and a compassionate heart he issued his proclamation abolishing the suttee in his district on the morning of tuesday note the day of the week the 24th of the following november ummed singh upadhya head of the most respectable and most extensive brahmin family in the district died and presently came a deputation of his sons and grandsons to beg that his old widow might be allowed to burn herself upon his pyre sleeman threatened to enforce his order and punish severely any man who assisted and he placed a police guard to see that no one did so from the early morning the old widow of sixty five had been sitting on the bank of the sacred river by her dead waiting through the long hours for the permission and at last the refusal came instead in one little sentence sleeman gives you a pathetic picture of this lonely old gray figure all day and all night she remained sitting by the edge of the water without eating or drinking the next morning the body of the husband was burned to ashes in a pit eight feet square and three or four feet deep in the view of several thousand spectators then the widow waded out to a bare rock in the river and everybody went away but her sons and other relations all day she sat there on her rock in the blazing sun without food or drink and with no clothing but a sheet over her shoulders the relatives remained with her and all tried to persuade her to desist from her purpose for they deeply loved her she steadily refused then a part of the family went to sleeman's house ten miles away and tried again to get him to let her burn herself he refused hoping to save her yet all that day she scorched in her sheet on the rock and all that night she kept her vigil there in the bitter cold thursday morning in the sight of her relatives she went through a ceremonial which said more to them than any words could have done she put on the dhaja a coarse red turban and broke her bracelets in pieces by these acts she became a dead person in the eye of the law and excluded from her caste forever by the iron rule of ancient custom if she should now choose to live she could never return to her family sleeman was in deep trouble if she starved herself to death her family would be disgraced and moreover starving would be a more lingering misery than the death by fire he went back in the evening thoroughly worried the old woman remained on her rock and there in the morning he found her with her dhaja still on her head she talked very collectedly telling me that she had determined to mix her ashes with those of her departed husband and should patiently wait my permission to do so assured that god would enable her to sustain life till that was given though she dared not eat or drink looking at the sun then rising before her over a long and beautiful reach of the river she said calmly 'my soul has been for five days with my husband's near that sun nothing but my earthly frame is left and this i know you will in time suffer to be mixed with his ashes in yonder pit because it is not in your nature or usage wantonly to prolong the miseries of a poor old woman ' he assured her that it was his desire and duty to save her and to urge her to live and to keep her family from the disgrace of being thought her murderers but she said she was not afraid of their being thought so that they had all like good children done everything in their power to induce her to live and to abide with them and if i should consent i know they would love and honor me but my duties to them have now ended i commit them all to your care and i go to attend my husband ummed singh upadhya with whose ashes on the funeral pile mine have been already three times mixed she believed that she and he had been upon the earth three several times as wife and husband and that she had burned herself to death three times upon his pyre that is why she said that strange thing since she had broken her bracelets and put on the red turban she regarded herself as a corpse otherwise she would not have allowed herself to do her husband the irreverence of pronouncing his name this was the first time in her long life that she had ever uttered her husband's name for in india no woman high or low ever pronounces the name of her husband major sleeman still tried to shake her purpose he promised to build her a fine house among the temples of her ancestors upon the bank of the river and make handsome provision for her out of rent free lands if she would consent to live and if she wouldn't he would allow no stone or brick to ever mark the place where she died but she only smiled and said my pulse has long ceased to beat my spirit has departed i shall suffer nothing in the burning and if you wish proof order some fire and you shall see this arm consumed without giving me any pain sleeman was now satisfied that he could not alter her purpose he sent for all the chief members of the family and said he would suffer her to burn herself if they would enter into a written engagement to abandon the suttee in their family thenceforth they agreed the papers were drawn out and signed and at noon saturday word was sent to the poor old woman she seemed greatly pleased the ceremonies of bathing were gone through with and by three o'clock she was ready and the fire was briskly burning in the pit she had now gone without food or drink during more than four days and a half she came ashore from her rock first wetting her sheet in the waters of the sacred river for without that safeguard any shadow which might fall upon her would convey impurity to her then she walked to the pit leaning upon one of her sons and a nephew the distance was a hundred and fifty yards i had sentries placed all around and no other person was allowed to approach within five paces she came on with a calm and cheerful countenance stopped once and casting her eyes upwards said 'why have they kept me five days from thee my husband ' on coming to the sentries her supporters stopped and remained standing she moved on and walked once around the pit paused a moment and while muttering a prayer threw some flowers into the fire she then walked up deliberately and steadily to the brink stepped into the centre of the flame sat down and leaning back in the midst as if reposing upon a couch was consumed without uttering a shriek or betraying one sign of agony it is fine and beautiful it compels one's reverence and respect no has it freely and without compulsion we see how the custom once started could continue for the soul of it is that stupendous power faith faith brought to the pitch of effectiveness by the cumulative force of example and long use and custom but we cannot understand how the first widows came to take to it that is a perplexing detail sleeman says that it was usual to play music at the suttee but that the white man's notion that this was to drown the screams of the martyr is not correct that it had a quite different purpose it was believed that the martyr died prophecying that the prophecies sometimes foretold disaster and it was considered a kindness to those upon whom it was to fall to drown the voice and keep them in ignorance of the misfortune that was to come chapter xlix he had had much experience of physicians and said the only way to keep your health is to eat what you don't want drink what you don't like and do what you'd druther not pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar it was a long journey two nights one day and part of another day from bombay eastward to allahabad but it was always interesting and it was not fatiguing at first the night travel promised to be fatiguing but that was on account of pyjamas this foolish night dress consists of jacket and drawers sometimes they are made of silk sometimes of a raspy scratchy slazy woolen material with a sandpaper surface the drawers are loose elephant legged and elephant waisted things and instead of buttoning around the body there is a drawstring to produce the required shrinkage the jacket is roomy and one buttons it in front pyjamas are hot on a hot night and cold on a cold night defects which a nightshirt is free from i tried the pyjamas in order to be in the fashion but i was obliged to give them up i couldn't stand them there was no sufficient change from day gear to night gear i missed the refreshing and luxurious sense induced by the night gown of being undressed emancipated set free from restraints and trammels in place of that i had the worried confined oppressed suffocated sense of being abed with my clothes on all through the warm half of the night the coarse surfaces irritated my skin and made it feel baked and feverish and the dreams which came in the fitful flurries of slumber were such as distress the sleep of the damned or ought to and all through the cold other half of the night i could get no time for sleep because i had to employ it all in stealing blankets but blankets are of no value at such a time the higher they are piled the more effectively they cork the cold in and keep it from getting out the result is that your legs are ice and you know how you will feel by and by when you are buried in a sane interval i discarded the pyjamas and led a rational and comfortable life thenceforth out in the country in india the day begins early one sees a plain perfectly flat dust colored and brick yardy stretching limitlessly away on every side in the dim gray light striped everywhere with hard beaten narrow paths the vast flatness broken at wide intervals by bunches of spectral trees that mark where villages are and along all the paths are slender women and the black forms of lanky naked men moving to their work the women with brass water jars on their heads the men carrying hoes the man is not entirely naked always there is a bit of white rag a loin cloth it amounts to a bandage and is a white accent on his black person like the silver band around the middle of a pipe stem sometimes he also wears a fluffy and voluminous white turban and this adds a second accent he then answers properly to miss gordon cumming's flash light picture of him as a person who is dressed in a turban and a pocket handkerchief all day long one has this monotony of dust colored dead levels and scattering bunches of trees and mud villages you soon realize that india is not beautiful still there is an enchantment about it that is beguiling and which does not pall you cannot tell just what it is that makes the spell perhaps but you feel it and confess it nevertheless of course at bottom you know in a vague way that it is history it is that that affects you a haunting sense of the myriads of human lives that have blossomed and withered and perished here repeating and repeating and repeating century after century and age after age the barren and meaningless process it is this sense that gives to this forlorn uncomely land power to speak to the spirit and make friends with it to speak to it with a voice bitter with satire but eloquent with melancholy the deserts of australia and the ice barrens of greenland have no speech for they have no venerable history with nothing to tell of man and his vanities his fleeting glories and his miseries they have nothing wherewith to spiritualize their ugliness and veil it with a charm there is nothing pretty about an indian village a mud one and i do not remember that we saw any but mud ones on that long flight to allahabad it is a little bunch of dirt colored mud hovels jammed together within a mud wall as a rule the rains had beaten down parts of some of the houses and this gave the village the aspect of a mouldering and hoary ruin i believe the cattle and the vermin live inside the wall for i saw cattle coming out and cattle going in and whenever i saw a villager he was scratching this last is only circumstantial evidence but i think it has value the village has a battered little temple or two big enough to hold an idol and with custom enough to fat up a priest and keep him comfortable where there are mohammedans there are generally a few sorry tombs outside the village that have a decayed and neglected look the villages interested me because of things which major sleeman says about them in his books particularly what he says about the division of labor in them he says that the whole face of india is parceled out into estates of villages that nine tenths of the vast population of the land consist of cultivators of the soil that it is these cultivators who inhabit the villages that there are certain established village servants mechanics and others who are apparently paid a wage by the village at large and whose callings remain in certain families and are handed down from father to son like an estate he gives a list of these established servants priest blacksmith carpenter accountant washerman basketmaker potter watchman barber shoemaker brazier confectioner weaver dyer etc in his day witches abounded and it was not thought good business wisdom for a man to marry his daughter into a family that hadn't a witch in it for she would need a witch on the premises to protect her children from the evil spells which would certainly be cast upon them by the witches connected with the neighboring families the office of midwife was hereditary in the family of the basket maker it belonged to his wife she might not be competent but the office was hers anyway her pay was not high 25 cents for a boy and half as much for a girl the girl was not desired because she would be a disastrous expense by and by as soon as she should be old enough to begin to wear clothes for propriety's sake it would be a disgrace to the family if she were not married and to marry her meant financial ruin for by custom the father must spend upon feasting and wedding display everything he had and all he could borrow in fact reduce himself to a condition of poverty which he might never more recover from it was the dread of this prospective ruin which made the killing of girl babies so prevalent in india in the old days before england laid the iron hand of her prohibitions upon the piteous slaughter one may judge of how prevalent the custom was by one of sleeman's casual electrical remarks when he speaks of children at play in villages where girl voices were never heard! the wedding display folly is still in full force in india and by consequence the destruction of girl babies is still furtively practiced but not largely because of the vigilance of the government and the sternness of the penalties it levies in some parts of india the village keeps in its pay three other servants an astrologer to tell the villager when he may plant his crop or make a journey or marry a wife or strangle a child or borrow a dog or climb a tree or catch a rat or swindle a neighbor without offending the alert and solicitous heavens and what his dream means if he has had one and was not bright enough to interpret it himself by the details of his dinner the two other established servants were the tiger persuader and the hailstorm discourager the one kept away the tigers if he could and collected the wages anyway and the other kept off the hailstorms or explained why he failed he charged the same for explaining a failure that he did for scoring a success a man is an idiot who can't earn a living in india major sleeman reveals the fact that the trade union and the boycott are antiquities in india india seems to have originated everything the sweeper belongs to the bottom caste he is the lowest of the low all other castes despise him and scorn his office but that does not trouble him his caste is a caste and that is sufficient for him and so he is proud of it not ashamed sleeman says it is perhaps not known to many of my countrymen even in india that in every town and city in the country the right of sweeping the houses and streets is a monopoly and is supported entirely by the pride of castes among the scavengers who are all of the lowest class the right of sweeping within a certain range is recognized by the caste to belong to a certain member and if any other member presumes to sweep within that range he is excommunicated no other member will smoke out of his pipe or drink out of his jug and he can get restored to caste only by a feast to the whole body of sweepers if any housekeeper within a particular circle happens to offend the sweeper of that range none of his filth will be removed till he pacifies him because no other sweeper will dare to touch it and the people of a town are often more tyrannized over by these people than by any other a footnote by major sleeman's editor mr vincent arthur smith says that in our day this tyranny of the sweepers' guild is one of the many difficulties which bar the progress of indian sanitary reform think of this the sweepers cannot be readily coerced because no hindoo or mussulman would do their work to save his life nor will he pollute himself by beating the refractory scavenger they certainly do seem to have the whip hand it would be difficult to imagine a more impregnable position the vested rights described in the text are so fully recognized in practice that they are frequently the subject of sale or mortgage just like a milk route or like a london crossing sweepership it is said that the london crossing sweeper's right to his crossing is recognized by the rest of the guild that they protect him in its possession that certain choice crossings are valuable property and are saleable at high figures i have noticed that the man who sweeps in front of the army and navy stores has a wealthy south african aristocratic style about him and when he is off his guard he has exactly that look on his face which you always see in the face of a man who has is saving up his daughter to marry her to a duke it appears from sleeman that in india the occupation of elephant driver is confined to mohammedans i wonder why that is the water carrier 'bheestie' is a mohammedan but it is said that the reason of that is that the hindoo's religion does not allow him to touch the skin of dead kine and that is what the water sack is made of it would defile him and it doesn't allow him to eat meat the animal that furnished the meat was murdered and to take any creature's life is a sin it is a good and gentle religion but inconvenient a great indian river at low water suggests the familiar anatomical picture of a skinned human body the intricate mesh of interwoven muscles and tendons to stand for water channels and the archipelagoes of fat and flesh inclosed by them to stand for the sandbars somewhere on this journey we passed such a river and on a later journey we saw in the sutlej the duplicate of that river curious rivers they are low shores a dizzy distance apart with nothing between but an enormous acreage of sand flats with sluggish little veins of water dribbling around amongst them saharas of sand smallpox pitted with footprints punctured in belts as straight as the equator clear from the one shore to the other barring the channel interruptions a dry shod ferry you see long railway bridges are required for this sort of rivers and india has them you approach allahabad by a very long one it was now carrying us across the bed of the jumna a bed which did not seem to have been slept in for one while or more it wasn't all river bed most of it was overflow ground allahabad means city of god i get this from the books from a printed curiosity a letter written by one of those brave and confident hindoo strugglers with the english tongue called a babu i got a more compressed translation godville it is perfectly correct but that is the most that can be said for it we arrived in the forenoon and short handed for satan got left behind somewhere that morning and did not overtake us until after nightfall it seemed very peaceful without him the world seemed asleep and dreaming i did not see the native town i think i do not remember why for an incident connects it with the great mutiny and that is enough to make any place interesting but i saw the english part of the city it is a town of wide avenues and noble distances and is comely and alluring and full of suggestions of comfort and leisure and of the serenity which a good conscience buttressed by a sufficient bank account gives the bungalows dwellings stand well back in the seclusion and privacy of large enclosed compounds private grounds as we should say and in the shade and shelter of trees even the photographer and the prosperous merchant ply their industries in the elegant reserve of big compounds and the citizens drive in thereupon their business occasions and not in cabs no in the indian cities cabs are for the drifting stranger all the white citizens have private carriages and each carriage has a flock of white turbaned black footmen and drivers all over it the vicinity of a lecture hall looks like a snowstorm and makes the lecturer feel like an opera india has many names and they are correctly descriptive it is the land of contradictions the land of subtlety and superstition the land of wealth and poverty the land of splendor and desolation the land of plague and famine the land of the thug and the poisoner and of the meek and the patient the land of the suttee the land of the unreinstatable widow the land where all life is holy the land of cremation the land where the vulture is a grave and a monument the land of the multitudinous gods and if signs go for anything it is the land of the private carriage in bombay the forewoman of a millinery shop came to the hotel in her private carriage to take the measure for a gown not for me but for another she had come out to india to make a temporary stay but was extending it indefinitely indeed she was purposing to end her days there in london she said her work had been hard her hours long for economy's sake she had had to live in shabby rooms and far away from the shop watch the pennies deny herself many of the common comforts of life restrict herself in effect to its bare necessities eschew cabs travel third class by underground train to and from her work swallowing coal smoke and cinders all the way and sometimes troubled with the society of men and women who were less desirable than the smoke and the cinders but in bombay on almost any kind of wages she could live in comfort and keep her carriage and have six servants in place of the woman of all work she had had in her english home later in calcutta i found that the standard oil clerks had small one horse vehicles and did no walking and i was told that the clerks of the other large concerns there had the like equipment but to return to allahabad i was up at dawn the next morning in india the tourist's servant does not sleep in a room in the hotel but rolls himself up head and ears in his blanket and stretches himself on the veranda across the front of his master's door and spends the night there i don't believe anybody's servant occupies a room apparently the bungalow servants sleep on the veranda it is roomy and goes all around the house i speak of menservants i saw none of the other sex i think there are none except child nurses i was up at dawn and walked around the veranda past the rows of sleepers in front of one door a hindoo servant was squatting waiting for his master to call him he had polished the yellow shoes and placed them by the door and now he had nothing to do but wait it was freezing cold but there he was as motionless as a sculptured image and as patient it troubled me i wanted to say to him don't crouch there like that and freeze nobody requires it of you stir around and get warm but i hadn't the words i thought of saying 'jeldy jow' but i couldn't remember what it meant so i didn't say it i knew another phrase but it wouldn't come to my mind i moved on purposing to dismiss him from my thoughts but his bare legs and bare feet kept him there they kept drawing me back from the sunny side to a point whence i could see him at the end of an hour he had not changed his attitude in the least degree it was a curious and impressive exhibition of meekness and patience or fortitude or indifference i did not know which but it worried me and it was spoiling my morning in fact it spoiled two hours of it quite thoroughly i quitted this vicinity then and left him to punish himself as much as he might want to but up to that time the man had not changed his attitude a hair he will always remain with me i suppose his figure never grows vague in my memory whenever i read of indian resignation indian patience under wrongs hardships and misfortunes he comes before me he becomes a personification and stands for india in trouble and for untold ages india in trouble has been pursued with the very remark which i was going to utter but didn't because its meaning had slipped me jeddy jow! come shove along! why it was the very thing in the early brightness we made a long drive out to the fort part of the way was beautiful it led under stately trees and through groups of native houses and by the usual village well where the picturesque gangs are always flocking to and fro and laughing and chattering and this time brawny men were deluging their bronze bodies with the limpid water and making a refreshing and enticing show of it enticing for the sun was already transacting business firing india up for the day there was plenty of this early bathing going on for it was getting toward breakfast time and with an unpurified body the hindoo must not eat then we struck into the hot plain and found the roads crowded with pilgrims of both sexes for one of the great religious fairs of india was being held just beyond the fort at the junction of the sacred rivers the ganges and the jumna three sacred rivers i should have said for there is a subterranean one nobody has seen it but that doesn't signify the fact that it is there is enough these pilgrims had come from all over india some of them had been months on the way plodding patiently along in the heat and dust worn poor hungry but supported and sustained by an unwavering faith and belief they were supremely happy and content now their full and sufficient reward was at hand they were going to be cleansed from every vestige of sin and corruption by these holy waters which make utterly pure whatsoever thing they touch even the dead and rotten it is wonderful the power of a faith like that that can make multitudes upon multitudes of the old and weak and the young and frail enter without hesitation or complaint upon such incredible journeys and endure the resultant miseries without repining it is done in love or it is done in fear i do not know which it is no matter what the impulse is the act born of it is beyond imagination marvelous to our kind of people the cold whites there are choice great natures among us that could exhibit the equivalent of this prodigious self sacrifice but the rest of us know that we should not be equal to anything approaching it still we all talk self sacrifice and this makes me hope that we are large enough to honor it in the hindoo two millions of natives arrive at this fair every year how many start and die on the road from age and fatigue and disease and scanty nourishment and how many die on the return from the same causes no one knows but the tale is great one may say enormous every twelfth year is held to be a year of peculiar grace a greatly augmented volume of pilgrims results then the twelfth year has held this distinction since the remotest times it is said it is said also that there is to be but one more twelfth year for the ganges after that that holiest of all sacred rivers will cease to be holy and will be abandoned by the pilgrim for many centuries how many the wise men have not stated at the end of that interval it will become holy again meantime the data will be arranged by those people who have charge of all such matters the great chief brahmins it will be like shutting down a mint at a first glance it looks most unbrahminically uncommercial but i am not disturbed being soothed and tranquilized by their reputation brer fox he lay low as uncle remus says and at the judicious time he will spring something on the indian public which will show that he was not financially asleep when he took the ganges out of the market great numbers of the natives along the roads were bringing away holy water from the rivers they would carry it far and wide in india and sell it tavernier the french traveler 17th century notes that ganges water is often given at weddings each guest receiving a cup or two according to the liberality of the host sometimes 2 000 or 3 000 rupees' worth of it is consumed at a wedding the fort is a huge old structure and has had a large experience in religions in its great court stands a monolith which was placed there more than 2 000 years ago to preach budhism by its pious inscription the fort was built three centuries ago by a mohammedan emperor a resanctification of the place in the interest of that religion there is a hindoo temple too with subterranean ramifications stocked with shrines and idols and now the fort belongs to the english it contains a christian church insured in all the companies from the lofty ramparts one has a fine view of the sacred rivers they join at that point the pale blue jumna apparently clean and clear and the muddy ganges dull yellow and not clean on a long curved spit between the rivers towns of tents were visible with a multitude of fluttering pennons and a mighty swarm of pilgrims it was a troublesome place to get down to and not a quiet place when you arrived but it was interesting there was a world of activity and turmoil and noise partly religious partly commercial for the mohammedans were there to curse and sell and the hindoos to buy and pray it is a fair as well as a religious festival crowds were bathing praying and drinking the purifying waters and many sick pilgrims had come long journeys in palanquins to be healed of their maladies by a bath or if that might not be then to die on the blessed banks and so make sure of heaven there were fakeers in plenty with their bodies dusted over with ashes and their long hair caked together with cow dung for the cow is holy and so is the rest of it so holy that the good hindoo peasant frescoes the walls of his hut with this refuse and also constructs ornamental figures out of it for the gracing of his dirt floor there were seated families fearfully and wonderfully painted who by attitude and grouping represented the families of certain great gods there was a holy man who sat naked by the day and by the week on a cluster of iron spikes and did not seem to mind it and another holy man who stood all day holding his withered arms motionless aloft and was said to have been doing it for years all of these performers have a cloth on the ground beside them for the reception of contributions and even the poorest of the people give a trifle and hope that the sacrifice will be blessed to him at last came a procession of naked holy people marching by and chanting and i wrenched myself away chapter l the man who is ostentatious of his modesty is twin to the statue that wears a fig leaf pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the journey to benares was all in daylight and occupied but a few hours it was admirably dusty the dust settled upon you in a thick ashy layer and turned you into a fakeer with nothing lacking to the role but the cow manure and the sense of holiness there was a change of cars about mid afternoon at moghul serai if that was the name and a wait of two hours there for the benares train we could have found a carriage and driven to the sacred city but we should have lost the wait in other countries a long wait at a station is a dull thing and tedious but one has no right to have that feeling in india you have the monster crowd of bejeweled natives the stir the bustle the confusion the shifting splendors of the costumes dear me the delight of it the charm of it are beyond speech the two hour wait was over too soon among other satisfying things to look at was a minor native prince from the backwoods somewhere with his guard of honor a ragged but wonderfully gaudy gang of fifty dark barbarians armed with rusty flint lock muskets the general show came so near to exhausting variety that one would have said that no addition to it could be conspicuous but when this falstaff and his motleys marched through it one saw that that seeming impossibility had happened we got away by and by and soon reached the outer edge of benares then there was another wait but as usual with something to look at this was a cluster of little canvas boxes palanquins a canvas box is not much of a sight when empty but when there is a lady in it it is an object of interest these boxes were grouped apart in the full blaze of the terrible sun during the three quarters of an hour that we tarried there they contained zenana ladies they had to sit up there was not room enough to stretch out they probably did not mind it they are used to the close captivity of the dwellings all their lives when they go a journey they are carried to the train in these boxes in the train they have to be secluded from inspection many people pity them and i always did it myself and never charged anything but it is doubtful if this compassion is valued while we were in india some good hearted europeans in one of the cities proposed to restrict a large park to the use of zenana ladies so that they could go there and in assured privacy go about unveiled and enjoy the sunshine and air as they had never enjoyed them before the good intentions back of the proposition were recognized and sincere thanks returned for it but the proposition itself met with a prompt declination at the hands of those who were authorized to speak for the zenana ladies apparently the idea was shocking to the ladies indeed it was quite manifestly shocking was that proposition the equivalent of inviting european ladies to assemble scantily and scandalously clothed in the seclusion of a private park it seemed to be about that without doubt modesty is nothing less than a holy feeling and without doubt the person whose rule of modesty has been transgressed feels the same sort of wound that he would feel if something made holy to him by his religion had suffered a desecration i say rule of modesty because there are about a million rules in the world and this makes a million standards to be looked out for major sleeman mentions the case of some high caste veiled ladies who were profoundly scandalized when some english young ladies passed by with faces bare to the world so scandalized that they spoke out with strong indignation and wondered that people could be so shameless as to expose their persons like that and yet the legs of the objectors were naked to mid thigh both parties were clean minded and irreproachably modest while abiding by their separate rules but they couldn't have traded rules for a change without suffering considerable discomfort all human rules are more or less idiotic i suppose it is best so no doubt the way it is now the asylums can hold the sane people but if we tried to shut up the insane we should run out of building materials you have a long drive through the outskirts of benares before you get to the hotel and all the aspects are melancholy it is a vision of dusty sterility decaying temples crumbling tombs broken mud walls shabby huts the whole region seems to ache with age and penury it must take ten thousand years of want to produce such an aspect we were still outside of the great native city when we reached the hotel it was a quiet and homelike house inviting and manifestly comfortable but we liked its annex better and went thither it was a mile away perhaps and stood in the midst of a large compound and was built bungalow fashion everything on the ground floor and a veranda all around they have doors in india but i don't know why they don't fasten and they stand open as a rule with a curtain hanging in the doorspace to keep out the glare of the sun still there is plenty of privacy for no white person will come in without notice of course the native men servants will but they don't seem to count they glide in barefoot and noiseless and are in the midst before one knows it at first this is a shock and sometimes it is an embarrassment but one has to get used to it and does there was one tree in the compound and a monkey lived in it at first i was strongly interested in the tree for i was told that it was the renowned peepul the tree in whose shadow you cannot tell a lie this one failed to stand the test and i went away from it disappointed there was a softly creaking well close by and a couple of oxen drew water from it by the hour superintended by two natives dressed in the usual turban and pocket handkerchief the tree and the well were the only scenery and so the compound was a soothing and lonesome and satisfying place and very restful after so many activities there was nobody in our bungalow but ourselves the other guests were in the next one where the table d'hote was furnished a body could not be more pleasantly situated each room had the customary bath attached a room ten or twelve feet square with a roomy stone paved pit in it and abundance of water one could not easily improve upon this arrangement except by furnishing it with cold water and excluding the hot in deference to the fervency of the climate but that is forbidden it would damage the bather's health the stranger is warned against taking cold baths in india but even the most intelligent strangers are fools and they do not obey and so they presently get laid up i was the most intelligent fool that passed through that year but i am still more intelligent now now that it is too late i wonder if the 'dorian' if that is the name of it is another superstition like the peepul tree there was a great abundance and variety of tropical fruits but the dorian was never in evidence it was never the season for the dorian it was always going to arrive from burma sometime or other but it never did by all accounts it was a most strange fruit and incomparably delicious to the taste but not to the smell its rind was said to exude a stench of so atrocious a nature that when a dorian was in the room even the presence of a polecat was a refreshment we found many who had eaten the dorian and they all spoke of it with a sort of rapture they said that if you could hold your nose until the fruit was in your mouth a sacred joy would suffuse you from head to foot that would make you oblivious to the smell of the rind but that if your grip slipped and you caught the smell of the rind before the fruit was in your mouth you would faint there is a fortune in that rind some day somebody will import it into europe and sell it for cheese benares was not a disappointment it justified its reputation as a curiosity it is on high ground and overhangs a grand curve of the ganges it is a vast mass of building compactly crusting a hill and is cloven in all directions by an intricate confusion of cracks which stand for streets tall slim minarets and beflagged temple spires rise out of it and give it picturesqueness viewed from the river the city is as busy as an ant hill and the hurly burly of human life swarming along the web of narrow streets reminds one of the ants the sacred cow swarms along too and goes whither she pleases and takes toll of the grain shops and is very much in the way and is a good deal of a nuisance since she must not be molested benares is older than history older than tradition older even than legend and looks twice as old as all of them put together from a hindoo statement quoted in rev mr parker's compact and lucid guide to benares i find that the site of the town was the beginning place of the creation it was merely an upright lingam at first no larger than a stove pipe and stood in the midst of a shoreless ocean this was the work of the god vishnu later he spread the lingam out till its surface was ten miles across still it was not large enough for the business therefore he presently built the globe around it benares is thus the center of the earth this is considered an advantage it has had a tumultuous history both materially and spiritually it started brahminically many ages ago then by and by buddha came in recent times 2 500 years ago and after that it was buddhist during many centuries twelve perhaps but the brahmins got the upper hand again then and have held it ever since it is unspeakably sacred in hindoo eyes and is as unsanitary as it is sacred and smells like the rind of the dorian it is the headquarters of the brahmin faith and one eighth of the population are priests of that church but it is not an overstock for they have all india as a prey all india flocks thither on pilgrimage and pours its savings into the pockets of the priests in a generous stream which never fails a priest with a good stand on the shore of the ganges is much better off than the sweeper of the best crossing in london a good stand is worth a world of money the holy proprietor of it sits under his grand spectacular umbrella and blesses people all his life and collects his commission and grows fat and rich and the stand passes from father to son down and down and down through the ages and remains a permanent and lucrative estate in the family as mr parker suggests it can become a subject of dispute at one time or another and then the matter will be settled not by prayer and fasting and consultations with vishnu but by the intervention of a much more puissant power an english court in bombay i was told by an american missionary that in india there are 640 protestant missionaries at work at first it seemed an immense force but of course that was a thoughtless idea one missionary to 500 000 natives no that is not a force it is the reverse of it 640 marching against an intrenched camp of 300 000 000 the odds are too great a force of 640 in benares alone would have its hands over full with 8 000 brahmin priests for adversary missionaries need to be well equipped with hope and confidence and this equipment they seem to have always had in all parts of the world mr parker has it it enables him to get a favorable outlook out of statistics which might add up differently with other mathematicians for instance during the past few years competent observers declare that the number of pilgrims to benares has increased and then he adds up this fact and gets this conclusion but the revival if so it may be called has in it the marks of death it is a spasmodic struggle before dissolution in this world we have seen the roman catholic power dying upon these same terms for many centuries many a time we have gotten all ready for the funeral and found it postponed again on account of the weather or something taught by experience we ought not to put on our things for this brahminical one till we see the procession move apparently one of the most uncertain things in the world is the funeral of a religion i should have been glad to acquire some sort of idea of hindoo theology but the difficulties were too great the matter was too intricate even the mere a b c of it is baffling there is a trinity brahma shiva and vishnu independent powers apparently though one cannot feel quite sure of that because in one of the temples there is an image where an attempt has been made to concentrate the three in one person the three have other names and plenty of them and this makes confusion in one's mind the three have wives and the wives have several names and this increases the confusion there are children the children have many names and thus the confusion goes on and on it is not worth while to try to get any grip upon the cloud of minor gods there are too many of them it is even a justifiable economy to leave brahma the chiefest god of all out of your studies for he seems to cut no great figure in india the vast bulk of the national worship is lavished upon shiva and vishnu and their families shiva's symbol the lingam with which vishnu began the creation is worshiped by everybody apparently it is the commonest object in benares it is on view everywhere it is garlanded with flowers offerings are made to it it suffers no neglect commonly it is an upright stone shaped like a thimble sometimes like an elongated thimble this priapus worship then is older than history mr parker says that the lingams in benares outnumber the inhabitants in benares there are many mohammedan mosques there are hindoo temples without number these quaintly shaped and elaborately sculptured little stone jugs crowd all the lanes the ganges itself and every individual drop of water in it are temples religion then is the business of benares just as gold production is the business of johannesburg other industries count for nothing as compared with the vast and all absorbing rush and drive and boom of the town's specialty benares is the sacredest of sacred cities the moment you step across the sharply defined line which separates it from the rest of the globe you stand upon ineffably and unspeakably holy ground mr parker says it is impossible to convey any adequate idea of the intense feelings of veneration and affection with which the pious hindoo regards 'holy kashi' benares and then he gives you this vivid and moving picture let a hindoo regiment be marched through the district and as soon as they cross the line and enter the limits of the holy place they rend the air with cries of 'kashi ji ki jai jai jai! holy kashi! hail to thee! hail! hail! hail ' the weary pilgrim scarcely able to stand with age and weakness blinded by the dust and heat and almost dead with fatigue crawls out of the oven like railway carriage and as soon as his feet touch the ground he lifts up his withered hands and utters the same pious exclamation let a european in some distant city in casual talk in the bazar mention the fact that he has lived at benares and at once voices will be raised to call down blessings on his head for a dweller in benares is of all men most blessed it makes our own religious enthusiasm seem pale and cold inasmuch as the life of religion is in the heart not the head mr parker's touching picture seems to promise a sort of indefinite postponement of that funeral chapter li let me make the superstitions of a nation and i care not who makes its laws or its songs either pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar yes the city of benares is in effect just a big church a religious hive whose every cell is a temple a shrine or a mosque and whose every conceivable earthly and heavenly good is procurable under one roof so to speak a sort of army and navy stores theologically stocked i will make out a little itinerary for the pilgrim then you will see how handy the system is how convenient how comprehensive if you go to benares with a serious desire to spiritually benefit yourself you will find it valuable i got some of the facts from conversations with the rev mr parker and the others from his guide to benares they are therefore trustworthy 1 purification at sunrise you must go down to the ganges and bathe pray and drink some of the water this is for your general purification 2 protection against hunger next you must fortify yourself against the sorrowful earthly ill just named this you will do by worshiping for a moment in the cow temple by the door of it you will find an image of ganesh son of shiva it has the head of an elephant on a human body its face and hands are of silver you will worship it a little and pass on into a covered veranda where you will find devotees reciting from the sacred books with the help of instructors in this place are groups of rude and dismal idols you may contribute something for their support then pass into the temple a grim and stenchy place for it is populous with sacred cows and with beggars you will give something to the beggars and reverently kiss the tails of such cows as pass along for these cows are peculiarly holy and this act of worship will secure you from hunger for the day 3 the poor man's friend you will next worship this god he is at the bottom of a stone cistern in the temple of dalbhyeswar under the shade of a noble peepul tree on the bluff overlooking the ganges so you must go back to the river the poor man's friend is the god of material prosperity in general and the god of the rain in particular you will secure material prosperity or both by worshiping him he is shiva under a new alias and he abides in the bottom of that cistern in the form of a stone lingam you pour ganges water over him and in return for this homage you get the promised benefits if there is any delay about the rain you must pour water in until the cistern is full the rain will then be sure to come 4 fever at the kedar ghat you will find a long flight of stone steps leading down to the river half way down is a tank filled with sewage drink as much of it as you want it is for fever 5 smallpox go straight from there to the central ghat at its upstream end you will find a small whitewashed building which is a temple sacred to sitala goddess of smallpox her under study is there a rude human figure behind a brass screen you will worship this for reasons to be furnished presently 6 the well of fate for certain reasons you will next go and do homage at this well you will find it in the dandpan temple in the city the sunlight falls into it from a square hole in the masonry above you will approach it with awe for your life is now at stake you will bend over and look if the fates are propitious you will see your face pictured in the water far down in the well if matters have been otherwise ordered a sudden cloud will mask the sun and you will see nothing this means that you have not six months to live if you are already at the point of death your circumstances are now serious there is no time to lose let this world go arrange for the next one handily situated at your very elbow is opportunity for this you turn and worship the image of maha kal the great fate and happiness in the life to come is secured if there is breath in your body yet you should now make an effort to get a further lease of the present life you have a chance there is a chance for everything in this admirably stocked and wonderfully systemized spiritual and temporal army and navy store you must get yourself carried to the 7 well of long life this is within the precincts of the mouldering and venerable briddhkal temple which is one of the oldest in benares you pass in by a stone image of the monkey god hanuman and there among the ruined courtyards you will find a shallow pool of stagnant sewage it smells like the best limburger cheese and is filthy with the washings of rotting lepers but that is nothing bathe in it bathe in it gratefully and worshipfully for this is the fountain of youth these are the waters of long life your gray hairs will disappear and with them your wrinkles and your rheumatism the burdens of care and the weariness of age and you will come out young fresh elastic and full of eagerness for the new race of life now will come flooding upon you the manifold desires that haunt the dear dreams of the morning of life you will go whither you will find 8 fulfillment of desire to wit to the kameshwar temple sacred to shiva as the lord of desires arrange for yours there and if you like to look at idols among the pack and jam of temples there you will find enough to stock a museum you will begin to commit sins now with a fresh new vivacity therefore it will be well to go frequently to a place where you can get 9 temporary cleansing from sin to wit to the well of the earring you must approach this with the profoundest reverence for it is unutterably sacred it is indeed the most sacred place in benares the very holy of holies in the estimation of the people it is a railed tank with stone stairways leading down to the water the water is not clean of course it could not be for people are always bathing in it as long as you choose to stand and look you will see the files of sinners descending and ascending descending soiled with sin ascending purged from it the liar the thief the murderer and the adulterer may here wash and be clean says the rev mr parker in his book very well i know mr parker and i believe it but if anybody else had said it i should consider him a person who had better go down in the tank and take another wash the god vishnu dug this tank he had nothing to dig with but his discus i do not know what a discus is but i know it is a poor thing to dig tanks with because by the time this one was finished it was full of sweat vishnu's sweat he constructed the site that benares stands on and afterward built the globe around it and thought nothing of it yet sweated like that over a little thing like this tank one of these statements is doubtful i do not know which one it is but i think it difficult not to believe that a god who could build a world around benares would not be intelligent enough to build it around the tank too and not have to dig it youth long life temporary purification from sin salvation through propitiation of the great fate these are all good but you must do something more you must 10 make salvation sure there are several ways to get drowned in the ganges is one but that is not pleasant to die within the limits of benares is another but that is a risky one because you might be out of town when your time came the best one of all is the pilgrimage around the city you must walk also you must go barefoot the tramp is forty four miles for the road winds out into the country a piece and you will be marching five or six days but you will have plenty of company you will move with throngs and hosts of happy pilgrims whose radiant costumes will make the spectacle beautiful and whose glad songs and holy pans of triumph will banish your fatigues and cheer your spirit and at intervals there will be temples where you may sleep and be refreshed with food the pilgrimage completed you have purchased salvation and paid for it but you may not get it unless you 11 get your redemption recorded you can get this done at the sakhi binayak temple and it is best to do it for otherwise you might not be able to prove that you had made the pilgrimage in case the matter should some day come to be disputed that temple is in a lane back of the cow temple over the door is a red image of ganesh of the elephant head son and heir of shiva and prince of wales to the theological monarchy so to speak within is a god whose office it is to record your pilgrimage and be responsible for you you will not see him but you will see a brahmin who will attend to the matter and take the money if he should forget to collect the money you can remind him he knows that your salvation is now secure but of course you would like to know it yourself you have nothing to do but go and pray and pay at the 12 well of the knowledge of salvation it is close to the golden temple there you will see sculptured out of a single piece of black marble a bull which is much larger than any living bull you have ever seen and yet is not a good likeness after all and there also you will see a very uncommon thing an image of shiva you have seen his lingam fifty thousand times already but this is shiva himself and said to be a good likeness it has three eyes he is the only god in the firm that has three the well is covered by a fine canopy of stone supported by forty pillars and around it you will find what you have already seen at almost every shrine you have visited in benares a mob of devout and eager pilgrims the sacred water is being ladled out to them with it comes to them the knowledge clear thrilling absolute that they are saved and you can see by their faces that there is one happiness in this world which is supreme and to which no other joy is comparable you receive your water you make your deposit and now what more would you have gold diamonds power fame all in a single moment these things have withered to dirt dust ashes the world has nothing to give you now for you it is bankrupt i do not claim that the pilgrims do their acts of worship in the order and sequence above charted out in this itinerary of mine but i think logic suggests that they ought to do so instead of a helter skelter worship we then have a definite starting place and a march which carries the pilgrim steadily forward by reasoned and logical progression to a definite goal thus his ganges bath in the early morning gives him an appetite he kisses the cow tails and that removes it it is now business hours and longings for material prosperity rise in his mind and be goes and pours water over shiva's symbol this insures the prosperity but also brings on a rain which gives him a fever then he drinks the sewage at the kedar ghat to cure the fever it cures the fever but gives him the smallpox he wishes to know how it is going to turn out he goes to the dandpan temple and looks down the well a clouded sun shows him that death is near logically his best course for the present since he cannot tell at what moment he may die is to secure a happy hereafter this he does through the agency of the great fate he is safe now for heaven his next move will naturally be to keep out of it as long as he can therefore he goes to the briddhkal temple and secures youth and long life by bathing in a puddle of leper pus which would kill a microbe logically youth has re equipped him for sin and with the disposition to commit it he will naturally go to the fane which is consecrated to the fulfillment of desires and make arrangements logically he will now go to the well of the earring from time to time to unload and freshen up for further banned enjoyments but first and last and all the time he is human and therefore in his reflective intervals he will always be speculating in futures he will make the great pilgrimage around the city and so make his salvation absolutely sure he will also have record made of it so that it may remain absolutely sure and not be forgotten or repudiated in the confusion of the final settlement logically also he will wish to have satisfying and tranquilizing personal knowledge that that salvation is secure therefore he goes to the well of the knowledge of salvation adds that completing detail and then goes about his affairs serene and content serene and content for he is now royally endowed with an advantage which no religion in this world could give him but his own for henceforth he may commit as many million sins as he wants to and nothing can come of it thus the system properly and logically ordered is neat compact clearly defined and covers the whole ground i desire to recommend it to such as find the other systems too difficult exacting and irksome for the uses of this fretful brief life of ours however let me not deceive any one my itinerary lacks a detail i must put it in the truth is that after the pilgrim has faithfully followed the requirements of the itinerary through to the end and has secured his salvation and also the personal knowledge of that fact there is still an accident possible to him which can annul the whole thing if he should ever cross to the other side of the ganges and get caught out and die there he would at once come to life again in the form of an ass think of that after all this trouble and expense you see how capricious and uncertain salvation is there the hindoo has a childish and unreasoning aversion to being turned into an ass it is hard to tell why one could properly expect an ass to have an aversion to being turned into a hindoo one could understand that he could lose dignity by it also self respect and nine tenths of his intelligence but the hindoo changed into an ass wouldn't lose anything unless you count his religion and he would gain much release from his slavery to two million gods and twenty million priests fakeers holy mendicants and other sacred bacilli he would escape the hindoo hell he would also escape the hindoo heaven these are advantages which the hindoo ought to consider then he would go over and die on the other side benares is a religious vesuvius in its bowels the theological forces have been heaving and tossing rumbling thundering and quaking boiling and weltering and flaming and smoking for ages but a little group of missionaries have taken post at its base and they have hopes there are the baptist missionary society the church missionary society the london missionary society the wesleyan missionary society and the zenana bible and medical mission they have schools and the principal work seems to be among the children and no doubt that part of the work prospers best for grown people everywhere are always likely to cling to the religion they were brought up in chapter lii wrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar in one of those benares temples we saw a devotee working for salvation in a curious way he had a huge wad of clay beside him and was making it up into little wee gods no bigger than carpet tacks he stuck a grain of rice into each to represent the lingam i think he turned them out nimbly for he had had long practice and had acquired great facility every day he made 2 000 gods then threw them into the holy ganges this act of homage brought him the profound homage of the pious also their coppers he had a sure living here and was earning a high place in the hereafter the ganges front is the supreme show place of benares its tall bluffs are solidly caked from water to summit along a stretch of three miles with a splendid jumble of massive and picturesque masonry a bewildering and beautiful confusion of stone platforms temples stair flights rich and stately palaces nowhere a break nowhere a glimpse of the bluff itself all the long face of it is compactly walled from sight by this crammed perspective of platforms soaring stairways sculptured temples majestic palaces softening away into the distances and there is movement motion human life everywhere and brilliantly costumed streaming in rainbows up and down the lofty stairways and massed in metaphorical flower gardens on the miles of great platforms at the river's edge all this masonry all this architecture represents piety the palaces were built by native princes whose homes as a rule are far from benares but who go there from time to time to refresh their souls with the sight and touch of the ganges the river of their idolatry the stairways are records of acts of piety the crowd of costly little temples are tokens of money spent by rich men for present credit and hope of future reward apparently the rich christian who spends large sums upon his religion is conspicuous with us by his rarity but the rich hindoo who doesn't spend large sums upon his religion is seemingly non existent with us the poor spend money on their religion but they keep back some to live on apparently in india the poor bankrupt themselves daily for their religion the rich hindoo can afford his pious outlays he gets much glory for his spendings yet keeps back a sufficiency of his income for temporal purposes but the poor hindoo is entitled to compassion for his spendings keep him poor yet get him no glory we made the usual trip up and down the river seated in chairs under an awning on the deck of the usual commodious hand propelled ark made it two or three times and could have made it with increasing interest and enjoyment many times more for of course the palaces and temples would grow more and more beautiful every time one saw them for that happens with all such things also i think one would not get tired of the bathers nor their costumes nor of their ingenuities in getting out of them and into them again without exposing too much bronze nor of their devotional gesticulations and absorbed bead tellings but i should get tired of seeing them wash their mouths with that dreadful water and drink it in fact i did get tired of it and very early too at one place where we halted for a while the foul gush from a sewer was making the water turbid and murky all around and there was a random corpse slopping around in it that had floated down from up country ten steps below that place stood a crowd of men women and comely young maidens waist deep in the water and they were scooping it up in their hands and drinking it faith can certainly do wonders and this is an instance of it those people were not drinking that fearful stuff to assuage thirst but in order to purify their souls and the interior of their bodies according to their creed the ganges water makes everything pure that it touches instantly and utterly pure the sewer water was not an offence to them the corpse did not revolt them the sacred water had touched both and both were now snow pure and could defile no one the memory of that sight will always stay by me but not by request a word further concerning the nasty but all purifying ganges water when we went to agra by and by we happened there just in time to be in at the birth of a marvel a memorable scientific discovery the discovery that in certain ways the foul and derided ganges water is the most puissant purifier in the world! this curious fact as i have said had just been added to the treasury of modern science it had long been noted as a strange thing that while benares is often afflicted with the cholera she does not spread it beyond her borders this could not be accounted for mr henkin the scientist in the employ of the government of agra concluded to examine the water he went to benares and made his tests he got water at the mouths of the sewers where they empty into the river at the bathing ghats a cubic centimetre of it contained millions of germs at the end of six hours they were all dead he caught a floating corpse towed it to the shore and from beside it he dipped up water that was swarming with cholera germs at the end of six hours they were all dead he added swarm after swarm of cholera germs to this water within the six hours they always died to the last sample repeatedly he took pure well water which was bare of animal life and put into it a few cholera germs they always began to propagate at once and always within six hours they swarmed and were numberable by millions upon millions for ages and ages the hindoos have had absolute faith that the water of the ganges was absolutely pure could not be defiled by any contact whatsoever and infallibly made pure and clean whatsoever thing touched it they still believe it and that is why they bathe in it and drink it caring nothing for its seeming filthiness and the floating corpses the hindoos have been laughed at these many generations but the laughter will need to modify itself a little from now on how did they find out the water's secret in those ancient ages had they germ scientists then we do not know we only know that they had a civilization long before we emerged from savagery but to return to where i was before i was about to speak of the burning ghat they do not burn fakeers those revered mendicants they are so holy that they can get to their place without that sacrament provided they be consigned to the consecrating river we saw one carried to mid stream and thrown overboard he was sandwiched between two great slabs of stone we lay off the cremation ghat half an hour and saw nine corpses burned i should not wish to see any more of it unless i might select the parties the mourners follow the bier through the town and down to the ghat then the bier bearers deliver the body to some low caste natives doms and the mourners turn about and go back home i heard no crying and saw no tears there was no ceremony of parting apparently these expressions of grief and affection are reserved for the privacy of the home the dead women came draped in red the men in white they are laid in the water at the river's edge while the pyre is being prepared the first subject was a man when the doms unswathed him to wash him he proved to be a sturdily built well nourished and handsome old gentleman with not a sign about him to suggest that he had ever been ill dry wood was brought and built up into a loose pile the corpse was laid upon it and covered over with fuel then a naked holy man who was sitting on high ground a little distance away began to talk and shout with great energy and he kept up this noise right along it may have been the funeral sermon and probably was i forgot to say that one of the mourners remained behind when the others went away this was the dead man's son a boy of ten or twelve brown and handsome grave and self possessed and clothed in flowing white he was there to burn his father he was given a torch and while he slowly walked seven times around the pyre the naked black man on the high ground poured out his sermon more clamorously than ever the seventh circuit completed the boy applied the torch at his father's head then at his feet the flames sprang briskly up with a sharp crackling noise and the lad went away hindoos do not want daughters because their weddings make such a ruinous expense but they want sons so that at death they may have honorable exit from the world and there is no honor equal to the honor of having one's pyre lighted by one's son the father who dies sonless is in a grievous situation indeed and is pitied life being uncertain the hindoo marries while he is still a boy in the hope that he will have a son ready when the day of his need shall come but if he have no son he will adopt one this answers every purpose meantime the corpse is burning also several others it is a dismal business the stokers did not sit down in idleness but moved briskly about punching up the fires with long poles and now and then adding fuel sometimes they hoisted the half of a skeleton into the air then slammed it down and beat it with the pole breaking it up so that it would burn better they hoisted skulls up in the same way and banged and battered them the sight was hard to bear it would have been harder if the mourners had stayed to witness it i had but a moderate desire to see a cremation so it was soon satisfied for sanitary reasons it would be well if cremation were universal but this form is revolting and not to be recommended the fire used is sacred of course for there is money in it ordinary fire is forbidden there is no money in it i was told that this sacred fire is all furnished by one person and that he has a monopoly of it and charges a good price for it sometimes a rich mourner pays a thousand rupees for it to get to paradise from india is an expensive thing every detail connected with the matter costs something and helps to fatten a priest i suppose it is quite safe to conclude that that fire bug is in holy orders close to the cremation ground stand a few time worn stones which are remembrances of the suttee each has a rough carving upon it representing a man and a woman standing or walking hand in hand and marks the spot where a widow went to her death by fire in the days when the suttee flourished mr parker said that widows would burn themselves now if the government would allow it the family that can point to one of these little memorials and say she who burned herself there was an ancestress of ours is envied it is a curious people with them all life seems to be sacred except human life even the life of vermin is sacred and must not be taken the good jain wipes off a seat before using it lest he cause the death of some valueless insect by sitting down on it it grieves him to have to drink water because the provisions in his stomach may not agree with the microbes yet india invented thuggery and the suttee india is a hard country to understand we went to the temple of the thug goddess bhowanee or kali or durga she has these names and others she is the only god to whom living sacrifices are made goats are sacrificed to her monkeys would be cheaper there are plenty of them about the place being sacred they make themselves very free and scramble around wherever they please the temple and its porch are beautifully carved but this is not the case with the idol bhowanee is not pleasant to look at she has a silver face and a projecting swollen tongue painted a deep red she wears a necklace of skulls in fact none of the idols in benares are handsome or attractive and what a swarm of them there is! the town is a vast museum of idols and all of them crude misshapen and ugly they flock through one's dreams at night a wild mob of nightmares when you get tired of them in the temples and take a trip on the river you find idol giants flashily painted stretched out side by side on the shore and apparently wherever there is room for one more lingam a lingam is there if vishnu had foreseen what his town was going to be he would have called it idolville or lingamburg the most conspicuous feature of benares is the pair of slender white minarets which tower like masts from the great mosque of aurangzeb they seem to be always in sight from everywhere those airy graceful inspiring things but masts is not the right word for masts have a perceptible taper while these minarets have not they are 142 feet high and only 8 1/2 feet in diameter at the base and 7 1/2 at the summit scarcely any taper at all these are the proportions of a candle and fair and fairylike candles these are will be anyway some day when the christians inherit them and top them with the electric light there is a great view from up there a wonderful view a large gray monkey was part of it and damaged it a monkey has no judgment this one was skipping about the upper great heights of the mosque skipping across empty yawning intervals which were almost too wide for him and which he only just barely cleared each time by the skin of his teeth he got me so nervous that i couldn't look at the view i couldn't look at anything but him every time he went sailing over one of those abysses my breath stood still and when he grabbed for the perch he was going for i grabbed too in sympathy and he was perfectly indifferent perfectly unconcerned and i did all the panting myself he came within an ace of losing his life a dozen times and i was so troubled about him that i would have shot him if i had had anything to do it with but i strongly recommend the view there is more monkey than view and there is always going to be more monkey while that idiot survives but what view you get is superb all benares the river and the region round about are spread before you take a gun and look at the view the next thing i saw was more reposeful it was a new kind of art it was a picture painted on water it was done by a native he sprinkled fine dust of various colors on the still surface of a basin of water and out of these sprinklings a dainty and pretty picture gradually grew a picture which a breath could destroy somehow it was impressive after so much browsing among massive and battered and decaying fanes that rest upon ruins and those ruins upon still other ruins and those upon still others again it was a sermon an allegory a symbol of instability those creations in stone were only a kind of water pictures after all a prominent episode in the indian career of warren hastings had benares for its theater wherever that extraordinary man set his foot he left his mark he came to benares in 1781 to collect a fine of l500 000 which he had levied upon its rajah cheit singly on behalf of the east india company hastings was a long way from home and help there were probably not a dozen englishmen within reach the rajah was in his fort with his myriads around him but no matter from his little camp in a neighboring garden hastings sent a party to arrest the sovereign he sent on this daring mission a couple of hundred native soldiers sepoys under command of three young english lieutenants the rajah submitted without a word the incident lights up the indian situation electrically and gives one a vivid sense of the strides which the english had made and the mastership they had acquired in the land since the date of clive's great victory in a quarter of a century from being nobodies and feared by none they were become confessed lords and masters feared by all sovereigns included and served by all sovereigns included it makes the fairy tales sound true the english had not been afraid to enlist native soldiers to fight against their own people and keep them obedient and now hastings was not afraid to come away out to this remote place with a handful of such soldiers and send them to arrest a native sovereign the lieutenants imprisoned the rajah in his own fort it was beautiful the pluckiness of it the impudence of it the arrest enraged the rajah's people and all benares came storming about the place and threatening vengeance and yet but for an accident nothing important would have resulted perhaps the mob found out a most strange thing an almost incredible thing that this handful of soldiers had come on this hardy errand with empty guns and no ammunition this has been attributed to thoughtlessness but it could hardly have been that for in such large emergencies as this intelligent people do think it must have been indifference an over confidence born of the proved submissiveness of the native character when confronted by even one or two stern britons in their war paint but however that may be it was a fatal discovery that the mob had made they were full of courage now and they broke into the fort and massacred the helpless soldiers and their officers hastings escaped from benares by night and got safely away leaving the principality in a state of wild insurrection but he was back again within the month and quieted it down in his prompt and virile way and took the rajah's throne away from him and gave it to another man he was a capable kind of person was warren hastings this was the only time he was ever out of ammunition some of his acts have left stains upon his name which can never be washed away but he saved to england the indian empire and that was the best service that was ever done to the indians themselves those wretched heirs of a hundred centuries of pitiless oppression and abuse chapter liii true irreverence is disrespect for another man's god pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar it was in benares that i saw another living god that makes two i believe i have seen most of the greater and lesser wonders of the world but i do not remember that any of them interested me so overwhelmingly as did that pair of gods when i try to account for this effect i find no difficulty about it i find that as a rule when a thing is a wonder to us it is not because of what we see in it but because of what others have seen in it we get almost all our wonders at second hand we are eager to see any celebrated thing and we never fail of our reward just the deep privilege of gazing upon an object which has stirred the enthusiasm or evoked the reverence or affection or admiration of multitudes of our race is a thing which we value we are profoundly glad that we have seen it we are permanently enriched from having seen it we would not part with the memory of that experience for a great price and yet that very spectacle may be the taj you cannot keep your enthusiasms down you cannot keep your emotions within bounds when that soaring bubble of marble breaks upon your view but these are not your enthusiasms and emotions they are the accumulated emotions and enthusiasms of a thousand fervid writers who have been slowly and steadily storing them up in your heart day by day and year by year all your life and now they burst out in a flood and overwhelm you and you could not be a whit happier if they were your very own by and by you sober down and then you perceive that you have been drunk on the smell of somebody else's cork for ever and ever the memory of my distant first glimpse of the taj will compensate me for creeping around the globe to have that great privilege but the taj with all your inflation of delusive emotions acquired at second hand from people to whom in the majority of cases they were also delusions acquired at second hand a thing which you fortunately did not think of or it might have made you doubtful of what you imagined were your own what is the taj as a marvel a spectacle and an uplifting and overpowering wonder compared with a living breathing speaking personage whom several millions of human beings devoutly and sincerely and unquestioningly believe to be a god and humbly and gratefully worship as a god he was sixty years old when i saw him he is called sri 108 swami bhaskarananda saraswati that is one form of it i think that that is what you would call him in speaking to him because it is short but you would use more of his name in addressing a letter to him courtesy would require this even then you would not have to use all of it but only this much sri 108 matparamahansrzpairivrajakacharyaswamibhaskaranandasaraswati you do not put esq after it for that is not necessary the word which opens the volley is itself a title of honor sri the 108 stands for the rest of his names i believe vishnu has 108 names which he does not use in business and no doubt it is a custom of gods and a privilege sacred to their order to keep 108 extra ones in stock just the restricted name set down above is a handsome property without the 108 by my count it has 58 letters in it this removes the long german words from competition they are permanently out of the race sri 108 s b saraswati has attained to what among the hindoos is called the state of perfection it is a state which other hindoos reach by being born again and again and over and over again into this world through one re incarnation after another a tiresome long job covering centuries and decades of centuries and one that is full of risks too like the accident of dying on the wrong side of the ganges some time or other and waking up in the form of an ass with a fresh start necessary and the numerous trips to be made all over again but in reaching perfection sri 108 s b s has escaped all that he is no longer a part or a feature of this world his substance has changed all earthiness has departed out of it he is utterly holy utterly pure nothing can desecrate this holiness or stain this purity he is no longer of the earth its concerns are matters foreign to him its pains and griefs and troubles cannot reach him when he dies nirvana is his he will be absorbed into the substance of the supreme deity and be at peace forever the hindoo scriptures point out how this state is to be reached but it is only once in a thousand years perhaps that candidate accomplishes it this one has traversed the course required stage by stage from the beginning to the end and now has nothing left to do but wait for the call which shall release him from a world in which he has now no part nor lot first he passed through the student stage and became learned in the holy books next he became citizen householder husband and father that was the required second stage then like john bunyan's christian he bade perpetual good bye to his family as required and went wandering away he went far into the desert and served a term as hermit next he became a beggar in accordance with the rites laid down in the scriptures and wandered about india eating the bread of mendicancy a quarter of a century ago he reached the stage of purity this needs no garment its symbol is nudity he discarded the waist cloth which he had previously worn he could resume it now if he chose for neither that nor any other contact can defile him but he does not choose there are several other stages i believe but i do not remember what they are but he has been through them throughout the long course he was perfecting himself in holy learning and writing commentaries upon the sacred books he was also meditating upon brahma and he does that now white marble relief portraits of him are sold all about india he lives in a good house in a noble great garden in benares all meet and proper to his stupendous rank necessarily he does not go abroad in the streets deities would never be able to move about handily in any country if one whom we recognized and adored as a god should go abroad in our streets and the day it was to happen were known all traffic would be blocked and business would come to a standstill this god is comfortably housed and yet modestly all things considered for if he wanted to live in a palace he would only need to speak and his worshipers would gladly build it sometimes he sees devotees for a moment and comforts them and blesses them and they kiss his feet and go away happy rank is nothing to him he being a god to him all men are alike he sees whom he pleases and denies himself to whom he pleases sometimes he sees a prince and denies himself to a pauper at other times he receives the pauper and turns the prince away however he does not receive many of either class he has to husband his time for his meditations i think he would receive rev mr parker at any time i think he is sorry for mr parker and i think mr parker is sorry for him and no doubt this compassion is good for both of them when we arrived we had to stand around in the garden a little while and wait and the outlook was not good for he had been turning away maharajas that day and receiving only the riff raff and we belonged in between somewhere but presently a servant came out saying it was all right he was coming and sure enough he came and i saw him that object of the worship of millions it was a strange sensation and thrilling i wish i could feel it stream through my veins again and yet to me he was not a god he was only a taj the thrill was not my thrill but had come to me secondhand from those invisible millions of believers by a hand shake with their god i had ground circuited their wire and got their monster battery's whole charge he was tall and slender indeed emaciated he had a clean cut and conspicuously intellectual face and a deep and kindly eye he looked many years older than he really was but much study and meditation and fasting and prayer with the arid life he had led as hermit and beggar could account for that he is wholly nude when he receives natives of whatever rank they may be but he had white cloth around his loins now a concession to mr parker's europe prejudices no doubt as soon as i had sobered down a little we got along very well together and i found him a most pleasant and friendly deity he had heard a deal about chicago and showed a quite remarkable interest in it for a god it all came of the world's fair and the congress of religions if india knows about nothing else american she knows about those and will keep them in mind one while he proposed an exchange of autographs a delicate attention which made me believe in him but i had been having my doubts before he wrote his in his book and i have a reverent regard for that book though the words run from right to left and so i can't read it it was a mistake to print in that way it contains his voluminous comments on the hindoo holy writings and if i could make them out i would try for perfection myself i gave him a copy of huckleberry finn i thought it might rest him up a little to mix it in along with his meditations on brahma for he looked tired and i knew that if it didn't do him any good it wouldn't do him any harm he has a scholar meditating under him mina bahadur rana but we did not see him he wears clothes and is very imperfect he has written a little pamphlet about his master and i have that it contains a wood cut of the master and himself seated on a rug in the garden the portrait of the master is very good indeed the posture is exactly that which brahma himself affects and it requires long arms and limber legs and can be accumulated only by gods and the india rubber man there is a life size marble relief of shri 108 s b s in the garden it represents him in this same posture dear me! it is a strange world particularly the indian division of it this pupil mina bahadur rana is not a commonplace person but a man of distinguished capacities and attainments and apparently he had a fine worldly career in front of him he was serving the nepal government in a high capacity at the court of the viceroy of india twenty years ago he was an able man educated a thinker a man of property but the longing to devote himself to a religious life came upon him and he resigned his place turned his back upon the vanities and comforts of the world and went away into the solitudes to live in a hut and study the sacred writings and meditate upon virtue and holiness and seek to attain them this sort of religion resembles ours christ recommended the rich to give away all their property and follow him in poverty not in worldly comfort american and english millionaires do it every day and thus verify and confirm to the world the tremendous forces that lie in religion yet many people scoff at them for this loyalty to duty and many will scoff at mina bahadur rana and call him a crank like many christians of great character and intellect he has made the study of his scriptures and the writing of books of commentaries upon them the loving labor of his life like them he has believed that his was not an idle and foolish waste of his life but a most worthy and honorable employment of it yet there are many people who will see in those others men worthy of homage and deep reverence but in him merely a crank but i shall not he has my reverence and i don't offer it as a common thing and poor but as an unusual thing and of value the ordinary reverence the reverence defined and explained by the dictionary costs nothing reverence for one's own sacred things parents religion flag laws and respect for one's own beliefs these are feelings which we cannot even help they come natural to us they are involuntary like breathing there is no personal merit in breathing but the reverence which is difficult and which has personal merit in it is the respect which you pay without compulsion to the political or religious attitude of a man whose beliefs are not yours you can't revere his gods or his politics and no one expects you to do that but you could respect his belief in them if you tried hard enough and you could respect him too if you tried hard enough but it is very very difficult it is next to impossible and so we hardly ever try if the man doesn't believe as we do we say he is a crank and that settles it i mean it does nowadays because now we can't burn him we are always canting about people's irreverence always charging this offense upon somebody or other and thereby intimating that we are better than that person and do not commit that offense ourselves whenever we do this we are in a lying attitude and our speech is cant for none of us are reverent in a meritorious way deep down in our hearts we are all irreverent there is probably not a single exception to this rule in the earth there is probably not one person whose reverence rises higher than respect for his own sacred things and therefore it is not a thing to boast about and be proud of since the most degraded savage has that and like the best of us has nothing higher to speak plainly we despise all reverences and all objects of reverence which are outside the pale of our own list of sacred things and yet with strange inconsistency we are shocked when other people despise and defile the things which are holy to us suppose we should meet with a paragraph like the following in the newspapers yesterday a visiting party of the british nobility had a picnic at mount vernon and in the tomb of washington they ate their luncheon sang popular songs played games and danced waltzes and polkas should we be shocked should we feel outraged should we be amazed should we call the performance a desecration yes that would all happen we should denounce those people in round terms and call them hard names and suppose we found this paragraph in the newspapers yesterday a visiting party of american pork millionaires had a picnic in westminster abbey and in that sacred place they ate their luncheon sang popular songs played games and danced waltzes and polkas would the english be shocked would they feel outraged would they be amazed would they call the performance a desecration that would all happen the pork millionaires would be denounced in round terms they would be called hard names in the tomb at mount vernon lie the ashes of america's most honored son in the abbey the ashes of england's greatest dead the tomb of tombs the costliest in the earth the wonder of the world the taj was built by a great emperor to honor the memory of a perfect wife and perfect mother one in whom there was no spot or blemish whose love was his stay and support whose life was the light of the world to him in it her ashes lie and to the mohammedan millions of india it is a holy place to them it is what mount vernon is to americans it is what the abbey is to the english major sleeman wrote forty or fifty years ago the italics are mine i would here enter my humble protest against the quadrille and lunch parties which are sometimes given to european ladies and gentlemen of the station at this imperial tomb drinking and dancing are no doubt very good things in their season but they are sadly out of place in a sepulchre were there any americans among those lunch parties if they were invited there were if my imagined lunch parties in westminster and the tomb of washington should take place the incident would cause a vast outbreak of bitter eloquence about barbarism and irreverence and it would come from two sets of people who would go next day and dance in the taj if they had a chance as we took our leave of the benares god and started away we noticed a group of natives waiting respectfully just within the gate a rajah from somewhere in india and some people of lesser consequence the god beckoned them to come and as we passed out the rajah was kneeling and reverently kissing his sacred feet if barnum but barnum's ambitions are at rest this god will remain in the holy peace and seclusion of his garden undisturbed barnum could not have gotten him anyway still he would have found a substitute that would answer chapter liv do not undervalue the headache while it is at its sharpest it seems a bad investment but when relief begins the unexpired remainder is worth $4 a minute pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar a comfortable railway journey of seventeen and a half hours brought us to the capital of india which is likewise the capital of bengal calcutta like bombay it has a population of nearly a million natives and a small gathering of white people it is a huge city and fine and is called the city of palaces it is rich in historical memories rich in british achievement military political commercial rich in the results of the miracles done by that brace of mighty magicians clive and hastings and has a cloud kissing monument to one ochterlony it is a fluted candlestick 250 feet high this lingam is the only large monument in calcutta i believe it is a fine ornament and will keep ochterlony in mind wherever you are in calcutta and for miles around you can see it and always when you see it you think of ochterlony and so there is not an hour in the day that you do not think of ochterlony and wonder who he was it is good that clive cannot come back for he would think it was for plassey and then that great spirit would be wounded when the revelation came that it was not clive would find out that it was for ochterlony and he would think ochterlony was a battle and he would think it was a great one too and he would say with three thousand i whipped sixty thousand and founded the empire and there is no monument this other soldier must have whipped a billion with a dozen and saved the world but he would be mistaken ochterlony was a man not a battle and he did good and honorable service too as good and honorable service as has been done in india by seventy five or a hundred other englishmen of courage rectitude and distinguished capacity for india has been a fertile breeding ground of such men and remains so great men both in war and in the civil service and as modest as great but they have no monuments and were not expecting any ochterlony could not have been expecting one and it is not at all likely that he desired one certainly not until clive and hastings should be supplied every day clive and hastings lean on the battlements of heaven and look down and wonder which of the two the monument is for and they fret and worry because they cannot find out and so the peace of heaven is spoiled for them and lost but not for ochterlony ochterlony is not troubled he doesn't suspect that it is his monument heaven is sweet and peaceful to him there is a sort of unfairness about it all indeed if monuments were always given in india for high achievements duty straitly performed and smirchless records the landscape would be monotonous with them the handful of english in india govern the indian myriads with apparent ease and without noticeable friction through tact training and distinguished administrative ability reinforced by just and liberal laws and by keeping their word to the native whenever they give it england is far from india and knows little about the eminent services performed by her servants there for it is the newspaper correspondent who makes fame and he is not sent to india but to the continent to report the doings of the princelets and the dukelets and where they are visiting and whom they are marrying often a british official spends thirty or forty years in india climbing from grade to grade by services which would make him celebrated anywhere else and finishes as a vice sovereign governing a great realm and millions of subjects then he goes home to england substantially unknown and unheard of and settles down in some modest corner and is as one extinguished ten years later there is a twenty line obituary in the london papers and the reader is paralyzed by the splendors of a career which he is not sure that he had ever heard of before but meanwhile he has learned all about the continental princelets and dukelets the average man is profoundly ignorant of countries that lie remote from his own when they are mentioned in his presence one or two facts and maybe a couple of names rise like torches in his mind lighting up an inch or two of it and leaving the rest all dark the mention of egypt suggests some biblical facts and the pyramids nothing more the mention of south africa suggests kimberly and the diamonds and there an end formerly the mention to a hindoo of america suggested a name george washington with that his familiarity with our country was exhausted latterly his familiarity with it has doubled in bulk so that when america is mentioned now two torches flare up in the dark caverns of his mind and he says ah the country of the great man washington and of the holy city chicago for he knows about the congress of religion and this has enabled him to get an erroneous impression of chicago when india is mentioned to the citizen of a far country it suggests clive hastings the mutiny kipling and a number of other great events and the mention of calcutta infallibly brings up the black hole and so when that citizen finds himself in the capital of india he goes first of all to see the black hole of calcutta and is disappointed the black hole was not preserved it is gone long long ago it is strange just as it stood it was itself a monument a ready made one it was finished it was complete its materials were strong and lasting it needed no furbishing up no repairs it merely needed to be let alone it was the first brick the foundation stone upon which was reared a mighty empire the indian empire of great britain it was the ghastly episode of the black hole that maddened the british and brought clive that young military marvel raging up from madras it was the seed from which sprung plassey and it was that extraordinary battle whose like had not been seen in the earth since agincourt that laid deep and strong the foundations of england's colossal indian sovereignty and yet within the time of men who still live the black hole was torn down and thrown away as carelessly as if its bricks were common clay not ingots of historic gold there is no accounting for human beings the supposed site of the black hole is marked by an engraved plate i saw that and better that than nothing the black hole was a prison a cell is nearer the right word eighteen feet square the dimensions of an ordinary bedchamber and into this place the victorious nabob of bengal packed 146 of his english prisoners there was hardly standing room for them scarcely a breath of air was to be got the time was night the weather sweltering hot before the dawn came the captives were all dead but twenty three mr holwell's long account of the awful episode was familiar to the world a hundred years ago but one seldom sees in print even an extract from it in our day among the striking things in it is this mr holwell perishing with thirst kept himself alive by sucking the perspiration from his sleeves it gives one a vivid idea of the situation he presently found that while he was busy drawing life from one of his sleeves a young english gentleman was stealing supplies from the other one holwell was an unselfish man a man of the most generous impulses he lived and died famous for these fine and rare qualities yet when he found out what was happening to that unwatched sleeve he took the precaution to suck that one dry first the miseries of the black hole were able to change even a nature like his but that young gentleman was one of the twenty three survivors and he said it was the stolen perspiration that saved his life from the middle of mr holwell's narrative i will make a brief excerpt then a general prayer to heaven to hasten the approach of the flames to the right and left of us and put a period to our misery but these failing they whose strength and spirits were quite exhausted laid themselves down and expired quietly upon their fellows others who had yet some strength and vigor left made a last effort at the windows and several succeeded by leaping and scrambling over the backs and heads of those in the first rank and got hold of the bars from which there was no removing them many to the right and left sunk with the violent pressure and were soon suffocated for now a steam arose from the living and the dead which affected us in all its circumstances as if we were forcibly held with our heads over a bowl full of strong volatile spirit of hartshorn until suffocated nor could the effluvia of the one be distinguished from the other and frequently when i was forced by the load upon my head and shoulders to hold my face down i was obliged near as i was to the window instantly to raise it again to avoid suffocation i need not my dear friend ask your commiseration when i tell you that in this plight from half an hour past eleven till near two in the morning i sustained the weight of a heavy man with his knees in my back and the pressure of his whole body on my head a dutch surgeon who had taken his seat upon my left shoulder and a topaz a black christian soldier bearing on my right all which nothing could have enabled me to support but the props and pressure equally sustaining me all around the two latter i frequently dislodged by shifting my hold on the bars and driving my knuckles into their ribs but my friend above stuck fast held immovable by two bars i exerted anew my strength and fortitude but the repeated trials and efforts i made to dislodge the insufferable incumbrances upon me at last quite exhausted me and towards two o'clock finding i must quit the window or sink where i was i resolved on the former having bore truly for the sake of others infinitely more for life than the best of it is worth in the rank close behind me was an officer of one of the ships whose name was cary and who had behaved with much bravery during the siege his wife a fine woman though country born would not quit him but accompanied him into the prison and was one who survived this poor wretch had been long raving for water and air i told him i was determined to give up life and recommended his gaining my station on my quitting it he made a fruitless attempt to get my place but the dutch surgeon who sat on my shoulder supplanted him poor cary expressed his thankfulness and said he would give up life too but it was with the utmost labor we forced our way from the window several in the inner ranks appearing to me dead standing unable to fall by the throng and equal pressure around he laid himself down to die and his death i believe was very sudden for he was a short full sanguine man his strength was great and i imagine had he not retired with me i should never have been able to force my way i was at this time sensible of no pain and little uneasiness i can give you no better idea of my situation than by repeating my simile of the bowl of spirit of hartshorn i found a stupor coming on apace and laid myself down by that gallant old man the rev mr jervas bellamy who laid dead with his son the lieutenant hand in hand near the southernmost wall of the prison when i had lain there some little time i still had reflection enough to suffer some uneasiness in the thought that i should be trampled upon when dead as i myself had done to others with some difficulty i raised myself and gained the platform a second time where i presently lost all sensation the last trace of sensibility that i have been able to recollect after my laying down was my sash being uneasy about my waist which i untied and threw from me of what passed in this interval to the time of my resurrection from this hole of horrors i can give you no account there was plenty to see in calcutta but there was not plenty of time for it i saw the fort that clive built and the place where warren hastings and the author of the junius letters fought their duel and the great botanical gardens and the fashionable afternoon turnout in the maidan and a grand review of the garrison in a great plain at sunrise and a military tournament in which great bodies of native soldiery exhibited the perfection of their drill at all arms a spectacular and beautiful show occupying several nights and closing with the mimic storming of a native fort which was as good as the reality for thrilling and accurate detail and better than the reality for security and comfort we had a pleasure excursion on the 'hoogly' by courtesy of friends and devoted the rest of the time to social life and the indian museum one should spend a month in the museum an enchanted palace of indian antiquities indeed a person might spend half a year among the beautiful and wonderful things without exhausting their interest it was winter we were of kipling's hosts of tourists who travel up and down india in the cold weather showing how things ought to be managed it is a common expression there the cold weather and the people think there is such a thing it is because they have lived there half a lifetime and their perceptions have become blunted when a person is accustomed to 138 in the shade his ideas about cold weather are not valuable i had read in the histories that the june marches made between lucknow and cawnpore by the british forces in the time of the mutiny were made weather 138 in the shade and had taken it for historical embroidery i had read it again in serjeant major forbes mitchell's account of his military experiences in the mutiny at least i thought i had and in calcutta i asked him if it was true and he said it was an officer of high rank who had been in the thick of the mutiny said the same as long as those men were talking about what they knew they were trustworthy and i believed them but when they said it was now cold weather i saw that they had traveled outside of their sphere of knowledge and were floundering i believe that in india cold weather is merely a conventional phrase and has come into use through the necessity of having some way to distinguish between weather which will melt a brass door knob and weather which will only make it mushy it was observable that brass ones were in use while i was in calcutta showing that it was not yet time to change to porcelain i was told the change to porcelain was not usually made until may but this cold weather was too warm for us so we started to darjeeling in the himalayas a twenty four hour journey chapter lv there are 869 different forms of lying but only one of them has been squarely forbidden thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar from diary february 14 we left at 4 30 p m until dark we moved through rich vegetation then changed to a boat and crossed the ganges february 15 up with the sun a brilliant morning and frosty a double suit of flannels is found necessary the plain is perfectly level and seems to stretch away and away and away dimming and softening to the uttermost bounds of nowhere what a soaring strenuous gushing fountain spray of delicate greenery a bunch of bamboo is! as far as the eye can reach these grand vegetable geysers grace the view their spoutings refined to steam by distance and there are fields of bananas with the sunshine glancing from the varnished surface of their drooping vast leaves and there are frequent groves of palm and an effective accent is given to the landscape by isolated individuals of this picturesque family towering clean stemmed their plumes broken and hanging ragged nature's imitation of an umbrella that has been out to see what a cyclone is like and is trying not to look disappointed and everywhere through the soft morning vistas we glimpse the villages the countless villages the myriad villages thatched built of clean new matting snuggling among grouped palms and sheaves of bamboo villages villages no end of villages not three hundred yards apart and dozens and dozens of them in sight all the time a mighty city hundreds of miles long hundreds of miles broad made all of villages the biggest city in the earth and as populous as a european kingdom i have seen no such city as this before and there is a continuously repeated and replenished multitude of naked men in view on both sides and ahead we fly through it mile after mile but still it is always there on both sides and ahead brown bodied naked men and boys plowing in the fields but not woman in these two hours i have not seen a woman or a girl working in the fields from greenland's icy mountains from india's coral strand where afric's sunny fountains roll down their golden sand from many an ancient river from many a palmy plain they call us to deliver their land from error's chain those are beautiful verses and they have remained in my memory all my life but if the closing lines are true let us hope that when we come to answer the call and deliver the land from its errors we shall secrete from it some of our high civilization ways and at the same time borrow some of its pagan ways to enrich our high system with we have a right to do this if we lift those people up we have a right to lift ourselves up nine or ten grades or so at their expense a few years ago i spent several weeks at tolz in bavaria it is a roman catholic region and not even benares is more deeply or pervasively or intelligently devout in my diary of those days i find this we took a long drive yesterday around about the lovely country roads but it was a drive whose pleasure was damaged in a couple of ways by the dreadful shrines and by the shameful spectacle of gray and venerable old grandmothers toiling in the fields the shrines were frequent along the roads figures of the saviour nailed to the cross and streaming with blood from the wounds of the nails and the thorns when missionaries go from here do they find fault with the pagan idols i saw many women seventy and even eighty years old mowing and binding in the fields and pitchforking the loads into the wagons i was in austria later and in munich in munich i saw gray old women pushing trucks up hill and down long distances trucks laden with barrels of beer incredible loads in my austrian diary i find this in the fields i often see a woman and a cow harnessed to the plow and a man driving in the public street of marienbad to day i saw an old bent gray headed woman in harness with a dog drawing a laden sled over bare dirt roads and bare pavements and at his ease walked the driver smoking his pipe a hale fellow not thirty years old five or six years ago i bought an open boat made a kind of a canvas wagon roof over the stern of it to shelter me from sun and rain hired a courier and a boatman and made a twelve day floating voyage down the rhone from lake bourget to marseilles in my diary of that trip i find this entry i was far down the rhone then passing st etienne 2 15 p m on a distant ridge inland a tall openwork structure commandingly situated with a statue of the virgin standing on it a devout country all down this river wherever there is a crag there is a statue of the virgin on it i believe i have seen a hundred of them and yet in many respects the peasantry seem to be mere pagans and destitute of any considerable degree of civilization we reached a not very promising looking village about 4 o'clock and i concluded to tie up for the day munching fruit and fogging the hood with pipe smoke had grown monotonous i could not have the hood furled because the floods of rain fell unceasingly the tavern was on the river bank as is the custom it was dull there and melancholy nothing to do but look out of the window into the drenching rain and shiver one could do that for it was bleak and cold and windy and country france furnishes no fire winter overcoats did not help me much they had to be supplemented with rugs the raindrops were so large and struck the river with such force that they knocked up the water like pebble splashes with the exception of a very occasional woodenshod peasant nobody was abroad in this bitter weather i mean nobody of our sex but all weathers are alike to the women in these continental countries to them and the other animals life is serious nothing interrupts their slavery three of them were washing clothes in the river under the window when i arrived and they continued at it as long as there was light to work by one was apparently thirty another the mother! above fifty the third grandmother! so old and worn and gray she could have passed for eighty i took her to be that old they had no waterproofs nor rubbers of course over their shoulders they wore gunnysacks simply conductors for rivers of water some of the volume reached the ground the rest soaked in on the way at last a vigorous fellow of thirty five arrived dry and comfortable smoking his pipe under his big umbrella in an open donkey cart husband son and grandson of those women! he stood up in the cart sheltering himself and began to superintend issuing his orders in a masterly tone of command and showing temper when they were not obeyed swiftly enough without complaint or murmur the drowned women patiently carried out the orders lifting the immense baskets of soggy wrung out clothing into the cart and stowing them to the man's satisfaction there were six of the great baskets and a man of mere ordinary strength could not have lifted any one of them the cart being full now the frenchman descended still sheltered by his umbrella entered the tavern and the women went drooping homeward trudging in the wake of the cart and soon were blended with the deluge and lost to sight when i went down into the public room the frenchman had his bottle of wine and plate of food on a bare table black with grease and was chomping like a horse he had the little religious paper which is in everybody's hands on the rhone borders and was enlightening himself with the histories of french saints who used to flee to the desert in the middle ages to escape the contamination of woman for two hundred years france has been sending missionaries to other savage lands to spare to the needy from poverty like hers is fine and true generosity but to get back to india where as my favorite poem says every prospect pleases and only man is vile it is because bavaria and austria and france have not introduced their civilization to him yet but bavaria and austria and france are on their way they are coming they will rescue him they will refine the vileness out of him some time during the forenoon approaching the mountains we changed from the regular train to one composed of little canvas sheltered cars that skimmed along within a foot of the ground and seemed to be going fifty miles an hour when they were really making about twenty each car had seating capacity for half a dozen persons and when the curtains were up one was substantially out of doors and could see everywhere and get all the breeze and be luxuriously comfortable it was not a pleasure excursion in name only but in fact after a while the stopped at a little wooden coop of a station just within the curtain of the sombre jungle a place with a deep and dense forest of great trees and scrub and vines all about it the royal bengal tiger is in great force there and is very bold and unconventional from this lonely little station a message once went to the railway manager in calcutta tiger eating station master on front porch telegraph instructions it was there that i had my first tiger hunt i killed thirteen we were presently away again and the train began to climb the mountains in one place seven wild elephants crossed the track but two of them got away before i could overtake them the railway journey up the mountain is forty miles and it takes eight hours to make it it is so wild and interesting and exciting and enchanting that it ought to take a week as for the vegetation it is a museum the jungle seemed to contain samples of every rare and curious tree and bush that we had ever seen or heard of it is from that museum i think that the globe must have been supplied with the trees and vines and shrubs that it holds precious the road is infinitely and charmingly crooked it goes winding in and out under lofty cliffs that are smothered in vines and foliage and around the edges of bottomless chasms and all the way one glides by files of picturesque natives some carrying burdens up others going down from their work in the tea gardens and once there was a gaudy wedding procession all bright tinsel and color and a bride comely and girlish who peeped out from the curtains of her palanquin exposing her face with that pure delight which the young and happy take in sin for sin's own sake by and by we were well up in the region of the clouds and from that breezy height we looked down and afar over a wonderful picture the plains of india stretching to the horizon soft and fair level as a floor shimmering with heat mottled with cloud shadows and cloven with shining rivers immediately below us and receding down down down toward the valley was a shaven confusion of hilltops with ribbony roads and paths squirming and snaking cream yellow all over them and about them every curve and twist sharply distinct at an elevation of 6 000 feet we entered a thick cloud and it shut out the world and kept it shut out we climbed 1 000 feet higher then began to descend and presently got down to darjeeling which is 6 000 feet above the level of the plains we had passed many a mountain village on the way up and seen some new kinds of natives among them many samples of the fighting ghurkas they are not large men but they are strong and resolute there are no better soldiers among britain's native troops and we had passed shoals of their women climbing the forty miles of steep road from the valley to their mountain homes with tall baskets on their backs hitched to their foreheads by a band and containing a freightage weighing i will not say how many hundreds of pounds for the sum is unbelievable these were young women and they strode smartly along under these astonishing burdens with the air of people out for a holiday i was told that a woman will carry a piano on her back all the way up the mountain and that more than once a woman had done it if these were old women i should regard the ghurkas as no more civilized than the europeans at the railway station at darjeeling you find plenty of cab substitutes open coffins in which you sit and are then borne on men's shoulders up the steep roads into the town up there we found a fairly comfortable hotel the property of an indiscriminate and incoherent landlord who looks after nothing but leaves everything to his army of indian servants no he does look after the bill to be just to him and the tourist cannot do better than follow his example i was told by a resident that the summit of kinchinjunga is often hidden in the clouds and that sometimes a tourist has waited twenty two days and then been obliged to go away without a sight of it and yet went not disappointed for when he got his hotel bill he recognized that he was now seeing the highest thing in the himalayas but this is probably a lie after lecturing i went to the club that night and that was a comfortable place it is loftily situated and looks out over a vast spread of scenery from it you can see where the boundaries of three countries come together some thirty miles away thibet is one of them nepaul another and i think herzegovina was the other apparently in every town and city in india the gentlemen of the british civil and military service have a club sometimes it is a palatial one always it is pleasant and homelike the hotels are not always as good as they might be and the stranger who has access to the club is grateful for his privilege and knows how to value it next day was sunday friends came in the gray dawn with horses and my party rode away to a distant point where kinchinjunga and mount everest show up best but i stayed at home for a private view for it was very old and i was not acquainted with the horses any way i got a pipe and a few blankets and sat for two hours at the window and saw the sun drive away the veiling gray and touch up the snow peaks one after another with pale pink splashes and delicate washes of gold and finally flood the whole mighty convulsion of snow mountains with a deluge of rich splendors kinchinjunga's peak was but fitfully visible but in the between times it was vividly clear against the sky away up there in the blue dome more than 28 000 feet above sea level the loftiest land i had ever seen by 12 000 feet or more it was 45 miles away mount everest is a thousand feet higher but it was not a part of that sea of mountains piled up there before me so i did not see it but i did not care because i think that mountains that are as high as that are disagreeable i changed from the back to the front of the house and spent the rest of the morning there watching the swarthy strange tribes flock by from their far homes in the himalayas all ages and both sexes were represented and the breeds were quite new to me though the costumes of the thibetans made them look a good deal like chinamen the prayer wheel was a frequent feature it brought me near to these people and made them seem kinfolk of mine through our preacher we do much of our praying by proxy we do not whirl him around a stick as they do but that is merely a detail the swarm swung briskly by hour after hour a strange and striking pageant it was wasted there and it seemed a pity it should have been sent streaming through the cities of europe or america to refresh eyes weary of the pale monotonies of the circus pageant these people were bound for the bazar with things to sell we went down there later and saw that novel congress of the wild peoples and plowed here and there through it and concluded that it would be worth coming from calcutta to see even if there were no kinchinjunga and everest chapter lvi there are two times in a man's life when he should not speculate when he can't afford it and when he can pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar on monday and tuesday at sunrise we again had fair to middling views of the stupendous mountains then being well cooled off and refreshed we were ready to chance the weather of the lower world once more we traveled up hill by the regular train five miles to the summit then changed to a little canvas canopied hand car for the 35 mile descent it was the size of a sleigh it had six seats and was so low that it seemed to rest on the ground it had no engine or other propelling power and needed none to help it fly down those steep inclines it only needed a strong brake to modify its flight and it had that there was a story of a disastrous trip made down the mountain once in this little car by the lieutenant governor of bengal when the car jumped the track and threw its passengers over a precipice it was not true but the story had value for me for it made me nervous and nervousness wakes a person up and makes him alive and alert and heightens the thrill of a new and doubtful experience the car could really jump the track of course a pebble on the track placed there by either accident or malice at a sharp curve where one might strike it before the eye could discover it could derail the car and fling it down into india and the fact that the lieutenant governor had escaped was no proof that i would have the same luck and standing there looking down upon the indian empire from the airy altitude of 7 000 feet it seemed unpleasantly far dangerously far to be flung from a handcar but after all there was but small danger for me what there was was for mr pugh inspector of a division of the indian police in whose company and protection we had come from calcutta he had seen long service as an artillery officer was less nervous than i was and so he was to go ahead of us in a pilot hand car with a ghurka and another native and the plan was that when we should see his car jump over a precipice we must put on our break [sp ] and send for another pilot it was a good arrangement also mr barnard chief engineer of the mountain division of the road was to take personal charge of our car and he had been down the mountain in it many a time everything looked safe indeed there was but one questionable detail left the regular train was to follow us as soon as we should start and it might run over us privately i thought it would the road fell sharply down in front of us and went corkscrewing in and out around the crags and precipices down down forever down suggesting nothing so exactly or so uncomfortably as a croaked toboggan slide with no end to it mr pugh waved his flag and started like an arrow from a bow and before i could get out of the car we were gone too i had previously had but one sensation like the shock of that departure and that was the gaspy shock that took my breath away the first time that i was discharged from the summit of a toboggan slide but in both instances the sensation was pleasurable intensely so it was a sudden and immense exaltation a mixed ecstasy of deadly fright and unimaginable joy i believe that this combination makes the perfection of human delight the pilot car's flight down the mountain suggested the swoop of a swallow that is skimming the ground so swiftly and smoothly and gracefully it swept down the long straight reaches and soared in and out of the bends and around the corners we raced after it and seemed to flash by the capes and crags with the speed of light and now and then we almost overtook it and had hopes but it was only playing with us when we got near it released its brake make a spring around a corner and the next time it spun into view a few seconds later it looked as small as a wheelbarrow it was so far away we played with the train in the same way we often got out to gather flowers or sit on a precipice and look at the scenery then presently we would hear a dull and growing roar and the long coils of the train would come into sight behind and above us but we did not need to start till the locomotive was close down upon us then we soon left it far behind it had to stop at every station therefore it was not an embarrassment to us our brake was a good piece of machinery it could bring the car to a standstill on a slope as steep as a house roof the scenery was grand and varied and beautiful and there was no hurry we could always stop and examine it there was abundance of time we did not need to hamper the train if it wanted the road we could switch off and let it go by then overtake it and pass it later we stopped at one place to see the gladstone cliff a great crag which the ages and the weather have sculptured into a recognizable portrait of the venerable statesman mr gladstone is a stockholder in the road and nature began this portrait ten thousand years ago with the idea of having the compliment ready in time for the event we saw a banyan tree which sent down supporting stems from branches which were sixty feet above the ground that is i suppose it was a banyan its bark resembled that of the great banyan in the botanical gardens at calcutta that spider legged thing with its wilderness of vegetable columns and there were frequent glimpses of a totally leafless tree upon whose innumerable twigs and branches a cloud of crimson butterflies had lighted apparently in fact these brilliant red butterflies were flowers but the illusion was good afterward in south africa i saw another splendid effect made by red flowers this flower was probably called the torch plant should have been so named anyway it had a slender stem several feet high and from its top stood up a single tongue of flame an intensely red flower of the size and shape of a small corn cob the stems stood three or four feet apart all over a great hill slope that was a mile long and make one think of what the place de la concorde would be if its myriad lights were red instead of white and yellow a few miles down the mountain we stopped half an hour to see a thibetan dramatic performance it was in the open air on the hillside the audience was composed of thibetans ghurkas and other unusual people the costumes of the actors were in the last degree outlandish and the performance was in keeping with the clothes to an accompaniment of barbarous noises the actors stepped out one after another and began to spin around with immense swiftness and vigor and violence chanting the while and soon the whole troupe would be spinning and chanting and raising the dust they were performing an ancient and celebrated historical play and a chinaman explained it to me in pidjin english as it went along the play was obscure enough without the explanation with the explanation added it was opake as a drama this ancient historical work of art was defective i thought but as a wild and barbarous spectacle the representation was beyond criticism far down the mountain we got out to look at a piece of remarkable loop engineering a spiral where the road curves upon itself with such abruptness that when the regular train came down and entered the loop we stood over it and saw the locomotive disappear under our bridge then in a few moments appear again chasing its own tail and we saw it gain on it overtake it draw ahead past the rear cars and run a race with that end of the train it was like a snake swallowing itself half way down the mountain we stopped about an hour at mr barnard's house for refreshments and while we were sitting on the veranda looking at the distant panorama of hills through a gap in the forest we came very near seeing a leopard kill a calf [it killed it the day before ] it is a wild place and lovely from the woods all about came the songs of birds among them the contributions of a couple of birds which i was not then acquainted with the brain fever bird and the coppersmith the song of the brain fever demon starts on a low but steadily rising key and is a spiral twist which augments in intensity and severity with each added spiral growing sharper and sharper and more and more painful more and more agonizing more and more maddening intolerable unendurable as it bores deeper and deeper and deeper into the listener's brain until at last the brain fever comes as a relief and the man dies i am bringing some of these birds home to america they will be a great curiosity there and it is believed that in our climate they will multiply like rabbits the coppersmith bird's note at a certain distance away has the ring of a sledge on granite at a certain other distance the hammering has a more metallic ring and you might think that the bird was mending a copper kettle at another distance it has a more woodeny thump but it is a thump that is full of energy and sounds just like starting a bung so he is a hard bird to name with a single name he is a stone breaker coppersmith and bung starter and even then he is not completely named for when he is close by you find that there is a soft deep melodious quality in his thump and for that no satisfying name occurs to you you will not mind his other notes but when he camps near enough for you to hear that one you presently find that his measured and monotonous repetition of it is beginning to disturb you next it will weary you soon it will distress you and before long each thump will hurt your head if this goes on you will lose your mind with the pain and misery of it and go crazy i am bringing some of these birds home to america there is nothing like them there they will be a great surprise and it is said that in a climate like ours they will surpass expectation for fecundity i am bringing some nightingales too and some cue owls i got them in italy the song of the nightingale is the deadliest known to ornithology that demoniacal shriek can kill at thirty yards the note of the cue owl is infinitely soft and sweet soft and sweet as the whisper of a flute but penetrating oh beyond belief it can bore through boiler iron it is a lingering note and comes in triplets on the one unchanging key hoo o o hoo o o hoo o o then a silence of fifteen seconds then the triplet again and so on all night at first it is divine then less so then trying then distressing then excruciating then agonizing and at the end of two hours the listener is a maniac and so presently we took to the hand car and went flying down the mountain again flying and stopping flying and stopping till at last we were in the plain once more and stowed for calcutta in the regular train that was the most enjoyable day i have spent in the earth for rousing tingling rapturous pleasure there is no holiday trip that approaches the bird flight down the himalayas in a hand car it has no fault no blemish no lack except that there are only thirty five miles of it instead of five hundred chapter lvii she was not quite what you would call refined she was not quite what you would call unrefined she was the kind of person that keeps a parrot pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar so far as i am able to judge nothing has been left undone either by man or nature to make india the most extraordinary country that the sun visits on his round nothing seems to have been forgotten nothing over looked always when you think you have come to the end of her tremendous specialties and have finished banging tags upon her as the land of the thug the land of the plague the land of famine the land of giant illusions the land of stupendous mountains and so forth another specialty crops up and another tag is required i have been overlooking the fact that india is by an unapproachable supremacy the land of murderous wild creatures perhaps it will be simplest to throw away the tags and generalize her with one all comprehensive name as the land of wonders for many years the british indian government has been trying to destroy the murderous wild creatures and has spent a great deal of money in the effort the annual official returns show that the undertaking is a difficult one these returns exhibit a curious annual uniformity in results the sort of uniformity which you find in the annual output of suicides in the world's capitals and the proportions of deaths by this that and the other disease you can always come close to foretelling how many suicides will occur in paris london and new york next year and also how many deaths will result from cancer consumption dog bite falling out of the window getting run over by cabs etc if you know the statistics of those matters for the present year in the same way with one year's indian statistics before you you can guess closely at how many people were killed in that empire by tigers during the previous year and the year before that and the year before that and at how many were killed in each of those years by bears how many by wolves and how many by snakes and you can also guess closely at how many people are going to be killed each year for the coming five years by each of those agencies you can also guess closely at how many of each agency the government is going to kill each year for the next five years i have before me statistics covering a period of six consecutive years by these i know that in india the tiger kills something over 800 persons every year and that the government responds by killing about double as many tigers every year in four of the six years referred to the tiger got 800 odd in one of the remaining two years he got only 700 but in the other remaining year he made his average good by scoring 917 he is always sure of his average anyone who bets that the tiger will kill 2 400 people in india in any three consecutive years has invested his money in a certainty anyone who bets that he will kill 2 600 in any three consecutive years is absolutely sure to lose as strikingly uniform as are the statistics of suicide they are not any more so than are those of the tiger's annual output of slaughtered human beings in india the government's work is quite uniform too it about doubles the tiger's average in six years the tiger killed 5 000 persons minus 50 in the same six years 10 000 tigers were killed minus 400 the wolf kills nearly as many people as the tiger 700 a year to the tiger's 800 odd but while he is doing it more than 5 000 of his tribe fall the leopard kills an average of 230 people per year but loses 3 300 of his own mess while he is doing it the bear kills 100 people per year at a cost of 1 250 of his own tribe the tiger as the figures show makes a very handsome fight against man but it is nothing to the elephant's fight the king of beasts the lord of the jungle loses four of his mess per year but he kills forty five persons to make up for it but when it comes to killing cattle the lord of the jungle is not interested he kills but 100 in six years horses of hunters no doubt but in the same six the tiger kills more than 84 000 the leopard 100 000 the bear 4 000 the wolf 70 000 the hyena more than 13 000 other wild beasts 27 000 and the snakes 19 000 a grand total of more than 300 000 an average of 50 000 head per year in response the government kills in the six years a total of 3 201 232 wild beasts and snakes ten for one it will be perceived that the snakes are not much interested in cattle they kill only 3 000 odd per year the snakes are much more interested in man india swarms with deadly snakes at the head of the list is the cobra the deadliest known to the world a snake whose bite kills where the rattlesnake's bite merely entertains in india the annual man killings by snakes are as uniform as regular and as forecastable as are the tiger average and the suicide average anyone who bets that in india in any three consecutive years the snakes will kill 49 500 persons will win his bet and anyone who bets that in india in any three consecutive years the snakes will kill 53 500 persons will lose his bet in india the snakes kill 17 000 people a year they hardly ever fall short of it they as seldom exceed it an insurance actuary could take the indian census tables and the government's snake tables and tell you within sixpence how much it would be worth to insure a man against death by snake bite there if i had a dollar for every person killed per year in india i would rather have it than any other property as it is the only property in the world not subject to shrinkage i should like to have a royalty on the government end of the snake business too and am in london now trying to get it but when i get it it is not going to be as regular an income as the other will be if i get that i have applied for it the snakes transact their end of the business in a more orderly and systematic way than the government transacts its end of it because the snakes have had a long experience and know all about the traffic you can make sure that the government will never kill fewer than 110 000 snakes in a year and that it will newer quite reach 300 000 too much room for oscillation good speculative stock to bear or bull and buy and sell long and short and all that kind of thing but not eligible for investment like the other the man that speculates in the government's snake crop wants to go carefully i would not advise a man to buy a single crop at all i mean a crop of futures for the possible wobble is something quite extraordinary if he can buy six future crops in a bunch seller to deliver 1 500 000 altogether that is another matter i do not know what snakes are worth now but i know what they would be worth then for the statistics show that the seller could not come within 427 000 of carrying out his contract however i think that a person who speculates in snakes is a fool anyway he always regrets it afterwards to finish the statistics in six years the wild beasts kill 20 000 persons and the snakes kill 103 000 in the same six the government kills 1 073 546 snakes plenty left there are narrow escapes in india in the very jungle where i killed sixteen tigers and all those elephants a cobra bit me but it got well everyone was surprised this could not happen twice in ten years perhaps usually death would result in fifteen minutes we struck out westward or northwestward from calcutta on an itinerary of a zig zag sort which would in the course of time carry us across india to its northwestern corner and the border of afghanistan the first part of the trip carried us through a great region which was an endless garden miles and miles of the beautiful flower from whose juices comes the opium and at muzaffurpore we were in the midst of the indigo culture thence by a branch road to the ganges at a point near dinapore and by a train which would have missed the connection by a week but for the thoughtfulness of some british officers who were along and who knew the ways of trains that are run by natives without white supervision this train stopped at every village for no purpose connected with business apparently we put out nothing we took nothing aboard the train bands stepped ashore and gossiped with friends a quarter of an hour then pulled out and repeated this at the succeeding villages we had thirty five miles to go and six hours to do it in but it was plain that we were not going to make it it was then that the english officers said it was now necessary to turn this gravel train into an express so they gave the engine driver a rupee and told him to fly it was a simple remedy after that we made ninety miles an hour we crossed the ganges just at dawn made our connection and went to benares where we stayed twenty four hours and inspected that strange and fascinating piety hive again then left for lucknow a city which is perhaps the most conspicuous of the many monuments of british fortitude and valor that are scattered about the earth the heat was pitiless the flat plains were destitute of grass and baked dry by the sun they were the color of pale dust which was flying in clouds but it was much hotter than this when the relieving forces marched to lucknow in the time of the mutiny those were the days of 138 deg in the shade chapter lviii make it a point to do something every day that you don't want to do this is the golden rule for acquiring the habit of doing your duty without pain pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar it seems to be settled now that among the many causes from which the great mutiny sprang the main one was the annexation of the kingdom of oudh by the east india company characterized by sir henry lawrence as the most unrighteous act that was ever committed in the spring of 1857 a mutinous spirit was observable in many of the native garrisons and it grew day by day and spread wider and wider the younger military men saw something very serious in it and would have liked to take hold of it vigorously and stamp it out promptly but they were not in authority old men were in the high places of the army men who should have been retired long before because of their great age and they regarded the matter as a thing of no consequence they loved their native soldiers and would not believe that anything could move them to revolt everywhere these obstinate veterans listened serenely to the rumbling of the volcanoes under them and said it was nothing and so the propagators of mutiny had everything their own way they moved from camp to camp undisturbed and painted to the native soldier the wrongs his people were suffering at the hands of the english and made his heart burn for revenge they were able to point to two facts of formidable value as backers of their persuasions in clive's day native armies were incoherent mobs and without effective arms therefore they were weak against clive's organized handful of well armed men but the thing was the other way now the british forces were native they had been trained by the british organized by the british armed by the british all the power was in their hands they were a club made by british hands to beat out british brains with there was nothing to oppose their mass nothing but a few weak battalions of british soldiers scattered about india a force not worth speaking of this argument taken alone might not have succeeded for the bravest and best indian troops had a wholesome dread of the white soldier whether he was weak or strong but the agitators backed it with their second and best point prophecy a prophecy a hundred years old the indian is open to prophecy at all times argument may fail to convince him but not prophecy there was a prophecy that a hundred years from the year of that battle of clive's which founded the british indian empire the british power would be overthrown and swept away by the natives the mutiny broke out at meerut on the 10th of may 1857 and fired a train of tremendous historical explosions nana sahib's massacre of the surrendered garrison of cawnpore occurred in june and the long siege of lucknow began the military history of england is old and great but i think it must be granted that the crushing of the mutiny is the greatest chapter in it the british were caught asleep and unprepared they were a few thousands swallowed up in an ocean of hostile populations it would take months to inform england and get help but they did not falter or stop to count the odds but with english resolution and english devotion they took up their task and went stubbornly on with it through good fortune and bad and fought the most unpromising fight that one may read of in fiction or out of it and won it thoroughly the mutiny broke out so suddenly and spread with such rapidity that there was but little time for occupants of weak outlying stations to escape to places of safety attempts were made of course but they were attended by hardships as bitter as death in the few cases which were successful for the heat ranged between 120 and 138 in the shade the way led through hostile peoples and food and water were hardly to be had for ladies and children accustomed to ease and comfort and plenty such a journey must have been a cruel experience sir g o trevelyan quotes an example this is what befell mrs m the wife of the surgeon at a certain station on the southern confines of the insurrection 'i heard ' she says 'a number of shots fired and looking out i saw my husband driving furiously from the mess house waving his whip i ran to him and seeing a bearer with my child in his arms i caught her up and got into the buggy at the mess house we found all the officers assembled together with sixty sepoys who had remained faithful we went off in one large party amidst a general conflagration of our late homes we reached the caravanserai at chattapore the next morning and thence started for callinger at this point our sepoy escort deserted us we were fired upon by match lockmen and one officer was shot dead we heard likewise that the people had risen at callinger so we returned and walked back ten miles that day m and i carried the child alternately presently mrs smalley died of sunstroke we had no food amongst us an officer kindly lent us a horse we were very faint the major died and was buried also the sergeant major and some women the bandsmen left us on the nineteenth of june we were fired at again by match lockmen and changed direction for allahabad our party consisted of nine gentlemen two children the sergeant and his wife on the morning of the twentieth captain scott took lottie on to his horse i was riding behind my husband and she was so crushed between us she was two years old on the first of the month we were both weak through want of food and the effect of the sun lottie and i had no head covering m had a sepoy's cap i found on the ground soon after sunrise we were followed by villagers armed with clubs and spears one of them struck captain scott's horse on the leg he galloped off with lottie and my poor husband never saw his child again we rode on several miles keeping away from villages and then crossed the river our thirst was extreme m had dreadful cramps so that i had to hold him on the horse i was very uneasy about him the day before i saw the drummer's wife eating chupatties and asked her to give a piece to the child which she did i now saw water in a ravine the descent was steep and our only drinkingvessel was m 's cap our horse got water and i bathed my neck i had no stockings and my feet were torn and blistered two peasants came in sight and we were frightened and rode off the sergeant held our horse and m put me up and mounted i think he must have got suddenly faint for i fell and he over me on the road when the horse started off some time before he said and barber too that he could not live many hours i felt he was dying before we came to the ravine he told me his wishes about his children and myself and took leave my brain seemed burnt up no tears came as soon as we fell the sergeant let go the horse and it went off so that escape was cut off we sat down on the ground waiting for death poor fellow! he was very weak his thirst was frightful and i went to get him water some villagers came and took my rupees and watch i took off my wedding ring and twisted it in my hair and replaced the guard i tore off the skirt of my dress to bring water in but was no use for when i returned my beloved's eyes were fixed and though i called and tried to restore him and poured water into his mouth it only rattled in his throat he never spoke to me again i held him in my arms till he sank gradually down i felt frantic but could not cry i was alone i bound his head and face in my dress for there was no earth to buy him the pain in my hands and feet was dreadful i went down to the ravine and sat in the water on a stone hoping to get off at night and look for lottie when i came back from the water i saw that they had not taken her little watch chain and seals so i tied them under my petticoat in an hour about thirty villagers came they dragged me out of the ravine and took off my jacket and found the little chain they then dragged me to a village mocking me all the way and disputing as to whom i was to belong to the whole population came to look at me i asked for a bedstead and lay down outside the door of a hut they had a dozen of cows and yet refused me milk when night came and the village was quiet some old woman brought me a leafful of rice i was too parched to eat and they gave me water the morning after a neighboring rajah sent a palanquin and a horseman to fetch me who told me that a little child and three sahibs had come to his master's house and so the poor mother found her lost one 'greatly blistered ' poor little creature it is not for europeans in india to pray that their flight be not in the winter in the first days of june the aged general sir hugh wheeler commanding the forces at cawnpore was deserted by his native troops then he moved out of the fort and into an exposed patch of open flat ground and built a four foot mud wall around it he had with him a few hundred white soldiers and officers and apparently more women and children than soldiers he was short of provisions short of arms short of ammunition short of military wisdom short of everything but courage and devotion to duty the defense of that open lot through twenty one days and nights of hunger thirst indian heat and a never ceasing storm of bullets bombs and cannon balls a defense conducted not by the aged and infirm general but by a young officer named moore is one of the most heroic episodes in history when at last the nana found it impossible to conquer these starving men and women with powder and ball he resorted to treachery and that succeeded he agreed to supply them with food and send them to allahabad in boats their mud wall and their barracks were in ruins their provisions were at the point of exhaustion they had done all that the brave could do they had conquered an honorable compromise their forces had been fearfully reduced by casualties and by disease they were not able to continue the contest longer they came forth helpless but suspecting no treachery the nana's host closed around them and at a signal from a trumpet the massacre began about two hundred women and children were spared for the present but all the men except three or four were killed among the incidents of the massacre quoted by sir g o trevelyan is this when after the lapse of some twenty minutes the dead began to outnumber the living when the fire slackened as the marks grew few and far between then the troopers who had been drawn up to the right of the temple plunged into the river sabre between teeth and pistol in hand thereupon two half caste christian women the wives of musicians in the band of the fifty sixth witnessed a scene which should not be related at second hand 'in the boat where i was to have gone ' says mrs bradshaw confirmed throughout by mrs betts 'was the school mistress and twenty two misses general wheeler came last in a palkee they carried him into the water near the boat i stood close by he said 'carry me a little further towards the boat ' but a trooper said 'no get out here ' as the general got out of the palkee head foremost the trooper gave him a cut with his sword into the neck and he fell into the water my son was killed near him i saw it alas! alas! some were stabbed with bayonets others cut down little infants were torn in pieces we saw it we did and tell you only what we saw other children were stabbed and thrown into the river the schoolgirls were burnt to death i saw their clothes and hair catch fire in the water a few paces off by the next boat we saw the youngest daughter of colonel williams a sepoy was going to kill her with his bayonet she said 'my father was always kind to sepoys ' he turned away and just then a villager struck her on the head with a club and she fell into the water these people likewise saw good mr moncrieff the clergyman take a book from his pocket that he never had leisure to open and heard him commence a prayer for mercy which he was not permitted to conclude another deponent observed an european making for a drain like a scared water rat when some boatmen armed with cudgels cut off his retreat and beat him down dead into the mud the women and children who had been reserved from the massacre were imprisoned during a fortnight in a small building one story high a cramped place a slightly modified black hole of calcutta they were waiting in suspense there was none who could foretaste their fate meantime the news of the massacre had traveled far and an army of rescuers with havelock at its head was on its way at least an army which hoped to be rescuers it was crossing the country by forced marches and strewing its way with its own dead men struck down by cholera and by a heat which reached 135 deg it was in a vengeful fury and it stopped for nothing neither heat nor fatigue nor disease nor human opposition it tore its impetuous way through hostile forces winning victory after victory but still striding on and on not halting to count results and at last after this extraordinary march it arrived before the walls of cawnpore met the nana's massed strength delivered a crushing defeat and entered but too late only a few hours too late for at the last moment the nana had decided upon the massacre of the captive women and children and had commissioned three mohammedans and two hindoos to do the work sir g o trevelyan says thereupon the five men entered it was the short gloaming of hindostan the hour when ladies take their evening drive she who had accosted the officer was standing in the doorway with her were the native doctor and two hindoo menials that much of the business might be seen from the veranda but all else was concealed amidst the interior gloom shrieks and scuffing acquainted those without that the journeymen were earning their hire survur khan soon emerged with his sword broken off at the hilt he procured another from the nana's house and a few minutes after appeared again on the same errand the third blade was of better temper or perhaps the thick of the work was already over by the time darkness had closed in the men came forth and locked up the house for the night then the screams ceased but the groans lasted till morning the sun rose as usual when he had been up nearly three hours the five repaired to the scene of their labors over night they were attended by a few sweepers who proceeded to transfer the contents of the house to a dry well situated behind some trees which grew hard by 'the bodies ' says one who was present throughout 'were dragged out most of them by the hair of the head those who had clothing worth taking were stripped some of the women were alive i cannot say how many but three could speak they prayed for the sake of god that an end might be put to their sufferings i remarked one very stout woman a half caste who was severely wounded in both arms who entreated to be killed she and two or three others were placed against the bank of the cut by which bullocks go down in drawing water the dead were first thrown in yes there was a great crowd looking on they were standing along the walls of the compound they were principally city people and villagers yes there were also sepoys three boys were alive they were fair children the eldest i think must have been six or seven and the youngest five years they were running around the well where else could they go to and there was none to save them no one said a word or tried to save them ' at length the smallest of them made an infantile attempt to get away the little thing had been frightened past bearing by the murder of one of the surviving ladies he thus attracted the observation of a native who flung him and his companions down the well the soldiers had made a march of eighteen days almost without rest to save the women and the children and now they were too late all were dead and the assassin had flown what happened then trevelyan hesitated to put into words of what took place the less said is the better then he continues but there was a spectacle to witness which might excuse much those who straight from the contested field wandered sobbing through the rooms of the ladies' house saw what it were well could the outraged earth have straightway hidden the inner apartment was ankle deep in blood the plaster was scored with sword cuts not high up as where men have fought but low down and about the corners as if a creature had crouched to avoid the blow strips of dresses vainly tied around the handles of the doors signified the contrivance to which feminine despair had resorted as a means of keeping out the murderers broken combs were there and the frills of children's trousers and torn cuffs and pinafores and little round hats and one or two shoes with burst latchets and one or two daguerreotype cases with cracked glasses an officer picked up a few curls preserved in a bit of cardboard and marked 'ned's hair with love' but around were strewn locks some near a yard in length dissevered not as a keepsake by quite other scissors the battle of waterloo was fought on the 18th of june 1815 i do not state this fact as a reminder to the reader but as news to him for a forgotten fact is news when it comes again writers of books have the fashion of whizzing by vast and renowned historical events with the remark the details of this tremendous episode are too familiar to the reader to need repeating here they know that that is not true it is a low kind of flattery they know that the reader has forgotten every detail of it and that nothing of the tremendous event is left in his mind but a vague and formless luminous smudge aside from the desire to flatter the reader they have another reason for making the remark two reasons indeed they do not remember the details themselves and do not want the trouble of hunting them up and copying them out also they are afraid that if they search them out and print them they will be scoffed at by the book reviewers for retelling those worn old things which are familiar to everybody they should not mind the reviewer's jeer he doesn't remember any of the worn old things until the book which he is reviewing has retold them to him i have made the quoted remark myself at one time and another but i was not doing it to flatter the reader i was merely doing it to save work if i had known the details without brushing up i would have put them in but i didn't and i did not want the labor of posting myself so i said the details of this tremendous episode are too familiar to the reader to need repeating here i do not like that kind of a lie still it does save work i am not trying to get out of repeating the details of the siege of lucknow in fear of the reviewer i am not leaving them out in fear that they would not interest the reader i am leaving them out partly to save work mainly for lack of room it is a pity too for there is not a dull place anywhere in the great story ten days before the outbreak may 10th of the mutiny all was serene at lucknow the huge capital of oudh the kingdom which had recently been seized by the india company there was a great garrison composed of about 7 000 native troops and between 700 and 800 whites these white soldiers and their families were probably the only people of their race there at their elbow was that swarming population of warlike natives a race of born soldiers brave daring and fond of fighting on high ground just outside the city stood the palace of that great personage the resident the representative of british power and authority it stood in the midst of spacious grounds with its due complement of outbuildings and the grounds were enclosed by a wall a wall not for defense but for privacy the mutinous spirit was in the air but the whites were not afraid and did not feel much troubled then came the outbreak at meerut then the capture of delhi by the mutineers in june came the three weeks leaguer of sir hugh wheeler in his open lot at cawnpore 40 miles distant from lucknow then the treacherous massacre of that gallant little garrison and now the great revolt was in full flower and the comfortable condition of things at lucknow was instantly changed there was an outbreak there and sir henry lawrence marched out of the residency on the 30th of june to put it down but was defeated with heavy loss and had difficulty in getting back again that night the memorable siege of the residency called the siege of lucknow began sir henry was killed three days later and brigadier inglis succeeded him in command outside of the residency fence was an immense host of hostile and confident native besiegers inside it were 480 loyal native soldiers 730 white ones and 500 women and children in those days the english garrisons always managed to hamper themselves sufficiently with women and children the natives established themselves in houses close at hand and began to rain bullets and cannon balls into the residency and this they kept up night and day during four months and a half the little garrison industriously replying all the time the women and children soon became so used to the roar of the guns that it ceased to disturb their sleep the children imitated siege and defense in their play the women with any pretext or with none would sally out into the storm swept grounds the defense was kept up week after week with stubborn fortitude in the midst of death which came in many forms by bullet small pox cholera and by various diseases induced by unpalatable and insufficient food by the long hours of wearying and exhausting overwork in the daily and nightly battle in the oppressive indian heat and by the broken rest caused by the intolerable pest of mosquitoes flies mice rats and fleas six weeks after the beginning of the siege more than one half of the original force of white soldiers was dead and close upon three fifths of the original native force but the fighting went on just the same the enemy mined the english counter mined and turn about they blew up each other's posts the residency grounds were honey combed with the enemy's tunnels deadly courtesies were constantly exchanged sorties by the english in the night rushes by the enemy in the night rushes whose purpose was to breach the walls or scale them rushes which cost heavily and always failed the ladies got used to all the horrors of war the shrieks of mutilated men the sight of blood and death lady inglis makes this mention in her diary mrs bruere's nurse was carried past our door to day wounded in the eye to extract the bullet it was found necessary to take out the eye a fearful operation her mistress held her while it was performed the first relieving force failed to relieve it was under havelock and outram and arrived when the siege had been going on for three months it fought its desperate way to lucknow then fought its way through the city against odds of a hundred to one and entered the residency but there was not enough left of it then to do any good it lost more men in its last fight than it found in the residency when it got in it became captive itself the fighting and starving and dying by bullets and disease went steadily on both sides fought with energy and industry captain birch puts this striking incident in evidence he is speaking of the third month of the siege as an instance of the heavy firing brought to bear on our position this month may be mentioned the cutting down of the upper story of a brick building simply by musketry firring this building was in a most exposed position all the shots which just missed the top of the rampart cut into the dead wall pretty much in a straight line and at length cut right through and brought the upper story tumbling down the upper structure on the top of the brigade mess also fell in the residency house was a wreck captain anderson's post had long ago been knocked down and innes' post also fell in these two were riddled with round shot as many as 200 were picked up by colonel masters the exhausted garrison fought doggedly on all through the next month october then november 2d news came sir colin campbell's relieving force would soon be on its way from cawnpore on the 12th the boom of his guns was heard on the 13th the sounds came nearer he was slowly but steadily cutting his way through storming one stronghold after another on the 14th he captured the martiniere college and ran up the british flag there it was seen from the residency next he took the dilkoosha on the 17th he took the former mess house of the 32d regiment a fortified building and very strong a most exciting anxious day writes lady inglis in her diary about 4 p m two strange officers walked through our yard leading their horses and by that sign she knew that communication was established between the forces that the relief was real this time and that the long siege of lucknow was ended the last eight or ten miles of sir colin campbell's march was through seas of blood the weapon mainly used was the bayonet the fighting was desperate the way was mile stoned with detached strong buildings of stone fortified and heavily garrisoned and these had to be taken by assault neither side asked for quarter and neither gave it at the secundrabagh where nearly two thousand of the enemy occupied a great stone house in a garden the work of slaughter was continued until every man was killed that is a sample of the character of that devastating march there were but few trees in the plain at that time and from the residency the progress of the march step by step victory by victory could be noted the ascending clouds of battle smoke marked the way to the eye and the thunder of the guns marked it to the ear sir colin campbell had not come to lucknow to hold it but to save the occupants of the residency and bring them away four or five days after his arrival the secret evacuation by the troops took place in the middle of a dark night by the principal gate the bailie guard the two hundred women and two hundred and fifty children had been previously removed captain birch says and now commenced a movement of the most perfect arrangement and successful generalship the withdrawal of the whole of the various forces a combined movement requiring the greatest care and skill first the garrison in immediate contact with the enemy at the furthest extremity of the residency position was marched out every other garrison in turn fell in behind it and so passed out through the bailie guard gate till the whole of our position was evacuated then havelock's force was similarly withdrawn post by post marching in rear of our garrison after them in turn came the forces of the commander in chief which joined on in the rear of havelock's force regiment by regiment was withdrawn with the utmost order and regularity the whole operation resembled the movement of a telescope stern silence was kept and the enemy took no alarm lady inglis referring to her husband and to general sir james outram sets down the closing detail of this impressive midnight retreat in darkness and by stealth of this shadowy host through the gate which it had defended so long and so well at twelve precisely they marched out john and sir james outram remaining till all had passed and then they took off their hats to the bailie guard the scene of as noble a defense as i think history will ever have to relate chapter lix don't part with your illusions when they are gone you may still exist but you have ceased to live pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar often the surest way to convey misinformation is to tell the strict truth pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we were driven over sir colin campbell's route by a british officer and when i arrived at the residency i was so familiar with the road that i could have led a retreat over it myself but the compass in my head has been out of order from my birth and so as soon as i was within the battered bailie guard and turned about to review the march and imagine the relieving forces storming their way along it everything was upside down and wrong end first in a moment and i was never able to get straightened out again and now when i look at the battle plan the confusion remains in me the east was born west the battle plans which have the east on the right hand side are of no use to me the residency ruins are draped with flowering vines and are impressive and beautiful they and the grounds are sacred now and will suffer no neglect nor be profaned by any sordid or commercial use while the british remain masters of india within the grounds are buried the dead who gave up their lives there in the long siege after a fashion i was able to imagine the fiery storm that raged night and day over the place during so many months and after a fashion i could imagine the men moving through it but i could not satisfactorily place the 200 women and i could do nothing at all with the 250 children i knew by lady inglis' diary that the children carried on their small affairs very much as if blood and carnage and the crash and thunder of a siege were natural and proper features of nursery life and i tried to realize it but when her little johnny came rushing all excitement through the din and smoke shouting oh mamma the white hen has laid an egg! i saw that i could not do it johnny's place was under the bed i could imagine him there because i could imagine myself there and i think i should not have been interested in a hen that was laying an egg my interest would have been with the parties that were laying the bombshells i sat at dinner with one of those children in the club's indian palace and i knew that all through the siege he was perfecting his teething and learning to talk and while to me he was the most impressive object in lucknow after the residency ruins i was not able to imagine what his life had been during that tempestuous infancy of his nor what sort of a curious surprise it must have been to him to be marched suddenly out into a strange dumb world where there wasn't any noise and nothing going on he was only forty one when i saw him a strangely youthful link to connect the present with so ancient an episode as the great mutiny by and by we saw cawnpore and the open lot which was the scene of moore's memorable defense and the spot on the shore of the ganges where the massacre of the betrayed garrison occurred and the small indian temple whence the bugle signal notified the assassins to fall on this latter was a lonely spot and silent the sluggish river drifted by almost currentless it was dead low water narrow channels with vast sandbars between all the way across the wide bed and the only living thing in sight was that grotesque and solemn bald headed bird the adjutant standing on his six foot stilts solitary on a distant bar with his head sunk between his shoulders thinking thinking of his prize i suppose the dead hindoo that lay awash at his feet and whether to eat him alone or invite friends he and his prey were a proper accent to that mournful place they were in keeping with it they emphasized its loneliness and its solemnity and we saw the scene of the slaughter of the helpless women and children and also the costly memorial that is built over the well which contains their remains the black hole of calcutta is gone but a more reverent age is come and whatever remembrancer still exists of the moving and heroic sufferings and achievements of the garrisons of lucknow and cawnpore will be guarded and preserved in agra and its neighborhood and afterwards at delhi we saw forts mosques and tombs which were built in the great days of the mohammedan emperors and which are marvels of cost magnitude and richness of materials and ornamentation creations of surpassing grandeur wonders which do indeed make the like things in the rest of the world seem tame and inconsequential by comparison i am not purposing to describe them by good fortune i had not read too much about them and therefore was able to get a natural and rational focus upon them with the result that they thrilled blessed and exalted me but if i had previously overheated my imagination by drinking too much pestilential literary hot scotch i should have suffered disappointment and sorrow i mean to speak of only one of these many world renowned buildings the taj mahal the most celebrated construction in the earth i had read a great deal too much about it i saw it in the daytime i saw it in the moonlight i saw it near at hand i saw it from a distance and i knew all the time that of its kind it was the wonder of the world with no competitor now and no possible future competitor and yet it was not my taj my taj had been built by excitable literary people it was solidly lodged in my head and i could not blast it out i wish to place before the reader some of the usual descriptions of the taj and ask him to take note of the impressions left in his mind these descriptions do really state the truth as nearly as the limitations of language will allow but language is a treacherous thing a most unsure vehicle and it can seldom arrange descriptive words in such a way that they will not inflate the facts by help of the reader's imagination which is always ready to take a hand and work for nothing and do the bulk of it at that i will begin with a few sentences from the excellent little local guide book of mr satya chandra mukerji i take them from here and there in his description the inlaid work of the taj and the flowers and petals that are to be found on all sides on the surface of the marble evince a most delicate touch that is true the inlaid work the marble the flowers the buds the leaves the petals and the lotus stems are almost without a rival in the whole of the civilized world the work of inlaying with stones and gems is found in the highest perfection in the taj gems inlaid flowers buds and leaves to be found on all sides what do you see before you is the fairy structure growing is it becoming a jewel casket the whole of the taj produces a wonderful effect that is equally sublime and beautiful then sir william wilson hunter the taj mahal with its beautiful domes 'a dream of marble ' rises on the river bank the materials are white marble and red sandstone the complexity of its design and the delicate intricacy of the workmanship baffle description sir william continues i will italicize some of his words the mausoleum stands on a raised marble platform at each of whose corners rises a tall and slender minaret of graceful proportions and of exquisite beauty beyond the platform stretch the two wings one of which is itself a mosque of great architectural merit in the center of the whole design the mausoleum occupies a square of 186 feet with the angles deeply truncated so also form an unequal octagon the main feature in this central pile is the great dome which swells upward to nearly two thirds of a sphere and tapers at its extremity into a pointed spire crowned by a crescent beneath it an enclosure of marble trellis work surrounds the tomb of the princess and of her husband the emperor each corner of the mausoleum is covered by a similar though much smaller dome erected on a pediment pierced with graceful saracenic arches light is admitted into the interior through a double screen of pierced marble which tempers the glare of an indian sky while its whiteness prevents the mellow effect from degenerating into gloom the internal decorations consist of inlaid work in precious stones such as agate jasper etc with which every squandril or salient point in the architecture is richly fretted brown and violet marble is also freely employed in wreaths scrolls and lintels to relieve the monotony of white wall in regard to color and design the interior of the taj may rank first in the world for purely decorative workmanship while the perfect symmetry of its exterior once seen can never be forgotten nor the aerial grace of its domes rising like marble bubbles into the clear sky the taj represents the most highly elaborated stage of ornamentation reached by the indo mohammedan builders the stage in which the architect ends and the jeweler begins in its magnificent gateway the diagonal ornamentation at the corners which satisfied the designers of the gateways of itimad ud doulah and sikandra mausoleums is superseded by fine marble cables in bold twists strong and handsome the triangular insertions of white marble and large flowers have in like manner given place to fine inlaid work firm perpendicular lines in black marble with well proportioned panels of the same material are effectively used in the interior of the gateway on its top the hindu brackets and monolithic architraves of sikandra are replaced by moorish carped arches usually single blocks of red sandstone in the kiosks and pavilions which adorn the roof from the pillared pavilions a magnificent view is obtained of the taj gardens below with the noble jumna river at their farther end and the city and fort of agra in the distance from this beautiful and splendid gateway one passes up a straight alley shaded by evergreen trees cooled by a broad shallow piece of water running along the middle of the path to the taj itself the taj is entirely of marble and gems the red sandstone of the other mohammedan buildings has entirely disappeared or rather the red sandstone which used to form the thickness of the walls is in the taj itself overlaid completely with white marble and the white marble is itself inlaid with precious stones arranged in lovely patterns of flowers a feeling of purity impresses itself on the eye and the mind from the absence of the coarser material which forms so invariable a material in agra architecture the lower wall and panels are covered with tulips oleanders and fullblown lilies in flat carving on the white marble and although the inlaid work of flowers done in gems is very brilliant when looked at closely there is on the whole but little color and the all prevailing sentiment is one of whiteness silence and calm the whiteness is broken only by the fine color of the inlaid gems by lines in black marble and by delicately written inscriptions also in black from the koran under the dome of the vast mausoleum a high and beautiful screen of open tracery in white marble rises around the two tombs or rather cenotaphs of the emperor and his princess and in this marvel of marble the carving has advanced from the old geometrical patterns to a trellis work of flowers and foliage handled with great freedom and spirit the two cenotaphs in the center of the exquisite enclosure have no carving except the plain kalamdan or oblong pen box on the tomb of emperor shah jehan but both cenotaphs are inlaid with flowers made of costly gems and with the ever graceful oleander scroll bayard taylor after describing the details of the taj goes on to say on both sides the palm the banyan and the feathery bamboo mingle their foliage the song of birds meets your ears and the odor of roses and lemon flowers sweetens the air down such a vista and over such a foreground rises the taj there is no mystery no sense of partial failure about the taj a thing of perfect beauty and of absolute finish in every detail it might pass for the work of genii who knew naught of the weaknesses and ills with which mankind are beset all of these details are true but taken together they state a falsehood to you you cannot add them up correctly those writers know the values of their words and phrases but to you the words and phrases convey other and uncertain values to those writers their phrases have values which i think i am now acquainted with and for the help of the reader i will here repeat certain of those words and phrases and follow them with numerals which shall represent those values then we shall see the difference between a writer's ciphering and a mistaken reader's precious stones such as agate jasper etc 5 with which every salient point is richly fretted 5 first in the world for purely decorative workmanship 9 the taj represents the stage where the architect ends and the jeweler begins 5 the taj is entirely of marble and gems 7 inlaid with precious stones in lovely patterns of flowers 5 the inlaid work of flowers done in gems is very brilliant followed by a most important modification which the reader is sure to read too carelessly 2 the vast mausoleum 5 this marvel of marble 5 the exquisite enclosure 5 inlaid with flowers made of costly gems 5 a thing of perfect beauty and absolute finish 5 those details are correct the figures which i have placed after them represent quite fairly their individual values then why as a whole do they convey a false impression to the reader it is because the reader beguiled by his heated imagination masses them in the wrong way the writer would mass the first three figures in the following way and they would speak the truth total 19 but the reader masses them thus and then they tell a lie 559 the writer would add all of his twelve numerals together and then the sum would express the whole truth about the taj and the truth only 63 but the reader always helped by his imagination would put the figures in a row one after the other and get this sum which would tell him a noble big lie 559575255555 you must put in the commas yourself i have to go on with my work the reader will always be sure to put the figures together in that wrong way and then as surely before him will stand sparkling in the sun a gem crusted taj tall as the matterhorn i had to visit niagara fifteen times before i succeeded in getting my imaginary falls gauged to the actuality and could begin to sanely and wholesomely wonder at them for what they were not what i had expected them to be when i first approached them it was with my face lifted toward the sky for i thought i was going to see an atlantic ocean pouring down thence over cloud vexed himalayan heights a sea green wall of water sixty miles front and six miles high and so when the toy reality came suddenly into view that beruiled little wet apron hanging out to dry the shock was too much for me and i fell with a dull thud yet slowly surely steadily in the course of my fifteen visits the proportions adjusted themselves to the facts and i came at last to realize that a waterfall a hundred and sixty five feet high and a quarter of a mile wide was an impressive thing it was not a dipperful to my vanished great vision but it would answer i know that i ought to do with the taj as i was obliged to do with niagara see it fifteen times and let my mind gradually get rid of the taj built in it by its describers by help of my imagination and substitute for it the taj of fact it would be noble and fine then and a marvel not the marvel which it replaced but still a marvel and fine enough i am a careless reader i suppose an impressionist reader an impressionist reader of what is not an impressionist picture a reader who overlooks the informing details or masses their sum improperly and gets only a large splashy general effect an effect which is not correct and which is not warranted by the particulars placed before me particulars which i did not examine and whose meanings i did not cautiously and carefully estimate it is an effect which is some thirty five or forty times finer than the reality and is therefore a great deal better and more valuable than the reality and so i ought never to hunt up the reality but stay miles away from it and thus preserve undamaged my own private mighty niagara tumbling out of the vault of heaven and my own ineffable taj built of tinted mists upon jeweled arches of rainbows supported by colonnades of moonlight it is a mistake for a person with an unregulated imagination to go and look at an illustrious world's wonder i suppose that many many years ago i gathered the idea that the taj's place in the achievements of man was exactly the place of the ice storm in the achievements of nature that the taj represented man's supremest possibility in the creation of grace and beauty and exquisiteness and splendor just as the ice storm represents nature's supremest possibility in the combination of those same qualities i do not know how long ago that idea was bred in me but i know that i cannot remember back to a time when the thought of either of these symbols of gracious and unapproachable perfection did not at once suggest the other if i thought of the ice storm the taj rose before me divinely beautiful if i thought of the taj with its encrustings and inlayings of jewels the vision of the ice storm rose and so to me all these years the taj has had no rival among the temples and palaces of men none that even remotely approached it it was man's architectural ice storm here in london the other night i was talking with some scotch and english friends and i mentioned the ice storm using it as a figure a figure which failed for none of them had heard of the ice storm one gentleman who was very familiar with american literature said he had never seen it mentioned in any book that is strange and i myself was not able to say that i had seen it mentioned in a book and yet the autumn foliage with all other american scenery has received full and competent attention the oversight is strange for in america the ice storm is an event and it is not an event which one is careless about when it comes the news flies from room to room in the house there are bangings on the doors and shoutings the ice storm! the ice storm! and even the laziest sleepers throw off the covers and join the rush for the windows the ice storm occurs in midwinter and usually its enchantments are wrought in the silence and the darkness of the night a fine drizzling rain falls hour after hour upon the naked twigs and branches of the trees and as it falls it freezes in time the trunk and every branch and twig are incased in hard pure ice so that the tree looks like a skeleton tree made all of glass glass that is crystal clear all along the underside of every branch and twig is a comb of little icicles the frozen drip sometimes these pendants do not quite amount to icicles but are round beads frozen tears the weather clears toward dawn and leaves a brisk pure atmosphere and a sky without a shred of cloud in it and everything is still there is not a breath of wind the dawn breaks and spreads the news of the storm goes about the house and the little and the big in wraps and blankets flock to the window and press together there and gaze intently out upon the great white ghost in the grounds and nobody says a word nobody stirs all are waiting they know what is coming and they are waiting waiting for the miracle the minutes drift on and on and on with not a sound but the ticking of the clock at last the sun fires a sudden sheaf of rays into the ghostly tree and turns it into a white splendor of glittering diamonds everybody catches his breath and feels a swelling in his throat and a moisture in his eyes but waits again for he knows what is coming there is more yet the sun climbs higher and still higher flooding the tree from its loftiest spread of branches to its lowest turning it to a glory of white fire then in a moment without warning comes the great miracle the supreme miracle the miracle without its fellow in the earth a gust of wind sets every branch and twig to swaying and in an instant turns the whole white tree into a spouting and spraying explosion of flashing gems of every conceivable color and there it stands and sways this way and that flash! flash! flash! a dancing and glancing world of rubies emeralds diamonds sapphires the most radiant spectacle the most blinding spectacle the divinest the most exquisite the most intoxicating vision of fire and color and intolerable and unimaginable splendor that ever any eye has rested upon in this world or will ever rest upon outside of the gates of heaven by all my senses all my faculties i know that the icestorm is nature's supremest achievement in the domain of the superb and the beautiful and by my reason at least i know that the taj is man's ice storm in the ice storm every one of the myriad ice beads pendant from twig and branch is an individual gem and changes color with every motion caused by the wind each tree carries a million and a forest front exhibits the splendors of the single tree multiplied by a thousand it occurs to me now that i have never seen the ice storm put upon canvas and have not heard that any painter has tried to do it i wonder why that is is it that paint cannot counterfeit the intense blaze of a sun flooded jewel there should be and must be a reason and a good one why the most enchanting sight that nature has created has been neglected by the brush often the surest way to convey misinformation is to tell the strict truth the describers of the taj have used the word gem in its strictest sense its scientific sense in that sense it is a mild word and promises but little to the eye nothing bright nothing brilliant nothing sparkling nothing splendid in the way of color it accurately describes the sober and unobtrusive gem work of the taj that is to the very highly educated one person in a thousand but it most falsely describes it to the 999 but the 999 are the people who ought to be especially taken care of and to them it does not mean quiet colored designs wrought in carnelians or agates or such things they know the word in its wide and ordinary sense only and so to them it means diamonds and rubies and opals and their kindred and the moment their eyes fall upon it in print they see a vision of glorious colors clothed in fire these describers are writing for the general and so in order to make sure of being understood they ought to use words in their ordinary sense or else explain the word fountain means one thing in syria where there is but a handful of people it means quite another thing in north america where there are 75 000 000 if i were describing some syrian scenery and should exclaim within the narrow space of a quarter of a mile square i saw in the glory of the flooding moonlight two hundred noble fountains imagine the spectacle! the north american would have a vision of clustering columns of water soaring aloft bending over in graceful arches bursting in beaded spray and raining white fire in the moonlight and he would be deceived but the syrian would not be deceived he would merely see two hundred fresh water springs two hundred drowsing puddles as level and unpretentious and unexcited as so many door mats and even with the help of the moonlight he would not lose his grip in the presence of the exhibition my word fountain would be correct it would speak the strict truth and it would convey the strict truth to the handful of syrians and the strictest misinformation to the north american millions with their gems and gems and more gems and gems again and still other gems the describers of the taj are within their legal but not their moral rights they are dealing in the strictest scientific truth and in doing it they succeed to admiration in telling what ain't so chapter lx satan impatiently to new comer the trouble with you chicago people is that you think you are the best people down here whereas you are merely the most numerous pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we wandered contentedly around here and there in india to lahore among other places where the lieutenant governor lent me an elephant this hospitality stands out in my experiences in a stately isolation it was a fine elephant affable gentlemanly educated and i was not afraid of it i even rode it with confidence through the crowded lanes of the native city where it scared all the horses out of their senses and where children were always just escaping its feet it took the middle of the road in a fine independent way and left it to the world to get out of the way or take the consequences i am used to being afraid of collisions when i ride or drive but when one is on top of an elephant that feeling is absent i could have ridden in comfort through a regiment of runaway teams i could easily learn to prefer an elephant to any other vehicle partly because of that immunity from collisions and partly because of the fine view one has from up there and partly because of the dignity one feels in that high place and partly because one can look in at the windows and see what is going on privately among the family the lahore horses were used to elephants but they were rapturously afraid of them just the same it seemed curious perhaps the better they know the elephant the more they respect him in that peculiar way in our own case we are not afraid of dynamite till we get acquainted with it we drifted as far as rawal pindi away up on the afghan frontier i think it was the afghan frontier but it may have been hertzegovina it was around there somewhere and down again to delhi to see the ancient architectural wonders there and in old delhi and not describe them and also to see the scene of the illustrious assault in the mutiny days when the british carried delhi by storm one of the marvels of history for impudent daring and immortal valor we had a refreshing rest there in delhi in a great old mansion which possessed historical interest it was built by a rich englishman who had become orientalized so much so that he had a zenana but he was a broadminded man and remained so to please his harem he built a mosque to please himself he built an english church that kind of a man will arrive somewhere in the mutiny days the mansion was the british general's headquarters it stands in a great garden oriental fashion and about it are many noble trees the trees harbor monkeys and they are monkeys of a watchful and enterprising sort and not much troubled with fear they invade the house whenever they get a chance and carry off everything they don't want one morning the master of the house was in his bath and the window was open near it stood a pot of yellow paint and a brush some monkeys appeared in the window to scare them away the gentleman threw his sponge at them they did not scare at all they jumped into the room and threw yellow paint all over him from the brush and drove him out then they painted the walls and the floor and the tank and the windows and the furniture yellow and were in the dressing room painting that when help arrived and routed them two of these creatures came into my room in the early morning through a window whose shutters i had left open and when i woke one of them was before the glass brushing his hair and the other one had my note book and was reading a page of humorous notes and crying i did not mind the one with the hair brush but the conduct of the other one hurt me it hurts me yet i threw something at him and that was wrong for my host had told me that the monkeys were best left alone they threw everything at me that they could lift and then went into the bathroom to get some more things and i shut the door on them at jeypore in rajputana we made a considerable stay we were not in the native city but several miles from it in the small european official suburb there were but few europeans only fourteen but they were all kind and hospitable and it amounted to being at home in jeypore we found again what we had found all about india that while the indian servant is in his way a very real treasure he will sometimes bear watching and the englishman watches him if he sends him on an errand he wants more than the man's word for it that he did the errand when fruit and vegetables were sent to us a chit came with them a receipt for us to sign otherwise the things might not arrive if a gentleman sent up his carriage the chit stated from such and such an hour to such and such an hour which made it unhandy for the coachman and his two or three subordinates to put us off with a part of the allotted time and devote the rest of it to a lark of their own we were pleasantly situated in a small two storied inn in an empty large compound which was surrounded by a mud wall as high as a man's head the inn was kept by nine hindoo brothers its owners they lived with their families in a one storied building within the compound but off to one side and there was always a long pile of their little comely brown children loosely stacked in its veranda and a detachment of the parents wedged among them smoking the hookah or the howdah or whatever they call it by the veranda stood a palm and a monkey lived in it and led a lonesome life and always looked sad and weary and the crows bothered him a good deal the inn cow poked about the compound and emphasized the secluded and country air of the place and there was a dog of no particular breed who was always present in the compound and always asleep always stretched out baking in the sun and adding to the deep tranquility and reposefulness of the place when the crows were away on business white draperied servants were coming and going all the time but they seemed only spirits for their feet were bare and made no sound down the lane a piece lived an elephant in the shade of a noble tree and rocked and rocked and reached about with his trunk begging of his brown mistress or fumbling the children playing at his feet and there were camels about but they go on velvet feet and were proper to the silence and serenity of the surroundings the satan mentioned at the head of this chapter was not our satan but the other one our satan was lost to us in these later days he had passed out of our life lamented by me and sincerely i was missing him i am missing him yet after all these months he was an astonishing creature to fly around and do things he didn't always do them quite right but he did them and did them suddenly there was no time wasted you would say pack the trunks and bags satan wair good very good then there would be a brief sound of thrashing and slashing and humming and buzzing and a spectacle as of a whirlwind spinning gowns and jackets and coats and boots and things through the air and then with bow and touch awready master it was wonderful it made one dizzy he crumpled dresses a good deal and he had no particular plan about the work at first except to put each article into the trunk it didn't belong in but he soon reformed in this matter not entirely for to the last he would cram into the satchel sacred to literature any odds and ends of rubbish that he couldn't find a handy place for elsewhere when threatened with death for this it did not trouble him he only looked pleasant saluted with soldierly grace said wair good and did it again next day he was always busy kept the rooms tidied up the boots polished the clothes brushed the wash basin full of clean water my dress clothes laid out and ready for the lecture hall an hour ahead of time and he dressed me from head to heel in spite of my determination to do it myself according to my lifelong custom he was a born boss and loved to command and to jaw and dispute with inferiors and harry them and bullyrag them he was fine at the railway station yes he was at his finest there he would shoulder and plunge and paw his violent way through the packed multitude of natives with nineteen coolies at his tail each bearing a trifle of luggage one a trunk another a parasol another a shawl another a fan and so on one article to each and the longer the procession the better he was suited and he was sure to make for some engaged sleeper and begin to hurl the owner's things out of it swearing that it was ours and that there had been a mistake arrived at our own sleeper he would undo the bedding bundles and make the beds and put everything to rights and shipshape in two minutes then put his head out at a window and have a restful good time abusing his gang of coolies and disputing their bill until we arrived and made him pay them and stop his noise speaking of noise he certainly was the noisest little devil in india and that is saying much very much indeed i loved him for his noise but the family detested him for it they could not abide it they could not get reconciled to it it humiliated them as a rule when we got within six hundred yards of one of those big railway stations a mighty racket of screaming and shrieking and shouting and storming would break upon us and i would be happy to myself and the family would say with shame there that's satan why do you keep him and sure enough there in the whirling midst of fifteen hundred wondering people we would find that little scrap of a creature gesticulating like a spider with the colic his black eyes snapping his fez tassel dancing his jaws pouring out floods of billingsgate upon his gang of beseeching and astonished coolies i loved him i couldn't help it but the family why they could hardly speak of him with patience to this day i regret his loss and wish i had him back but they it is different with them he was a native and came from surat twenty degrees of latitude lay between his birthplace and manuel's and fifteen hundred between their ways and characters and dispositions i only liked manuel but i loved satan this latter's real name was intensely indian i could not quite get the hang of it but it sounded like bunder rao ram chunder clam chowder it was too long for handy use anyway so i reduced it when he had been with us two or three weeks he began to make mistakes which i had difficulty in patching up for him approaching benares one day he got out of the train to see if he could get up a misunderstanding with somebody for it had been a weary long journey and he wanted to freshen up he found what he was after but kept up his pow wow a shade too long and got left so there we were in a strange city and no chambermaid it was awkward for us and we told him he must not do so any more he saluted and said in his dear pleasant way wair good then at lucknow he got drunk i said it was a fever and got the family's compassion and solicitude aroused so they gave him a teaspoonful of liquid quinine and it set his vitals on fire he made several grimaces which gave me a better idea of the lisbon earthquake than any i have ever got of it from paintings and descriptions his drunk was still portentously solid next morning but i could have pulled him through with the family if he would only have taken another spoonful of that remedy but no although he was stupefied his memory still had flickerings of life so he smiled a divinely dull smile and said fumblingly saluting scoose me mem saheb scoose me missy saheb satan not prefer it please then some instinct revealed to them that he was drunk they gave him prompt notice that next time this happened he must go he got out a maudlin and most gentle wair good and saluted indefinitely only one short week later he fell again and oh sorrow! not in a hotel this time but in an english gentleman's private house and in agra of all places so he had to go when i told him he said patiently wair good and made his parting salute and went out from us to return no more forever dear me! i would rather have lost a hundred angels than that one poor lovely devil what style he used to put on in a swell hotel or in a private house snow white muslin from his chin to his bare feet a crimson sash embroidered with gold thread around his waist and on his head a great sea green turban like to the turban of the grand turk he was not a liar but he will become one if he keeps on he told me once that he used to crack cocoanuts with his teeth when he was a boy and when i asked how he got them into his mouth he said he was upward of six feet high at that time and had an unusual mouth and when i followed him up and asked him what had become of that other foot he said a house fell on him and he was never able to get his stature back again swervings like these from the strict line of fact often beguile a truthful man on and on until he eventually becomes a liar his successor was a mohammedan sahadat mohammed khan very dark very tall very grave he went always in flowing masses of white from the top of his big turban down to his bare feet his voice was low he glided about in a noiseless way and looked like a ghost he was competent and satisfactory but where he was it seemed always sunday it was not so in satan's time jeypore is intensely indian but it has two or three features which indicate the presence of european science and european interest in the weal of the common public such as the liberal water supply furnished by great works built at the state's expense good sanitation resulting in a degree of healthfulness unusually high for india a noble pleasure garden with privileged days for women schools for the instruction of native youth in advanced art both ornamental and utilitarian and a new and beautiful palace stocked with a museum of extraordinary interest and value without the maharaja's sympathy and purse these beneficences could not have been created but he is a man of wide views and large generosities and all such matters find hospitality with him we drove often to the city from the hotel kaiser i hind a journey which was always full of interest both night and day for that country road was never quiet never empty but was always india in motion always a streaming flood of brown people clothed in smouchings from the rainbow a tossing and moiling flood happy noisy a charming and satisfying confusion of strange human and strange animal life and equally strange and outlandish vehicles and the city itself is a curiosity any indian city is that but this one is not like any other that we saw it is shut up in a lofty turreted wall the main body of it is divided into six parts by perfectly straight streets that are more than a hundred feet wide the blocks of houses exhibit a long frontage of the most taking architectural quaintnesses the straight lines being broken everywhere by pretty little balconies pillared and highly ornamented and other cunning and cozy and inviting perches and projections and many of the fronts are curiously pictured by the brush and the whole of them have the soft rich tint of strawberry ice cream one cannot look down the far stretch of the chief street and persuade himself that these are real houses and that it is all out of doors the impression that it is an unreality a picture a scene in a theater is the only one that will take hold then there came a great day when this illusion was more pronounced than ever a rich hindoo had been spending a fortune upon the manufacture of a crowd of idols and accompanying paraphernalia whose purpose was to illustrate scenes in the life of his especial god or saint and this fine show was to be brought through the town in processional state at ten in the morning as we passed through the great public pleasure garden on our way to the city we found it crowded with natives that was one sight then there was another in the midst of the spacious lawns stands the palace which contains the museum a beautiful construction of stone which shows arched colonnades one above another and receding terrace fashion toward the sky every one of these terraces all the way to the top one was packed and jammed with natives one must try to imagine those solid masses of splendid color one above another up and up against the blue sky and the indian sun turning them all to beds of fire and flame later when we reached the city and glanced down the chief avenue smouldering in its crushed strawberry tint those splendid effects were repeated for every balcony and every fanciful bird cage of a snuggery countersunk in the house fronts and all the long lines of roofs were crowded with people and each crowd was an explosion of brilliant color then the wide street itself away down and down and down into the distance was alive with gorgeously clothed people not still but moving swaying drifting eddying a delirious display of all colors and all shades of color delicate lovely pale soft strong stunning vivid brilliant a sort of storm of sweetpea blossoms passing on the wings of a hurricane and presently through this storm of color came swaying and swinging the majestic elephants clothed in their sunday best of gaudinesses and the long procession of fanciful trucks freighted with their groups of curious and costly images and then the long rearguard of stately camels with their picturesque riders for color and picturesqueness and novelty and outlandishness and sustained interest and fascination it was the most satisfying show i had ever seen and i suppose i shall not have the privilege of looking upon its like again chapter lxi in the first place god made idiots this was for practice then he made school boards pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar suppose we applied no more ingenuity to the instruction of deaf and dumb and blind children than we sometimes apply in our american public schools to the instruction of children who are in possession of all their faculties the result would be that the deaf and dumb and blind would acquire nothing they would live and die as ignorant as bricks and stones the methods used in the asylums are rational the teacher exactly measures the child's capacity to begin with and from thence onwards the tasks imposed are nicely gauged to the gradual development of that capacity the tasks keep pace with the steps of the child's progress they don't jump miles and leagues ahead of it by irrational caprice and land in vacancy according to the average public school plan in the public school apparently they teach the child to spell cat then ask it to calculate an eclipse when it can read words of two syllables they require it to explain the circulation of the blood when it reaches the head of the infant class they bully it with conundrums that cover the domain of universal knowledge this sounds extravagant and is yet it goes no great way beyond the facts i received a curious letter one day from the punjab you must pronounce it punjawb the handwriting was excellent and the wording was english english and yet not exactly english the style was easy and smooth and flowing yet there was something subtly foreign about it a something tropically ornate and sentimental and rhetorical it turned out to be the work of a hindoo youth the holder of a humble clerical billet in a railway office he had been educated in one of the numerous colleges of india upon inquiry i was told that the country was full of young fellows of his like they had been educated away up to the snow summits of learning and the market for all this elaborate cultivation was minutely out of proportion to the vastness of the product this market consisted of some thousands of small clerical posts under the government the supply of material for it was multitudinous if this youth with the flowing style and the blossoming english was occupying a small railway clerkship it meant that there were hundreds and hundreds as capable as he or he would be in a high place and it certainly meant that there were thousands whose education and capacity had fallen a little short and that they would have to go without places apparently then the colleges of india were doing what our high schools have long been doing richly over supplying the market for highly educated service and thereby doing a damage to the scholar and through him to the country at home i once made a speech deploring the injuries inflicted by the high school in making handicrafts distasteful to boys who would have been willing to make a living at trades and agriculture if they had but had the good luck to stop with the common school but i made no converts not one in a community overrun with educated idlers who were above following their fathers' mechanical trades yet could find no market for their book knowledge the same rail that brought me the letter from the punjab brought also a little book published by messrs thacker spink & co of calcutta which interested me for both its preface and its contents treated of this matter of over education in the preface occurs this paragraph from the calcutta review for government office read drygoods clerkship and it will fit more than one region of america the education that we give makes the boys a little less clownish in their manners and more intelligent when spoken to by strangers on the other hand it has made them less contented with their lot in life and less willing to work with their hands the form which discontent takes in this country is not of a healthy kind for the natives of india consider that the only occupation worthy of an educated man is that of a writership in some office and especially in a government office the village schoolboy goes back to the plow with the greatest reluctance and the town schoolboy carries the same discontent and inefficiency into his father's workshop sometimes these ex students positively refuse at first to work and more than once parents have openly expressed their regret that they ever allowed their sons to be inveigled to school the little book which i am quoting from is called indo anglian literature and is well stocked with baboo english clerkly english hooky english acquired in the schools some of it is very funny almost as funny perhaps as what you and i produce when we try to write in a language not our own but much of it is surprisingly correct and free if i were going to quote good english but i am not india is well stocked with natives who speak it and write it as well as the best of us i merely wish to show some of the quaint imperfect attempts at the use of our tongue there are many letters in the book poverty imploring help bread money kindness office generally an office a clerkship some way to get food and a rag out of the applicant's unmarketable education and food not for himself alone but sometimes for a dozen helpless relations in addition to his own family for those people are astonishingly unselfish and admirably faithful to their ties of kinship among us i think there is nothing approaching it strange as some of these wailing and supplicating letters are humble and even groveling as some of them are and quaintly funny and confused as a goodly number of them are there is still a pathos about them as a rule that checks the rising laugh and reproaches it in the following letter father is not to be read literally in ceylon a little native beggar girl embarrassed me by calling me father although i knew she was mistaken i was so new that i did not know that she was merely following the custom of the dependent and the supplicant sir i pray please to give me some action work for i am very poor boy i have no one to help me even so father for it so it seemed in thy good sight you give the telegraph office and another work what is your wish i am very poor boy this understand what is your wish you my father i am your son this understand what is your wish your sirvent p c b through ages of debasing oppression suffered by these people at the hands of their native rulers they come legitimately by the attitude and language of fawning and flattery and one must remember this in mitigation when passing judgment upon the native character it is common in these letters to find the petitioner furtively trying to get at the white man's soft religious side even this poor boy baits his hook with a macerated bible text in the hope that it may catch something if all else fail here is an application for the post of instructor in english to some children my dear sir or gentleman that your petitioner has much qualification in the language of english to instruct the young boys i was given to understand that your of suitable children has to acquire the knowledge of english language as a sample of the flowery eastern style i will take a sentence or two from along letter written by a young native to the lieutenant governor of bengal an application for employment honored and much respected sir i hope your honor will condescend to hear the tale of this poor creature i shall overflow with gratitude at this mark of your royal condescension the bird like happiness has flown away from my nest like heart and has not hitherto returned from the period whence the rose of my father's life suffered the autumnal breath of death in plain english he passed through the gates of grave and from that hour the phantom of delight has never danced before me it is all school english book english you see and good enough too all things considered if the native boy had but that one study he would shine he would dazzle no doubt but that is not the case he is situated as are our public school children loaded down with an over freightage of other studies and frequently they are as far beyond the actual point of progress reached by him and suited to the stage of development attained as could be imagined by the insanest fancy apparently like our public school boy he must work work work in school and out and play but little apparently like our public school boy his education consists in learning things not the meaning of them he is fed upon the husks not the corn from several essays written by native schoolboys in answer to the question of how they spend their day i select one the one which goes most into detail 66 at the break of day i rises from my own bed and finish my daily duty then i employ myself till 8 o'clock after which i employ myself to bathe then take for my body some sweet meat and just at 9 1/2 i came to school to attend my class duty then at 2 1/2 p m i return from school and engage myself to do my natural duty then i engage for a quarter to take my tithn then i study till 5 p m after which i began to play anything which comes in my head after 8 1/2 half pass to eight we are began to sleep before sleeping i told a constable just 11 o' he came and rose us from half pass eleven we began to read still morning it is not perfectly clear now that i come to cipher upon it he gets up at about 5 in the morning or along there somewhere and goes to bed about fifteen or sixteen hours afterward that much of it seems straight but why he should rise again three hours later and resume his studies till morning is puzzling i think it is because he is studying history history requires a world of time and bitter hard work when your education is no further advanced than the cat's when you are merely stuffing yourself with a mixed up mess of empty names and random incidents and elusive dates which no one teaches you how to interpret and which uninterpreted pay you not a farthing's value for your waste of time yes i think he had to get up at halfpast 11 p m in order to be sure to be perfect with his history lesson by noon with results as follows from a calcutta school examination q who was cardinal wolsey cardinal wolsey was an editor of a paper named north briton no 45 of his publication he charged the king of uttering a lie from the throne he was arrested and cast into prison and after releasing went to france 3 as bishop of york but died in disentry in a church on his way to be blockheaded 8 cardinal wolsey was the son of edward iv after his father's death he himself ascended the throne at the age of 10 ten only but when he surpassed or when he was fallen in his twenty years of age at that time he wished to make a journey in his countries under him but he was opposed by his mother to do journey and according to his mother's example he remained in the home and then became king after many times obstacles and many confusion he become king and afterwards his brother there is probably not a word of truth in that q what is the meaning of 'ich dien' 10 an honor conferred on the first or eldest sons of english sovereigns it is nothing more than some feathers 11 ich dien was the word which was written on the feathers of the blind king who came to fight being interlaced with the bridles of the horse 13 ich dien is a title given to henry vii by the pope of rome when he forwarded the reformation of cardinal wolsy to rome and for this reason he was called commander of the faith a dozen or so of this kind of insane answers are quoted in the book from that examination each answer is sweeping proof all by itself that the person uttering it was pushed ahead of where he belonged when he was put into history proof that he had been put to the task of acquiring history before he had had a single lesson in the art of acquiring it which is the equivalent of dumping a pupil into geometry before he has learned the progressive steps which lead up to it and make its acquirement possible those calcutta novices had no business with history there was no excuse for examining them in it no excuse for exposing them and their teachers they were totally empty there was nothing to examine helen keller has been dumb stone deaf and stone blind ever since she was a little baby a year and a half old and now at sixteen years of age this miraculous creature this wonder of all the ages passes the harvard university examination in latin german french history belles lettres and such things and does it brilliantly too not in a commonplace fashion she doesn't know merely things she is splendidly familiar with the meanings of them when she writes an essay on a shakespearean character her english is fine and strong her grasp of the subject is the grasp of one who knows and her page is electric with light has miss sullivan taught her by the methods of india and the american public school no oh no for then she would be deafer and dumber and blinder than she was before it is a pity that we can't educate all the children in the asylums to continue the calcutta exposure what is the meaning of a sheriff 25 sheriff is a post opened in the time of john the duty of sheriff here in calcutta to look out and catch those carriages which is rashly driven out by the coachman but it is a high post in england 26 sheriff was the english bill of common prayer 27 the man with whom the accusative persons are placed is called sheriff 28 sheriff latin term for 'shrub ' we called broom worn by the first earl of enjue as an emblem of humility when they went to the pilgrimage and from this their hairs took their crest and surname 29 sheriff is a kind of titlous sect of people as barons nobles etc 30 sheriff a tittle given on those persons who were respective and pious in england the students were examined in the following bulky matters geometry the solar spectrum the habeas corpus act the british parliament and in metaphysics they were asked to trace the progress of skepticism from descartes to hume it is within bounds to say that some of the results were astonishing without doubt there were students present who justified their teacher's wisdom in introducing them to these studies but the fact is also evident that others had been pushed into these studies to waste their time over them when they could have been profitably employed in hunting smaller game under the head of geometry one of the answers is this 49 the whole bd = the whole ca and so so so so so so so to me this is cloudy but i was never well up in geometry that was the only effort made among the five students who appeared for examination in geometry the other four wailed and surrendered without a fight they are piteous wails too wails of despair and one of them is an eloquent reproach it comes from a poor fellow who has been laden beyond his strength by a stupid teacher and is eloquent in spite of the poverty of its english the poor chap finds himself required to explain riddles which even sir isaac newton was not able to understand 50 oh my dear father examiner you my father and you kindly give a number of pass you my great father 51 i am a poor boy and have no means to support my mother and two brothers who are suffering much for want of food i get four rupees monthly from charity fund of this place from which i send two rupees for their support and keep two for my own support father if i relate the unlucky circumstance under which we are placed then i think you will not be able to suppress the tender tear 52 sir which sir isaac newton and other experienced mathematicians cannot understand i being third of entrance class can understand these which is too impossible to imagine and my examiner also has put very tiresome and very heavy propositions to prove we must remember that these pupils had to do their thinking in one language and express themselves in another and alien one it was a heavy handicap i have by me english as she is taught a collection of american examinations made in the public schools of brooklyn by one of the teachers miss caroline b le row an extract or two from its pages will show that when the american pupil is using but one language and that one his own his performance is no whit better than his indian brother's on history christopher columbus was called the father of his country queen isabella of spain sold her watch and chain and other millinery so that columbus could discover america the indian wars were very desecrating to the country the indians pursued their warfare by hiding in the bushes and then scalping them captain john smith has been styled the father of his country his life was saved by his daughter pochahantas the puritans found an insane asylum in the wilds of america the stamp act was to make everybody stamp all materials so they should be null and void washington died in spain almost broken hearted his remains were taken to the cathedral in havana gorilla warfare was where men rode on gorillas in brooklyn as in india they examine a pupil and when they find out he doesn't know anything they put him into literature or geometry or astronomy or government or something like that so that he can properly display the assification of the whole system on literature 'bracebridge hall' was written by henry irving edgar a poe was a very curdling writer beowulf wrote the scriptures ben johnson survived shakespeare in some respects in the 'canterbury tale' it gives account of king alfred on his way to the shrine of thomas bucket chaucer was the father of english pottery chaucer was succeeded by h wads longfellow we will finish with a couple of samples of literature one from america the other from india the first is a brooklyn public school boy's attempt to turn a few verses of the lady of the lake into prose you will have to concede that he did it the man who rode on the horse performed the whip and an instrument made of steel alone with strong ardor not diminishing for being tired from the time passed with hard labor overworked with anger and ignorant with weariness while every breath for labor lie drew with cries full of sorrow the young deer made imperfect who worked hard filtered in sight the following paragraph is from a little book which is famous in india the biography of a distinguished hindoo judge onoocool chunder mookerjee it was written by his nephew and is unintentionally funny in fact exceedingly so i offer here the closing scene if you would like to sample the rest of the book it can be had by applying to the publishers messrs thacker spink & co calcutta and having said these words he hermetically sealed his lips not to open them again all the well known doctors of calcutta that could be procured for a man of his position and wealth were brought doctors payne fayrer and nilmadhub mookerjee and others they did what they could do with their puissance and knack of medical knowledge but it proved after all as if to milk the ram! his wife and children had not the mournful consolation to hear his last words he remained sotto voce for a few hours and then was taken from us at 6 12 p m according to the caprice of god which passeth understanding chapter lxii there are no people who are quite so vulgar as the over refined ones pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar we sailed from calcutta toward the end of march stopped a day at madras two or three days in ceylon then sailed westward on a long flight for mauritius from my diary april 7 we are far abroad upon the smooth waters of the indian ocean now it is shady and pleasant and peaceful under the vast spread of the awnings and life is perfect again ideal the difference between a river and the sea is that the river looks fluid the sea solid usually looks as if you could step out and walk on it the captain has this peculiarity he cannot tell the truth in a plausible way in this he is the very opposite of the austere scot who sits midway of the table he cannot tell a lie in an unplausible way when the captain finishes a statement the passengers glance at each other privately as who should say do you believe that when the scot finishes one the look says how strange and interesting the whole secret is in the manner and method of the two men the captain is a little shy and diffident and he states the simplest fact as if he were a little afraid of it while the scot delivers himself of the most abandoned lie with such an air of stern veracity that one is forced to believe it although one knows it isn't so for instance the scot told about a pet flying fish he once owned that lived in a little fountain in his conservatory and supported itself by catching birds and frogs and rats in the neighboring fields it was plain that no one at the table doubted this statement by and by in the course of some talk about custom house annoyances the captain brought out the following simple everyday incident but through his infirmity of style managed to tell it in such a way that it got no credence he said i went ashore at naples one voyage when i was in that trade and stood around helping my passengers for i could speak a little italian two or three times at intervals the officer asked me if i had anything dutiable about me and seemed more and more put out and disappointed every time i told him no finally a passenger whom i had helped through asked me to come out and take something i thanked him but excused myself saying i had taken a whisky just before i came ashore it was a fatal admission the officer at once made me pay sixpence import duty on the whisky just from ship to shore you see and he fined me l5 for not declaring the goods another l5 for falsely denying that i had anything dutiable about me also l5 for concealing the goods and l50 for smuggling which is the maximum penalty for unlawfully bringing in goods under the value of sevenpence ha'penny altogether sixty five pounds sixpence for a little thing like that the scot is always believed yet he never tells anything but lies whereas the captain is never believed although he never tells a lie so far as i can judge if he should say his uncle was a male person he would probably say it in such a way that nobody would believe it at the same time the scot could claim that he had a female uncle and not stir a doubt in anybody's mind my own luck has been curious all my literary life i never could tell a lie that anybody would doubt nor a truth that anybody would believe lots of pets on board birds and things in these far countries the white people do seem to run remarkably to pets our host in cawnpore had a fine collection of birds the finest we saw in a private house in india and in colombo dr murray's great compound and commodious bungalow were well populated with domesticated company from the woods frisky little squirrels a ceylon mina walking sociably about the house a small green parrot that whistled a single urgent note of call without motion of its beak also chuckled a monkey in a cage on the back veranda and some more out in the trees also a number of beautiful macaws in the trees and various and sundry birds and animals of breeds not known to me but no cat yet a cat would have liked that place april 9 tea planting is the great business in ceylon now a passenger says it often pays 40 per cent on the investment says there is a boom april 10 the sea is a mediterranean blue and i believe that that is about the divinest color known to nature it is strange and fine nature's lavish generosities to her creatures at least to all of them except man for those that fly she has provided a home that is nobly spacious a home which is forty miles deep and envelops the whole globe and has not an obstruction in it for those that swim she has provided a more than imperial domain a domain which is miles deep and covers four fifths of the globe but as for man she has cut him off with the mere odds and ends of the creation she has given him the thin skin the meagre skin which is stretched over the remaining one fifth the naked bones stick up through it in most places on the one half of this domain he can raise snow ice sand rocks and nothing else so the valuable part of his inheritance really consists of but a single fifth of the family estate and out of it he has to grub hard to get enough to keep him alive and provide kings and soldiers and powder to extend the blessings of civilization with yet man in his simplicity and complacency and inability to cipher thinks nature regards him as the important member of the family in fact her favorite surely it must occur to even his dull head sometimes that she has a curious way of showing it afternoon the captain has been telling how in one of his arctic voyages it was so cold that the mate's shadow froze fast to the deck and had to be ripped loose by main strength and even then he got only about two thirds of it back nobody said anything and the captain went away i think he is becoming disheartened also to be fair there is another word of praise due to this ship's library it contains no copy of the vicar of wakefield that strange menagerie of complacent hypocrites and idiots of theatrical cheap john heroes and heroines who are always showing off of bad people who are not interesting and good people who are fatiguing a singular book not a sincere line in it and not a character that invites respect a book which is one long waste pipe discharge of goody goody puerilities and dreary moralities a book which is full of pathos which revolts and humor which grieves the heart there are few things in literature that are more piteous more pathetic than the celebrated humorous incident of moses and the spectacles jane austen's books too are absent from this library just that one omission alone would make a fairly good library out of a library that hadn't a book in it customs in tropic seas at 5 in the morning they pipe to wash down the decks and at once the ladies who are sleeping there turn out and they and their beds go below then one after another the men come up from the bath in their pyjamas and walk the decks an hour or two with bare legs and bare feet coffee and fruit served the ship cat and her kitten now appear and get about their toilets next the barber comes and flays us on the breezy deck breakfast at 9 30 and the day begins i do not know how a day could be more reposeful no motion a level blue sea nothing in sight from horizon to horizon the speed of the ship furnishes a cooling breeze there is no mail to read and answer no newspapers to excite you no telegrams to fret you or fright you the world is far far away it has ceased to exist for you seemed a fading dream along in the first days has dissolved to an unreality now it is gone from your mind with all its businesses and ambitions its prosperities and disasters its exultations and despairs its joys and griefs and cares and worries they are no concern of yours any more they have gone out of your life they are a storm which has passed and left a deep calm behind the people group themselves about the decks in their snowy white linen and read smoke sew play cards talk nap and so on in other ships the passengers are always ciphering about when they are going to arrive out in these seas it is rare very rare to hear that subject broached in other ships there is always an eager rush to the bulletin board at noon to find out what the run has been in these seas the bulletin seems to attract no interest i have seen no one visit it in thirteen days i have visited it only once then i happened to notice the figures of the day's run on that day there happened to be talk at dinner about the speed of modern ships i was the only passenger present who knew this ship's gait necessarily the atlantic custom of betting on the ship's run is not a custom here nobody ever mentions it i myself am wholly indifferent as to when we are going to get in if any one else feels interested in the matter he has not indicated it in my hearing if i had my way we should never get in at all this sort of sea life is charged with an indestructible charm there is no weariness no fatigue no worry no responsibility no work no depression of spirits there is nothing like this serenity this comfort this peace this deep contentment to be found anywhere on land if i had my way i would sail on for ever and never go to live on the solid ground again one of kipling's ballads has delivered the aspect and sentiment of this bewitching sea correctly the injian ocean sets an' smiles so sof' so bright so bloomin' blue there aren't a wave for miles an' miles excep' the jiggle from the screw april 14 it turns out that the astronomical apprentice worked off a section of the milky way on me for the magellan clouds a man of more experience in the business showed one of them to me last night it was small and faint and delicate and looked like the ghost of a bunch of white smoke left floating in the sky by an exploded bombshell wednesday april 15 mauritius arrived and anchored off port louis 2 a m rugged clusters of crags and peaks green to their summits from their bases to the sea a green plain with just tilt enough to it to make the water drain off i believe it is in 56 e and 22 s a hot tropical country the green plain has an inviting look has scattering dwellings nestling among the greenery scene of the sentimental adventure of paul and virginia island under french control which means a community which depends upon quarantines not sanitation for its health thursday april 16 went ashore in the forenoon at port louis a little town but with the largest variety of nationalities and complexions we have encountered yet french english chinese arabs africans with wool blacks with straight hair east indians half whites quadroons and great varieties in costumes and colors took the train for curepipe at 1 30 two hours' run gradually uphill what a contrast this frantic luxuriance of vegetation with the arid plains of india these architecturally picturesque crags and knobs and miniature mountains with the monotony of the indian dead levels a native pointed out a handsome swarthy man of grave and dignified bearing and said in an awed tone that is so and so has held office of one sort or another under this government for 37 years he is known all over this whole island and in the other countries of the world perhaps who knows one thing is certain you can speak his name anywhere in this whole island and you will find not one grown person that has not heard it it is a wonderful thing to be so celebrated yet look at him it makes no change in him he does not even seem to know it curepipe means pincushion or pegtown probably sixteen miles two hours by rail from port louis at each end of every roof and on the apex of every dormer window a wooden peg two feet high stands up in some cases its top is blunt in others the peg is sharp and looks like a toothpick the passion for this humble ornament is universal apparently there has been only one prominent event in the history of mauritius and that one didn't happen i refer to the romantic sojourn of paul and virginia here it was that story that made mauritius known to the world made the name familiar to everybody the geographical position of it to nobody a clergyman was asked to guess what was in a box on a table it was a vellum fan painted with the shipwreck and was one of virginia's wedding gifts april 18 this is the only country in the world where the stranger is not asked how do you like this place this is indeed a large distinction here the citizen does the talking about the country himself the stranger is not asked to help you get all sorts of information from one citizen you gather the idea that mauritius was made first and then heaven and that heaven was copied after mauritius another one tells you that this is an exaggeration that the two chief villages port louis and curepipe fall short of heavenly perfection that nobody lives in port louis except upon compulsion and that curepipe is the wettest and rainiest place in the world an english citizen said in the early part of this century mauritius was used by the french as a basis from which to operate against england's indian merchantmen so england captured the island and also the neighbor bourbon to stop that annoyance england gave bourbon back the government in london did not want any more possessions in the west indies if the government had had a better quality of geography in stock it would not have wasted bourbon in that foolish way a big war will temporarily shut up the suez canal some day and the english ships will have to go to india around the cape of good hope again then england will have to have bourbon and will take it mauritius was a crown colony until 20 years ago with a governor appointed by the crown and assisted by a council appointed by himself but pope hennessey came out as governor then and he worked hard to get a part of the council made elective and succeeded so now the whole council is french and in all ordinary matters of legislation they vote together and in the french interest not the english the english population is very slender it has not votes enough to elect a legislator half a dozen rich french families elect the legislature pope hennessey was an irishman a catholic a home ruler m p a hater of england and the english a very troublesome person and a serious incumbrance at westminster so it was decided to send him out to govern unhealthy countries in hope that something would happen to him but nothing did the first experiment was not merely a failure it was more than a failure he proved to be more of a disease himself than any he was sent to encounter the next experiment was here the dark scheme failed again it was an off season and there was nothing but measles here at the time pope hennessey's health was not affected he worked with the french and for the french and against the english and he made the english very tired and the french very happy and lived to have the joy of seeing the flag he served publicly hissed his memory is held in worshipful reverence and affection by the french it is a land of extraordinary quarantines they quarantine a ship for anything or for nothing quarantine her for 20 and even 30 days they once quarantined a ship because her captain had had the smallpox when he was a boy that and because he was english the population is very small small to insignificance the majority is east indian then mongrels then negroes descendants of the slaves of the french times then french then english there was an american but he is dead or mislaid the mongrels are the result of all kinds of mixtures black and white mulatto and white quadroon and white octoroon and white and so there is every shade of complexion ebony old mahogany horsechestnut sorrel molasses candy clouded amber clear amber old ivory white new ivory white fish belly white this latter the leprous complexion frequent with the anglo saxon long resident in tropical climates you wouldn't expect a person to be proud of being a mauritian now would you but it is so the most of them have never been out of the island and haven't read much or studied much and they think the world consists of three principal countries judaea france and mauritius so they are very proud of belonging to one of the three grand divisions of the globe they think that russia and germany are in england and that england does not amount to much they have heard vaguely about the united states and the equator but they think both of them are monarchies they think mount peter botte is the highest mountain in the world and if you show one of them a picture of milan cathedral he will swell up with satisfaction and say that the idea of that jungle of spires was stolen from the forest of peg tops and toothpicks that makes the roofs of curepipe look so fine and prickly there is not much trade in books the newspapers educate and entertain the people mainly the latter they have two pages of large print reading matter one of them english the other french the english page is a translation of the french one the typography is super extra primitive in this quality it has not its equal anywhere there is no proof reader now he is dead where do they get matter to fill up a page in this little island lost in the wastes of the indian ocean oh madagascar they discuss madagascar and france that is the bulk then they chock up the rest with advice to the government also slurs upon the english administration the papers are all owned and edited by creoles french the language of the country is french everybody speaks it has to you have to know french particularly mongrel french the patois spoken by tom dick and harry of the multiform complexions or you can't get along this was a flourishing country in former days for it made then and still makes the best sugar in the world but first the suez canal severed it from the world and left it out in the cold and next the beetroot sugar helped by bounties captured the european markets sugar is the life of mauritius and it is losing its grip its downward course was checked by the depreciation of the rupee for the planter pays wages in rupees but sells his crop for gold and the insurrection in cuba and paralyzation of the sugar industry there have given our prices here a life saving lift but the outlook has nothing permanently favorable about it it takes a year to mature the canes on the high ground three and six months longer and there is always a chance that the annual cyclone will rip the profit out of the crop in recent times a cyclone took the whole crop as you may say and the island never saw a finer one some of the noblest sugar estates in the island are in deep difficulties a dozen of them are investments of english capital and the companies that own them are at work now trying to settle up and get out with a saving of half the money they put in you know in these days when a country begins to introduce the tea culture it means that its own specialty has gone back on it look at bengal look at ceylon well they've begun to introduce the tea culture here many copies of paul and virginia are sold every year in mauritius no other book is so popular here except the bible by many it is supposed to be a part of the bible all the missionaries work up their french on it when they come here to pervert the catholic mongrel it is the greatest story that was ever written about mauritius and the only one chapter lxiii the principal difference between a cat and a lie is that the cat has only nine lives pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar april 20 the cyclone of 1892 killed and crippled hundreds of people it was accompanied by a deluge of rain which drowned port louis and produced a water famine quite true for it burst the reservoir and the water pipes and for a time after the flood had disappeared there was much distress from want of water this is the only place in the world where no breed of matches can stand the damp only one match in 16 will light the roads are hard and smooth some of the compounds are spacious some of the bungalows commodious and the roadways are walled by tall bamboo hedges trim and green and beautiful and there are azalea hedges too both the white and the red i never saw that before as to healthiness i translate from to day's april 20 merchants' and planters' gazette from the article of a regular contributor carminge concerning the death of the nephew of a prominent citizen sad and lugubrious existence this which we lead in mauritius i believe there is no other country in the world where one dies more easily than among us the least indisposition becomes a mortal malady a simple headache develops into meningitis a cold into pneumonia and presently when we are least expecting it death is a guest in our home this daily paper has a meteorological report which tells you what the weather was day before yesterday one is clever pestered by a beggar or a peddler in this town so far as i can see this is pleasantly different from india april 22 to such as believe that the quaint product called french civilization would be an improvement upon the civilization of new guinea and the like the snatching of madagascar and the laying on of french civilization there will be fully justified but why did the english allow the french to have madagascar did she respect a theft of a couple of centuries ago dear me robbery by european nations of each other's territories has never been a sin is not a sin to day to the several cabinets the several political establishments of the world are clotheslines and a large part of the official duty of these cabinets is to keep an eye on each other's wash and grab what they can of it as opportunity offers all the territorial possessions of all the political establishments in the earth including america of course consist of pilferings from other people's wash no tribe howsoever insignificant and no nation howsoever mighty occupies a foot of land that was not stolen when the english the french and the spaniards reached america the indian tribes had been raiding each other's territorial clothes lines for ages and every acre of ground in the continent had been stolen and re stolen 500 times the english the french and the spaniards went to work and stole it all over again and when that was satisfactorily accomplished they went diligently to work and stole it from each other in europe and asia and africa every acre of ground has been stolen several millions of times a crime persevered in a thousand centuries ceases to be a crime and becomes a virtue this is the law of custom and custom supersedes all other forms of law christian governments are as frank to day as open and above board in discussing projects for raiding each other's clothes lines as ever they were before the golden rule came smiling into this inhospitable world and couldn't get a night's lodging anywhere in 150 years england has beneficently retired garment after garment from the indian lines until there is hardly a rag of the original wash left dangling anywhere in 800 years an obscure tribe of muscovite savages has risen to the dazzling position of land robber in chief she found a quarter of the world hanging out to dry on a hundred parallels of latitude and she scooped in the whole wash she keeps a sharp eye on a multitude of little lines that stretch along the northern boundaries of india and every now and then she snatches a hip rag or a pair of pyjamas it is england's prospective property and russia knows it but russia cares nothing for that in fact in our day land robbery claim jumping is become a european governmental frenzy some have been hard at it in the borders of china in burma in siam and the islands of the sea and all have been at it in africa africa has been as coolly divided up and portioned out among the gang as if they had bought it and paid for it and now straightway they are beginning the old game again to steal each other's grabbings germany found a vast slice of central africa with the english flag and the english missionary and the english trader scattered all over it but with certain formalities neglected no signs up keep off the grass trespassers forbidden etc and she stepped in with a cold calm smile and put up the signs herself and swept those english pioneers promptly out of the country there is a tremendous point there it can be put into the form of a maxim get your formalities right never mind about the moralities it was an impudent thing but england had to put up with it now in the case of madagascar the formalities had originally been observed but by neglect they had fallen into desuetude ages ago england should have snatched madagascar from the french clothes line without an effort she could have saved those harmless natives from the calamity of french civilization and she did not do it now it is too late the signs of the times show plainly enough what is going to happen all the savage lands in the world are going to be brought under subjection to the christian governments of europe i am not sorry but glad this coming fate might have been a calamity to those savage peoples two hundred years ago but now it will in some cases be a benefaction the sooner the seizure is consummated the better for the savages the dreary and dragging ages of bloodshed and disorder and oppression will give place to peace and order and the reign of law when one considers what india was under her hindoo and mohammedan rulers and what she is now when he remembers the miseries of her millions then and the protections and humanities which they enjoy now he must concede that the most fortunate thing that has ever befallen that empire was the establishment of british supremacy there the savage lands of the world are to pass to alien possession their peoples to the mercies of alien rulers let us hope and believe that they will all benefit by the change april 23 the first year they gather shells the second year they gather shells and drink the third year they do not gather shells said of immigrants to mauritius population 375 000 120 sugar factories population 1851 185 000 the increase is due mainly to the introduction of indian coolies they now apparently form the great majority of the population they are admirable breeders their homes are always hazy with children great savers of money a british officer told me that in india he paid his servant 10 rupees a month and he had 11 cousins uncles parents etc dependent upon him and he supported them on his wages these thrifty coolies are said to be acquiring land a trifle at a time and cultivating it and may own the island by and by the indian women do very hard labor [for wages of 1/2 rupee for twelve hours' work ] they carry mats of sugar on their heads 70 pounds all day lading ships for half a rupee and work at gardening all day for less the camaron is a fresh water creature like a cray fish it is regarded here as the world's chiefest delicacy and certainly it is good guards patrol the streams to prevent poaching it a fine of rs 200 or 300 they say for poaching bait is thrown in the water the camaron goes for it the fisher drops his loop in and works it around and about the camaron he has selected till he gets it over its tail then there's a jerk or something to certify the camaron that it is his turn now he suddenly backs away which moves the loop still further up his person and draws it taut and his days are ended another dish called palmiste is like raw turnip shavings and tastes like green almonds is very delicate and good costs the life of a palm tree 12 to 20 years old for it is the pith another dish looks like greens or a tangle of fine seaweed is a preparation of the deadly nightshade good enough the monkeys live in the dense forests on the flanks of the toy mountains and they flock down nights and raid the sugar fields also on other estates they come down and destroy a sort of bean crop just for fun apparently tear off the pods and throw them down the cyclone of 1892 tore down two great blocks of stone buildings in the center of port louis the chief architectural feature and left the uncomely and apparently frail blocks standing everywhere in its track it annihilated houses tore off roofs destroyed trees and crops the men were in the towns the women and children at home in the country getting crippled killed frightened to insanity and the rain deluging them the wind howling the thunder crashing the lightning glaring this for an hour or so then a lull and sunshine many ventured out of safe shelter then suddenly here it came again from the opposite point and renewed and completed the devastation it is said the chinese fed the sufferers for days on free rice whole streets in port louis were laid flat wrecked during a minute and a half the wind blew 123 miles an hour no official record made after that when it may have reached 150 it cut down an obelisk it carried an american ship into the woods after breaking the chains of two anchors they now use four two forward two astern common report says it killed 1 200 in port louis alone in half an hour then came the lull of the central calm people did not know the barometer was still going down then suddenly all perdition broke loose again while people were rushing around seeking friends and rescuing the wounded the noise was comparable to nothing there is nothing resembling it but thunder and cannon and these are feeble in comparison what there is of mauritius is beautiful you have undulating wide expanses of sugar cane a fine fresh green and very pleasant to the eye and everywhere else you have a ragged luxuriance of tropic vegetation of vivid greens of varying shades a wild tangle of underbrush with graceful tall palms lifting their crippled plumes high above it and you have stretches of shady dense forest with limpid streams frolicking through them continually glimpsed and lost and glimpsed again in the pleasantest hide and seek fashion and you have some tiny mountains some quaint and picturesque groups of toy peaks and a dainty little vest pocket matterhorn and here and there and now and then a strip of sea with a white ruffle of surf breaks into the view that is mauritius and pretty enough the details are few the massed result is charming but not imposing not riotous not exciting it is a sunday landscape perspective and the enchantments wrought by distance are wanting there are no distances there is no perspective so to speak fifteen miles as the crow flies is the usual limit of vision mauritius is a garden and a park combined it affects one's emotions as parks and gardens affect them the surfaces of one's spiritual deeps are pleasantly played upon the deeps themselves are not reached not stirred spaciousness remote altitudes the sense of mystery which haunts apparently inaccessible mountain domes and summits reposing in the sky these are the things which exalt the spirit and move it to see visions and dream dreams the sandwich islands remain my ideal of the perfect thing in the matter of tropical islands i would add another story to mauna loa's 16 000 feet if i could and make it particularly bold and steep and craggy and forbidding and snowy and i would make the volcano spout its lava floods out of its summit instead of its sides but aside from these non essentials i have no corrections to suggest i hope these will be attended to i do not wish to have to speak of it again chapter lxiv when your watch gets out of order you have choice of two things to do throw it in the fire or take it to the watch tinker the former is the quickest pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the arundel castle is the finest boat i have seen in these seas she is thoroughly modern and that statement covers a great deal of ground she has the usual defect the common defect the universal defect the defect that has never been missing from any ship that ever sailed she has imperfect beds many ships have good beds but no ship has very good ones in the matter of beds all ships have been badly edited ignorantly edited from the beginning the selection of the beds is given to some hearty strong backed self made man when it ought to be given to a frail woman accustomed from girlhood to backaches and insomnia nothing is so rare on either side of the ocean as a perfect bed nothing is so difficult to make some of the hotels on both sides provide it but no ship ever does or ever did in noah's ark the beds were simply scandalous noah set the fashion and it will endure in one degree of modification or another till the next flood 8 a m passing isle de bourbon broken up sky line of volcanic mountains in the middle surely it would not cost much to repair them and it seems inexcusable neglect to leave them as they are it seems stupid to send tired men to europe to rest it is no proper rest for the mind to clatter from town to town in the dust and cinders and examine galleries and architecture and be always meeting people and lunching and teaing and dining and receiving worrying cables and letters and a sea voyage on the atlantic is of no use voyage too short sea too rough the peaceful indian and pacific oceans and the long stretches of time are the healing thing may 2 am a fair great ship in sight almost the first we have seen in these weeks of lonely voyaging we are now in the mozambique channel between madagascar and south africa sailing straight west for delagoa bay last night the burly chief engineer middle aged was standing telling a spirited seafaring tale and had reached the most exciting place where a man overboard was washing swiftly astern on the great seas and uplifting despairing cries everybody racing aft in a frenzy of excitement and fading hope when the band which had been silent a moment began impressively its closing piece the english national anthem as simply as if he was unconscious of what he was doing he stopped his story uncovered laid his laced cap against his breast and slightly bent his grizzled head the few bars finished he put on his cap and took up his tale again as naturally as if that interjection of music had been a part of it there was something touching and fine about it and it was moving to reflect that he was one of a myriad scattered over every part of the globe who by turn was doing as he was doing every hour of the twenty four those awake doing it while the others slept those impressive bars forever floating up out of the various climes never silent and never lacking reverent listeners all that i remember about madagascar is that thackeray's little billie went up to the top of the mast and there knelt him upon his knee saying i see jerusalem and madagascar and north and south amerikee may 3 sunday fifteen or twenty africanders who will end their voyage to day and strike for their several homes from delagoa bay to morrow sat up singing on the afterdeck in the moonlight till 3 a m good fun and wholesome and the songs were clean songs and some of them were hallowed by tender associations finally in a pause a man asked have you heard about the fellow that kept a diary crossing the atlantic it was a discord a wet blanket the men were not in the mood for humorous dirt the songs had carried them to their homes and in spirit they sat by those far hearthstones and saw faces and heard voices other than those that were about them and so this disposition to drag in an old indecent anecdote got no welcome nobody answered the poor man hadn't wit enough to see that he had blundered but asked his question again again there was no response it was embarrassing for him in his confusion he chose the wrong course did the wrong thing began the anecdote began it in a deep and hostile stillness where had been such life and stir and warm comradeship before he delivered himself of the brief details of the diary's first day and did it with some confidence and a fair degree of eagerness it fell flat there was an awkward pause the two rows of men sat like statues there was no movement no sound he had to go on there was no other way at least none that an animal of his calibre could think of at the close of each day's diary the same dismal silence followed when at last he finished his tale and sprung the indelicate surprise which is wont to fetch a crash of laughter not a ripple of sound resulted it was as if the tale had been told to dead men after what seemed a long long time somebody sighed somebody else stirred in his seat presently the men dropped into a low murmur of confidential talk each with his neighbor and the incident was closed there were indications that that man was fond of his anecdote that it was his pet his standby his shot that never missed his reputation maker but he will never tell it again no doubt he will think of it sometimes for that cannot well be helped and then he will see a picture and always the same picture the double rank of dead men the vacant deck stretching away in dimming perspective beyond them the wide desert of smooth sea all abroad the rim of the moon spying from behind a rag of black cloud the remote top of the mizzenmast shearing a zigzag path through the fields of stars in the deeps of space and this soft picture will remind him of the time that he sat in the midst of it and told his poor little tale and felt so lonesome when he got through fifty indians and chinamen asleep in a big tent in the waist of the ship forward they lie side by side with no space between the former wrapped up head and all as in the indian streets the chinamen uncovered the lamp and things for opium smoking in the center a passenger said it was ten 2 ton truck loads of dynamite that lately exploded at johannesburg hundreds killed he doesn't know how many limbs picked up for miles around glass shattered and roofs swept away or collapsed 200 yards off fragment of iron flung three and a half miles it occurred at 3 p m at 6 l65 000 had been subscribed when this passenger left l35 000 had been voted by city and state governments and l100 000 by citizens and business corporations when news of the disaster was telephoned to the exchange l35 000 were subscribed in the first five minutes subscribing was still going on when he left the papers had ceased the names only the amounts too many names not enough room l100 000 subscribed by companies and citizens if this is true it must be what they call in australia a record the biggest instance of a spontaneous outpour for charity in history considering the size of the population it was drawn from $8 or $10 for each white resident babies at the breast included monday may 4 steaming slowly in the stupendous delagoa bay its dim arms stretching far away and disappearing on both sides it could furnish plenty of room for all the ships in the world but it is shoal the lead has given us 3 1/2 fathoms several times and we are drawing that lacking 6 inches a bold headland precipitous wall 150 feet high very strong red color stretching a mile or so a man said it was portuguese blood battle fought here with the natives last year i think this doubtful pretty cluster of houses on the tableland above the red and rolling stretches of grass and groups of trees like england the portuguese have the railroad one passenger train a day to the border 70 miles then the netherlands company have it thousands of tons of freight on the shore no cover this is portuguese allover indolence piousness poverty impotence crews of small boats and tugs all jet black woolly heads and very muscular winter the south african winter is just beginning now but nobody but an expert can tell it from summer however i am tired of summer we have had it unbroken for eleven months we spent the afternoon on shore delagoa bay a small town no sights no carriages three 'rickshas but we couldn't get them apparently private these portuguese are a rich brown like some of the indians some of the blacks have the long horse beads and very long chins of the negroes of the picture books but most of them are exactly like the negroes of our southern states round faces flat noses good natured and easy laughers flocks of black women passed along carrying outrageously heavy bags of freight on their heads the quiver of their leg as the foot was planted and the strain exhibited by their bodies showed what a tax upon their strength the load was they were stevedores and doing full stevedores work they were very erect when unladden from carrying heavy loads on their heads just like the indian women it gives them a proud fine carriage sometimes one saw a woman carrying on her head a laden and top heavy basket the shape of an inverted pyramid its top the size of a soup plate its base the diameter of a teacup it required nice balancing and got it no bright colors yet there were a good many hindoos the second class passenger came over as usual at lights out 11 and we lounged along the spacious vague solitudes of the deck and smoked the peaceful pipe and talked he told me an incident in mr barnum's life which was evidently characteristic of that great showman in several ways this was barnum's purchase of shakespeare's birthplace a quarter of a century ago the second class passenger was in jamrach's employ at the time and knew barnum well he said the thing began in this way one morning barnum and jamrach were in jamrach's little private snuggery back of the wilderness of caged monkeys and snakes and other commonplaces of jamrach's stock in trade refreshing themselves after an arduous stroke of business jamrach with something orthodox barnum with something heterodox for barnum was a teetotaler the stroke of business was in the elephant line jamrach had contracted to deliver to barnum in new york 18 elephants for $360 000 in time for the next season's opening then it occurred to mr barnum that he needed a card he suggested jumbo jamrach said he would have to think of something else jumbo couldn't be had the zoo wouldn't part with that elephant barnum said he was willing to pay a fortune for jumbo if he could get him jamrach said it was no use to think about it that jumbo was as popular as the prince of wales and the zoo wouldn't dare to sell him all england would be outraged at the idea jumbo was an english institution he was part of the national glory one might as well think of buying the nelson monument barnum spoke up with vivacity and said it's a first rate idea i'll buy the monument jamrach was speechless for a second then he said like one ashamed you caught me i was napping for a moment i thought you were in earnest barnum said pleasantly i was in earnest i know they won't sell it but no matter i will not throw away a good idea for all that all i want is a big advertisement i will keep the thing in mind and if nothing better turns up i will offer to buy it that will answer every purpose it will furnish me a couple of columns of gratis advertising in every english and american paper for a couple of months and give my show the biggest boom a show ever had in this world jamrach started to deliver a burst of admiration but was interrupted by barnum who said here is a state of things! england ought to blush his eye had fallen upon something in the newspaper he read it through to himself then read it aloud it said that the house that shakespeare was born in at stratford on avon was falling gradually to ruin through neglect that the room where the poet first saw the light was now serving as a butcher's shop that all appeals to england to contribute money the requisite sum stated to buy and repair the house and place it in the care of salaried and trustworthy keepers had fallen resultless then barnum said there's my chance let jumbo and the monument alone for the present they'll keep i'll buy shakespeare's house i'll set it up in my museum in new york and put a glass case around it and make a sacred thing of it and you'll see all america flock there to worship yes and pilgrims from the whole earth and i'll make them take their hats off too in america we know how to value anything that shakespeare's touch has made holy you'll see in conclusion the s c p said that is the way the thing came about barnum did buy shakespeare's house he paid the price asked and received the properly attested documents of sale then there was an explosion i can tell you england rose! that the birthplace of the master genius of all the ages and all the climes that priceless possession of britain to be carted out of the country like so much old lumber and set up for sixpenny desecration in a yankee show shop the idea was not to be tolerated for a moment england rose in her indignation and barnum was glad to relinquish his prize and offer apologies however he stood out for a compromise he claimed a concession england must let him have jumbo and england consented but not cheerfully it shows how by help of time a story can grow even after barnum has had the first innings in the telling of it mr barnum told me the story himself years ago he said that the permission to buy jumbo was not a concession the purchase was made and the animal delivered before the public knew anything about it also that the securing of jumbo was all the advertisement he needed it produced many columns of newspaper talk free of cost and he was satisfied he said that if he had failed to get jumbo he would have caused his notion of buying the nelson monument to be treacherously smuggled into print by some trusty friend and after he had gotten a few hundred pages of gratuitous advertising out of it he would have come out with a blundering obtuse but warm hearted letter of apology and in a postscript to it would have naively proposed to let the monument go and take stonehenge in place of it at the same price it was his opinion that such a letter written with well simulated asinine innocence and gush would have gotten his ignorance and stupidity an amount of newspaper abuse worth six fortunes to him and not purchasable for twice the money i knew mr barnum well and i placed every confidence in the account which he gave me of the shakespeare birthplace episode he said he found the house neglected and going to decay and he inquired into the matter and was told that many times earnest efforts had been made to raise money for its proper repair and preservation but without success he then proposed to buy it the proposition was entertained and a price named $50 000 i think but whatever it was barnum paid the money down without remark and the papers were drawn up and executed he said that it had been his purpose to set up the house in his museum keep it in repair protect it from name scribblers and other desecrators and leave it by bequest to the safe and perpetual guardianship of the smithsonian institute at washington but as soon as it was found that shakespeare's house had passed into foreign hands and was going to be carried across the ocean england was stirred as no appeal from the custodians of the relic had ever stirred england before and protests came flowing in and money too to stop the outrage offers of repurchase were made offers of double the money that mr barnum had paid for the house he handed the house back but took only the sum which it had cost him but on the condition that an endowment sufficient for the future safeguarding and maintenance of the sacred relic should be raised this condition was fulfilled that was barnum's account of the episode and to the end of his days he claimed with pride and satisfaction that not england but america represented by him saved the birthplace of shakespeare from destruction at 3 p m may 6th the ship slowed down off the land and thoughtfully and cautiously picked her way into the snug harbor of durban south africa chapter lxv in statesmanship get the formalities right never mind about the moralities pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar from diary royal hotel comfortable good table good service of natives and madrasis curious jumble of modern and ancient city and village primitiveness and the other thing electric bells but they don't ring asked why they didn't the watchman in the office said he thought they must be out of order he thought so because some of them rang but most of them didn't wouldn't it be a good idea to put them in order he hesitated like one who isn't quite sure then conceded the point may 7 a bang on the door at 6 did i want my boots cleaned fifteen minutes later another bang did we want coffee fifteen later bang again my wife's bath ready 15 later my bath ready two other bangs i forget what they were about then lots of shouting back and forth among the servants just as in an indian hotel evening at 4 p m it was unpleasantly warm half hour after sunset one needed a spring overcoat by 8 a winter one durban is a neat and clean town one notices that without having his attention called to it rickshaws drawn by splendidly built black zulus so overflowing with strength seemingly that it is a pleasure not a pain to see them snatch a rickshaw along they smile and laugh and show their teeth a good natured lot not allowed to drink 2s per hour for one person 3s for two 3d for a course one person the chameleon in the hotel court he is fat and indolent and contemplative but is business like and capable when a fly comes about reaches out a tongue like a teaspoon and takes him in he gums his tongue first he is always pious in his looks and pious and thankful both when providence or one of us sends him a fly he has a froggy head and a back like a new grave for shape and hands like a bird's toes that have been frostbitten but his eyes are his exhibition feature a couple of skinny cones project from the sides of his head with a wee shiny bead of an eye set in the apex of each and these cones turn bodily like pivot guns and point every which way and they are independent of each other each has its own exclusive machinery when i am behind him and c in front of him he whirls one eye rearwards and the other forwards which gives him a most congressional expression one eye on the constituency and one on the swag and then if something happens above and below him he shoots out one eye upward like a telescope and the other downward and this changes his expression but does not improve it natives must not be out after the curfew bell without a pass in natal there are ten blacks to one white sturdy plump creatures are the women they comb their wool up to a peak and keep it in position by stiffening it with brown red clay half of this tower colored denotes engagement the whole of it colored denotes marriage none but heathen zulus on the police christian ones not allowed may 9 a drive yesterday with friends over the berea very fine roads and lofty overlooking the whole town the harbor and the sea beautiful views residences all along set in the midst of green lawns with shrubs and generally one or two intensely red outbursts of poinsettia the flaming splotch of blinding red a stunning contrast with the world of surrounding green the cactus tree candelabrum like and one twisted like gray writhing serpents the flat crown should be flat roof half a dozen naked branches full of elbows slant upward like artificial supports and fling a roof of delicate foliage out in a horizontal platform as flat as a floor and you look up through this thin floor as through a green cobweb or veil the branches are japanesich all about you is a bewildering variety of unfamiliar and beautiful trees one sort wonderfully dense foliage and very dark green so dark that you notice it at once notwithstanding there are so many orange trees the flamboyant not in flower now but when in flower lives up to its name we are told another tree with a lovely upright tassel scattered among its rich greenery red and glowing as a firecoal here and there a gum tree half a dozen lofty norfolk island pines lifting their fronded arms skyward groups of tall bamboo saw one bird not many birds here and they have no music and the flowers not much smell they grow so fast everything neat and trim and clean like the town the loveliest trees and the greatest variety i have ever seen anywhere except approaching darjeeling have not heard anyone call natal the garden of south africa but that is what it probably is it was when bishop of natal that colenso raised such a storm in the religious world the concerns of religion are a vital matter here yet a vigilant eye is kept upon sunday museums and other dangerous resorts are not allowed to be open you may sail on the bay but it is wicked to play cricket for a while a sunday concert was tolerated upon condition that it must be admission free and the money taken by collection but the collection was alarmingly large and that stopped the matter they are particular about babies a clergyman would not bury a child according to the sacred rites because it had not been baptized the hindoo is more liberal he burns no child under three holding that it does not need purifying the king of the zulus a fine fellow of 30 was banished six years ago for a term of seven years he is occupying napoleon's old stand st helena the people are a little nervous about having him come back and they may well be for zulu kings have been terrible people sometimes like tchaka dingaan and cetewayo there is a large trappist monastery two hours from durban over the country roads and in company with mr milligan and mr hunter general manager of the natal government railways who knew the heads of it we went out to see it there it all was just as one reads about it in books and cannot believe that it is so i mean the rough hard work the impossible hours the scanty food the coarse raiment the maryborough beds the tabu of human speech of social intercourse of relaxation of amusement of entertainment of the presence of woman in the men's establishment there it all was it was not a dream it was not a lie and yet with the fact before one's face it was still incredible it is such a sweeping suppression of human instincts such an extinction of the man as an individual la trappe must have known the human race well the scheme which he invented hunts out everything that a man wants and values and withholds it from him apparently there is no detail that can help make life worth living that has not been carefully ascertained and placed out of the trappist's reach la trappe must have known that there were men who would enjoy this kind of misery but how did he find it out if he had consulted you or me he would have been told that his scheme lacked too many attractions that it was impossible that it could never be floated but there in the monastery was proof that he knew the human race better than it knew itself he set his foot upon every desire that a man has yet he floated his project and it has prospered for two hundred years and will go on prospering forever no doubt man likes personal distinction there in the monastery it is obliterated he likes delicious food there he gets beans and bread and tea and not enough of it he likes to lie softly there he lies on a sand mattress and has a pillow and a blanket but no sheet when he is dining in a great company of friends he likes to laugh and chat there a monk reads a holy book aloud during meals and nobody speaks or laughs when a man has a hundred friends about him evenings be likes to have a good time and run late there he and the rest go silently to bed at 8 and in the dark too there is but a loose brown robe to discard there are no night clothes to put on a light is not needed man likes to lie abed late there he gets up once or twice in the night to perform some religious office and gets up finally for the day at two in the morning man likes light work or none at all there he labors all day in the field or in the blacksmith shop or the other shops devoted to the mechanical trades such as shoemaking saddlery carpentry and so on man likes the society of girls and women there he never has it he likes to have his children about him and pet them and play with them there he has none he likes billiards there is no table there he likes outdoor sports and indoor dramatic and musical and social entertainments there are none there he likes to bet on things i was told that betting is forbidden there when a man's temper is up he likes to pour it out upon somebody there this is not allowed a man likes animals pets there are none there he likes to smoke there he cannot do it he likes to read the news no papers or magazines come there a man likes to know how his parents and brothers and sisters are getting along when he is away and if they miss him there he cannot know a man likes a pretty house and pretty furniture and pretty things and pretty colors there he has nothing but naked aridity and sombre colors a man likes name it yourself whatever it is it is absent from that place from what i could learn all that a man gets for this is merely the saving of his soul it all seems strange incredible impossible but la trappe knew the race he knew the powerful attraction of unattractiveness he knew that no life could be imagined howsoever comfortless and forbidding but somebody would want to try it this parent establishment of germans began its work fifteen years ago strangers poor and unencouraged it owns 15 000 acres of land now and raises grain and fruit and makes wines and manufactures all manner of things and has native apprentices in its shops and sends them forth able to read and write and also well equipped to earn their living by their trades and this young establishment has set up eleven branches in south africa and in them they are christianizing and educating and teaching wage yielding mechanical trades to 1 200 boys and girls protestant missionary work is coldly regarded by the commercial white colonist all over the heathen world as a rule and its product is nicknamed rice christians occupationless incapables who join the church for revenue only but i think it would be difficult to pick a flaw in the work of these catholic monks and i believe that the disposition to attempt it has not shown itself tuesday may 12 transvaal politics in a confused condition first the sentencing of the johannesburg reformers startled england by its severity on the top of this came kruger's exposure of the cipher correspondence which showed that the invasion of the transvaal with the design of seizing that country and adding it to the british empire was planned by cecil rhodes and beit which made a revulsion in english feeling and brought out a storm against rhodes and the chartered company for degrading british honor for a good while i couldn't seem to get at a clear comprehension of it it was so tangled but at last by patient study i have managed it i believe as i understand it the uitlanders and other dutchmen were dissatisfied because the english would not allow them to take any part in the government except to pay taxes next as i understand it dr kruger and dr jameson not having been able to make the medical business pay made a raid into matabeleland with the intention of capturing the capital johannesburg and holding the women and children to ransom until the uitlanders and the other boers should grant to them and the chartered company the political rights which had been withheld from them they would have succeeded in this great scheme as i understand it but for the interference of cecil rhodes and mr beit and other chiefs of the matabele who persuaded their countrymen to revolt and throw off their allegiance to germany this in turn as i understand it provoked the king of abyssinia to destroy the italian army and fall back upon johannesburg this at the instigation of rhodes to bull the stock market chapter lxvi every one is a moon and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar when i scribbled in my note book a year ago the paragraph which ends the preceding chapter it was meant to indicate in an extravagant form two things the conflicting nature of the information conveyed by the citizen to the stranger concerning south african politics and the resulting confusion created in the stranger's mind thereby but it does not seem so very extravagant now nothing could in that disturbed and excited time make south african politics clear or quite rational to the citizen of the country because his personal interest and his political prejudices were in his way and nothing could make those politics clear or rational to the stranger the sources of his information being such as they were i was in south africa some little time when i arrived there the political pot was boiling fiercely four months previously jameson had plunged over the transvaal border with about 600 armed horsemen at his back to go to the relief of the women and children of johannesburg on the fourth day of his march the boers had defeated him in battle and carried him and his men to pretoria the capital as prisoners the boer government had turned jameson and his officers over to the british government for trial and shipped them to england next it had arrested 64 important citizens of johannesburg as raid conspirators condemned their four leaders to death then commuted the sentences and now the 64 were waiting in jail for further results before midsummer they were all out excepting two who refused to sign the petitions for release 58 had been fined $10 000 each and enlarged and the four leaders had gotten off with fines of $125 000 each with permanent exile added in one case those were wonderfully interesting days for a stranger and i was glad to be in the thick of the excitement everybody was talking and i expected to understand the whole of one side of it in a very little while i was disappointed there were singularities perplexities unaccountabilities about it which i was not able to master i had no personal access to boers their side was a secret to me aside from what i was able to gather of it from published statements my sympathies were soon with the reformers in the pretoria jail with their friends and with their cause by diligent inquiry in johannesburg i found out apparently all the details of their side of the quarrel except one what they expected to accomplish by an armed rising nobody seemed to know the reason why the reformers were discontented and wanted some changes made seemed quite clear in johannesburg it was claimed that the uitlanders strangers foreigners paid thirteen fifteenths of the transvaal taxes yet got little or nothing for it their city had no charter it had no municipal government it could levy no taxes for drainage water supply paving cleaning sanitation policing there was a police force but it was composed of boers it was furnished by the state government and the city had no control over it mining was very costly the government enormously increased the cost by putting burdensome taxes upon the mines the output the machinery the buildings by burdensome imposts upon incoming materials by burdensome railway freight charges hardest of all to bear the government reserved to itself a monopoly in that essential thing dynamite and burdened it with an extravagant price the detested hollander from over the water held all the public offices the government was rank with corruption the uitlander had no vote and must live in the state ten or twelve years before he could get one he was not represented in the raad legislature that oppressed him and fleeced him religion was not free there were no schools where the teaching was in english yet the great majority of the white population of the state knew no tongue but that the state would not pass a liquor law but allowed a great trade in cheap vile brandy among the blacks with the result that 25 per cent of the 50 000 blacks employed in the mines were usually drunk and incapable of working there it was plain enough that the reasons for wanting some changes made were abundant and reasonable if this statement of the existing grievances was correct what the uitlanders wanted was reform under the existing republic what they proposed to do was to secure these reforms by prayer petition and persuasion they did petition also they issued a manifesto whose very first note is a bugle blast of loyalty we want the establishment of this republic as a true republic could anything be clearer than the uitlander's statement of the grievances and oppressions under which they were suffering could anything be more legal and citizen like and law respecting than their attitude as expressed by their manifesto no those things were perfectly clear perfectly comprehensible but at this point the puzzles and riddles and confusions begin to flock in you have arrived at a place which you cannot quite understand for you find that as a preparation for this loyal lawful and in every way unexceptionable attempt to persuade the government to right their grievances the uitlanders had smuggled a maxim gun or two and 1 500 muskets into the town concealed in oil tanks and coal cars and had begun to form and drill military companies composed of clerks merchants and citizens generally what was their idea did they suppose that the boers would attack them for petitioning for redress that could not be did they suppose that the boers would attack them even for issuing a manifesto demanding relief under the existing government yes they apparently believed so because the air was full of talk of forcing the government to grant redress if it were not granted peacefully the reformers were men of high intelligence if they were in earnest they were taking extraordinary risks they had enormously valuable properties to defend their town was full of women and children their mines and compounds were packed with thousands upon thousands of sturdy blacks if the boers attacked the mines would close the blacks would swarm out and get drunk riot and conflagration and the boers together might lose the reformers more in a day in money blood and suffering than the desired political relief could compensate in ten years if they won the fight and secured the reforms it is may 1897 now a year has gone by and the confusions of that day have been to a considerable degree cleared away mr cecil rhodes dr jameson and others responsible for the raid have testified before the parliamentary committee of inquiry in london and so have mr lionel phillips and other johannesburg reformers monthly nurses of the revolution which was born dead these testimonies have thrown light three books have added much to this light south africa as it is by mr statham an able writer partial to the boers the story of an african crisis by mr garrett a brilliant writer partial to rhodes and a woman's part in a revolution by mrs john hays hammond a vigorous and vivid diarist partial to the reformers by liquifying the evidence of the prejudiced books and of the prejudiced parliamentary witnesses and stirring the whole together and pouring it into my own prejudiced moulds i have got at the truth of that puzzling south african situation which is this 1 the capitalists and other chief men of johannesburg were fretting under various political and financial burdens imposed by the state the south african republic sometimes called the transvaal and desired to procure by peaceful means a modification of the laws 2 mr cecil rhodes premier of the british cape colony millionaire creator and managing director of the territorially immense and financially unproductive south africa company projector of vast schemes for the unification and consolidation of all the south african states one imposing commonwealth or empire under the shadow and general protection of the british flag thought he saw an opportunity to make profitable use of the uitlander discontent above mentioned make the johannesburg cat help pull out one of his consolidation chestnuts for him with this view he set himself the task of warming the lawful and legitimate petitions and supplications of the uitlanders into seditious talk and their frettings into threatenings the final outcome to be revolt and armed rebellion if he could bring about a bloody collision between those people and the boer government great britain would have to interfere her interference would be resisted by the boers she would chastise them and add the transvaal to her south african possessions it was not a foolish idea but a rational and practical one after a couple of years of judicious plotting mr rhodes had his reward the revolutionary kettle was briskly boiling in johannesburg and the uitlander leaders were backing their appeals to the government now hardened into demands by threats of force and bloodshed by the middle of december 1895 the explosion seemed imminent mr rhodes was diligently helping from his distant post in cape town he was helping to procure arms for johannesburg he was also arranging to have jameson break over the border and come to johannesburg with 600 mounted men at his back jameson as per instructions from rhodes perhaps wanted a letter from the reformers requesting him to come to their aid it was a good idea it would throw a considerable share of the responsibility of his invasion upon the reformers he got the letter that famous one urging him to fly to the rescue of the women and children he got it two months before he flew the reformers seem to have thought it over and concluded that they had not done wisely for the next day after giving jameson the implicating document they wanted to withdraw it and leave the women and children in danger but they were told that it was too late the original had gone to mr rhodes at the cape jameson had kept a copy though from that time until the 29th of december a good deal of the reformers' time was taken up with energetic efforts to keep jameson from coming to their assistance jameson's invasion had been set for the 26th the reformers were not ready the town was not united some wanted a fight some wanted peace some wanted a new government some wanted the existing one reformed apparently very few wanted the revolution to take place in the interest and under the ultimate shelter of the imperial flag british yet a report began to spread that mr rhodes's embarrassing assistance had for its end this latter object jameson was away up on the frontier tugging at his leash fretting to burst over the border by hard work the reformers got his starting date postponed a little and wanted to get it postponed eleven days apparently rhodes's agents were seconding their efforts in fact wearing out the telegraph wires trying to hold him back rhodes was himself the only man who could have effectively postponed jameson but that would have been a disadvantage to his scheme indeed it could spoil his whole two years' work jameson endured postponement three days then resolved to wait no longer without any orders excepting mr rhodes's significant silence he cut the telegraph wires on the 29th and made his plunge that night to go to the rescue of the women and children by urgent request of a letter now nine days old as per date a couple of months old in fact he read the letter to his men and it affected them it did not affect all of them alike some saw in it a piece of piracy of doubtful wisdom and were sorry to find that they had been assembled to violate friendly territory instead of to raid native kraals as they had supposed jameson would have to ride 150 miles he knew that there were suspicions abroad in the transvaal concerning him but he expected to get through to johannesburg before they should become general and obstructive but a telegraph wire had been overlooked and not cut it spread the news of his invasion far and wide and a few hours after his start the boer farmers were riding hard from every direction to intercept him as soon as it was known in johannesburg that he was on his way to rescue the women and children the grateful people put the women and children in a train and rushed them for australia in fact the approach of johannesburg's saviour created panic and consternation there and a multitude of males of peaceable disposition swept to the trains like a sand storm the early ones fared best they secured seats by sitting in them eight hours before the first train was timed to leave mr rhodes lost no time he cabled the renowned johannesburg letter of invitation to the london press the gray headedest piece of ancient history that ever went over a cable the new poet laureate lost no time he came out with a rousing poem lauding jameson's prompt and splendid heroism in flying to the rescue of the women and children for the poet could not know that he did not fly until two months after the invitation he was deceived by the false date of the letter which was december 20th jameson was intercepted by the boers on new year's day and on the next day he surrendered he had carried his copy of the letter along and if his instructions required him in case of emergency to see that it fell into the hands of the boers he loyally carried them out mrs hammond gives him a sharp rap for his supposed carelessness and emphasizes her feeling about it with burning italics it was picked up on the battle field in a leathern pouch supposed to be dr jameson's saddle bag why in the name of all that is discreet and honorable didn't he eat it! she requires too much he was not in the service of the reformers excepting ostensibly he was in the service of mr rhodes it was the only plain english document undarkened by ciphers and mysteries and responsibly signed and authenticated which squarely implicated the reformers in the raid and it was not to mr rhodes's interest that it should be eaten besides that letter was not the original it was only a copy mr rhodes had the original and didn't eat it he cabled it to the london press it had already been read in england and america and all over europe before jameson dropped it on the battlefield if the subordinate's knuckles deserved a rap the principal's deserved as many as a couple of them that letter is a juicily dramatic incident and is entitled to all its celebrity because of the odd and variegated effects which it produced all within the space of a single week it had made jameson an illustrious hero in england a pirate in pretoria and an ass without discretion or honor in johannesburg also it had produced a poet laureatic explosion of colored fireworks which filled the world's sky with giddy splendors and the knowledge that jameson was coming with it to rescue the women and children emptied johannesburg of that detail of the population for an old letter this was much for a letter two months old it did marvels if it had been a year old it would have done miracles chapter lxvii first catch your boer then kick him pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar those latter days were days of bitter worry and trouble for the harassed reformers from mrs hammond we learn that on the 31st the day after johannesburg heard of the invasion the reform committee repudiates dr jameson's inroad it also publishes its intention to adhere to the manifesto it also earnestly desires that the inhabitants shall refrain from overt acts against the boer government it also distributes arms at the court house and furnishes horses to the newly enrolled volunteers it also brings a transvaal flag into the committee room and the entire body swear allegiance to it with uncovered heads and upraised arms also one thousand lee metford rifles have been given out to rebels also in a speech reformer lionel phillips informs the public that the reform committee delegation has been received with courtesy by the government commission and been assured that their proposals shall be earnestly considered that while the reform committee regretted jameson's precipitate action they would stand by him also the populace are in a state of wild enthusiasm and 46 can scarcely be restrained they want to go out to meet jameson and bring him in with triumphal outcry also the british high commissioner has issued a damnifying proclamation against jameson and all british abettors of his game it arrives january 1st it is a difficult position for the reformers and full of hindrances and perplexities their duty is hard but plain 1 they have to repudiate the inroad and stand by the inroader 2 they have to swear allegiance to the boer government and distribute cavalry horses to the rebels 3 they have to forbid overt acts against the boer government and distribute arms to its enemies 4 they have to avoid collision with the british government but still stand by jameson and their new oath of allegiance to the boer government taken uncovered in presence of its flag they did such of these things as they could they tried to do them all in fact did do them all but only in turn not simultaneously in the nature of things they could not be made to simultane in preparing for armed revolution and in talking revolution were the reformers bluffing or were they in earnest if they were in earnest they were taking great risks as has been already pointed out a gentleman of high position told me in johannesburg that he had in his possession a printed document proclaiming a new government and naming its president one of the reform leaders he said that this proclamation had been ready for issue but was suppressed when the raid collapsed perhaps i misunderstood him indeed i must have misunderstood him for i have not seen mention of this large incident in print anywhere besides i hope i am mistaken for if i am then there is argument that the reformers were privately not serious but were only trying to scare the boer government into granting the desired reforms the boer government was scared and it had a right to be for if mr rhodes's plan was to provoke a collision that would compel the interference of england that was a serious matter if it could be shown that that was also the reformers' plan and purpose it would prove that they had marked out a feasible project at any rate although it was one which could hardly fail to cost them ruinously before england should arrive but it seems clear that they had no such plan nor desire if when the worst should come to the worst they meant to overthrow the government they also meant to inherit the assets themselves no doubt this scheme could hardly have succeeded with an army of boers at their gates and 50 000 riotous blacks in their midst the odds against success would have been too heavy even if the whole town had been armed with only 2 500 rifles in the place they stood really no chance to me the military problems of the situation are of more interest than the political ones because by disposition i have always been especially fond of war no i mean fond of discussing war and fond of giving military advice if i had been with jameson the morning after he started i should have advised him to turn back that was monday it was then that he received his first warning from a boer source not to violate the friendly soil of the transvaal it showed that his invasion was known if i had been with him on tuesday morning and afternoon when he received further warnings i should have repeated my advice if i had been with him the next morning new year's when he received notice that a few hundred boers were waiting for him a few miles ahead i should not have advised but commanded him to go back and if i had been with him two or three hours later a thing not conceivable to me i should have retired him by force for at that time he learned that the few hundred had now grown to 800 and that meant that the growing would go on growing for by authority of mr garrett one knows that jameson's 600 were only 530 at most when you count out his native drivers etc and that the 530 consisted largely of green youths raw young fellows not trained and war worn british soldiers and i would have told jameson that those lads would not be able to shoot effectively from horseback in the scamper and racket of battle and that there would not be anything for them to shoot at anyway but rocks for the boers would be behind the rocks not out in the open i would have told him that 300 boer sharpshooters behind rocks would be an overmatch for his 500 raw young fellows on horseback if pluck were the only thing essential to battle winning the english would lose no battles but discretion as well as pluck is required when one fights boers and red indians in south africa the briton has always insisted upon standing bravely up unsheltered before the hidden boer and taking the results jameson's men would follow the custom jameson would not have listened to me he would have been intent upon repeating history according to precedent americans are not acquainted with the british boer war of 1881 but its history is interesting and could have been instructive to jameson if he had been receptive i will cull some details of it from trustworthy sources mainly from russell's natal mr russell is not a boer but a briton he is inspector of schools and his history is a text book whose purpose is the instruction of the natal english youth after the seizure of the transvaal and the suppression of the boer government by england in 1877 the boers fretted for three years and made several appeals to england for a restoration of their liberties but without result then they gathered themselves together in a great mass meeting at krugersdorp talked their troubles over and resolved to fight for their deliverance from the british yoke krugersdorp the place where the boers interrupted the jameson raid the little handful of farmers rose against the strongest empire in the world they proclaimed martial law and the re establishment of their republic they organized their forces and sent them forward to intercept the british battalions this although sir garnet wolseley had but lately made proclamation that so long as the sun shone in the heavens the transvaal would be and remain english territory and also in spite of the fact that the commander of the 94th regiment already on the march to suppress this rebellion had been heard to say that the boers would turn tail at the first beat of the big drum [ south africa as it is by f reginald statham page 82 london t fisher unwin 1897 ] four days after the flag raising the boer force which had been sent forward to forbid the invasion of the english troops met them at bronkhorst spruit 246 men of the 94th regiment in command of a colonel the big drum beating the band playing and the first battle was fought it lasted ten minutes result british loss more than 150 officers and men out of the 246 surrender of the remnant boer loss if any not stated they are fine marksmen the boers from the cradle up they live on horseback and hunt wild animals with the rifle they have a passion for liberty and the bible and care for nothing else general sir george colley lieutenant governor and commander in chief in natal felt it his duty to proceed at once to the relief of the loyalists and soldiers beleaguered in the different towns of the transvaal he moved out with 1 000 men and some artillery he found the boers encamped in a strong and sheltered position on high ground at laing's nek every boer behind a rock early in the morning of the 28th january 1881 he moved to the attack with the 58th regiment commanded by colonel deane a mounted squadron of 70 men the 60th rifles the naval brigade with three rocket tubes and the artillery with six guns he shelled the boers for twenty minutes then the assault was delivered the 58th marching up the slope in solid column the battle was soon finished with this result according to russell british loss in killed and wounded 174 boer loss trifling colonel deane was killed and apparently every officer above the grade of lieutenant was killed or wounded for the 58th retreated to its camp in command of a lieutenant africa as it is that ended the second battle on the 7th of february general colley discovered that the boers were flanking his position the next morning he left his camp at mount pleasant and marched out and crossed the ingogo river with 270 men started up the ingogo heights and there fought a battle which lasted from noon till nightfall he then retreated leaving his wounded with his military chaplain and in recrossing the now swollen river lost some of his men by drowning that was the third boer victory result according to mr russell british loss 150 out of 270 engaged boer loss 8 killed 9 wounded 17 there was a season of quiet now but at the end of about three weeks sir george colley conceived the idea of climbing with an infantry and artillery force the steep and rugged mountain of amajuba in the night a bitter hard task but he accomplished it on the way he left about 200 men to guard a strategic point and took about 400 up the mountain with him when the sun rose in the morning there was an unpleasant surprise for the boers yonder were the english troops visible on top of the mountain two or three miles away and now their own position was at the mercy of the english artillery the boer chief resolved to retreat up that mountain he asked for volunteers and got them the storming party crossed the swale and began to creep up the steeps and from behind rocks and bushes they shot at the soldiers on the skyline as if they were stalking deer says mr russell there was continuous musketry fire steady and fatal on the one side wild and ineffectual on the other the boers reached the top and began to put in their ruinous work presently the british broke and fled for their lives down the rugged steep the boers had won the battle result in killed and wounded including among the killed the british general british loss 226 out of 400 engaged boer loss 1 killed 5 wounded that ended the war england listened to reason and recognized the boer republic a government which has never been in any really awful danger since until jameson started after it with his 500 raw young fellows to recapitulate the boer farmers and british soldiers fought 4 battles and the boers won them all result of the 4 in killed and wounded british loss 700 men boer loss so far as known 23 men it is interesting now to note how loyally jameson and his several trained british military officers tried to make their battles conform to precedent mr garrett's account of the raid is much the best one i have met with and my impressions of the raid are drawn from that when jameson learned that near krugersdorp he would find 800 boers waiting to dispute his passage he was not in the least disturbed he was feeling as he had felt two or three days before when he had opened his campaign with a historic remark to the same purport as the one with which the commander of the 94th had opened the boer british war of fourteen years before that commander's remark was that the boers would turn tail at the first beat of the big drum jameson's was that with his raw young fellows he could kick the persons of the boers all round the transvaal he was keeping close to historic precedent jameson arrived in the presence of the boers they according to precedent were not visible it was a country of ridges depressions rocks ditches moraines of mining tailings not even as favorable for cavalry work as laing's nek had been in the former disastrous days jameson shot at the ridges and rocks with his artillery just as general colley had done at the nek and did them no damage and persuaded no boer to show himself then about a hundred of his men formed up to charge the ridge according to the 58th's precedent at the nek but as they dashed forward they opened out in a long line which was a considerable improvement on the 58th's tactics when they had gotten to within 200 yards of the ridge the concealed boers opened out on them and emptied 20 saddles the unwounded dismounted and fired at the rocks over the backs of their horses but the return fire was too hot and they mounted again and galloped back or crawled away into a clump of reeds for cover where they were shortly afterward taken prisoners as they lay among the reeds some thirty prisoners were so taken and during the night which followed the boers carried away another thirty killed and wounded the wounded to krugersdorp hospital sixty per cent of the assaulted force disposed of according to mr garrett's estimate it was according to amajuba precedent where the british loss was 226 out of about 400 engaged also in jameson's camp that night there lay about 30 wounded or otherwise disabled men also during the night some 30 or 40 young fellows got separated from the command and straggled through into johannesburg altogether a possible 150 men gone out of his 530 his lads had fought valorously but had not been able to get near enough to a boer to kick him around the transvaal at dawn the next morning the column of something short of 400 whites resumed its march jameson's grit was stubbornly good indeed it was always that he still had hopes there was a long and tedious zigzagging march through broken ground with constant harassment from the boers and at last the column walked into a sort of trap and the boers closed in upon it men and horses dropped on all sides in the column the feeling grew that unless it could burst through the boer lines at this point it was done for the maxims were fired until they grew too hot and water failing for the cool jacket five of them jammed and went out of action the 7 pounder was fired until only half an hour's ammunition was left to fire with one last rush was made and failed and then the staats artillery came up on the left flank and the game was up jameson hoisted a white flag and surrendered there is a story which may not be true about an ignorant boer farmer there who thought that this white flag was the national flag of england he had been at bronkhorst and laing's nek and ingogo and amajuba and supposed that the english did not run up their flag excepting at the end of a fight the following is as i understand it mr garrett's estimate of jameson's total loss in killed and wounded for the two days when they gave in they were minus some 20 per cent of combatants there were 76 casualties there were 30 men hurt or sick in the wagons there were 27 killed on the spot or mortally wounded total 133 out of the original 530 it is just 25 per cent [however i judge that the total was really 150 for the number of wounded carried to krugersdorp hospital was 53 not 30 as mr garrett reports it the lady whose guest i was in krugerdorp gave me the figures she was head nurse from the beginning of hostilities jan 1 until the professional nurses arrived jan 8th of the 53 three or four were boers i quote her words ] this is a large improvement upon the precedents established at bronkhorst laing's nek ingogo and amajuba and seems to indicate that boer marksmanship is not so good now as it was in those days but there is one detail in which the raid episode exactly repeats history by surrender at bronkhorst the whole british force disappeared from the theater of war this was the case with jameson's force in the boer loss also historical precedent is followed with sufficient fidelity in the 4 battles named above the boer loss so far as known was an average of 6 men per battle to the british average loss of 175 in jameson's battles as per boer official report the boer loss in killed was 4 two of these were killed by the boers themselves by accident the other by jameson's army one of them intentionally the other by a pathetic mischance a young boer named jacobz was moving forward to give a drink to one of the wounded troopers jameson's after the first charge when another wounded man mistaking his intention shot him there were three or four wounded boers in the krugersdorp hospital and apparently no others have been reported mr garrett on a balance of probabilities fully accepts the official version and thanks heaven the killed was not larger as a military man i wish to point out what seems to me to be military errors in the conduct of the campaign which we have just been considering i have seen active service in the field and it was in the actualities of war that i acquired my training and my right to speak i served two weeks in the beginning of our civil war and during all that tune commanded a battery of infantry composed of twelve men general grant knew the history of my campaign for i told it him i also told him the principle upon which i had conducted it which was to tire the enemy i tired out and disqualified many battalions yet never had a casualty myself nor lost a man general grant was not given to paying compliments yet he said frankly that if i had conducted the whole war much bloodshed would have been spared and that what the army might have lost through the inspiriting results of collision in the field would have been amply made up by the liberalizing influences of travel further endorsement does not seem to me to be necessary let us now examine history and see what it teaches in the 4 battles fought in 1881 and the two fought by jameson the british loss in killed wounded and prisoners was substantially 1 300 men the boer loss as far as is ascertainable eras about 30 men these figures show that there was a defect somewhere it was not in the absence of courage i think it lay in the absence of discretion the briton should have done one thing or the other discarded british methods and fought the boer with boer methods or augmented his own force until using british methods it should be large enough to equalize results with the boer to retain the british method requires certain things determinable by arithmetic if for argument's sake we allow that the aggregate of 1 716 british soldiers engaged in the 4 early battles was opposed by the same aggregate of boers we have this result the british loss of 700 and the boer loss of 23 argues that in order to equalize results in future battles you must make the british force thirty times as strong as the boer force mr garrett shows that the boer force immediately opposed to jameson was 2 000 and that there were 6 000 more on hand by the evening of the second day arithmetic shows that in order to make himself the equal of the 8 000 boers jameson should have had 240 000 men whereas he merely had 530 boys from a military point of view backed by the facts of history i conceive that jameson's military judgment was at fault another thing jameson was encumbered by artillery ammunition and rifles the facts of the battle show that he should have had none of those things along they were heavy they were in his way they impeded his march there was nothing to shoot at but rocks he knew quite well that there would be nothing to shoot at but rocks and he knew that artillery and rifles have no effect upon rocks he was badly overloaded with unessentials he had 8 maxims a maxim is a kind of gatling i believe and shoots about 500 bullets per minute he had one 12 1/2 pounder cannon and two 7 pounders also 145 000 rounds of ammunition he worked the maxims so hard upon the rocks that five of them became disabled five of the maxims not the rocks it is believed that upwards of 100 000 rounds of ammunition of the various kinds were fired during the 21 hours that the battles lasted one man killed he must have been much mutilated it was a pity to bring those futile maxims along jameson should have furnished himself with a battery of pudd'nhead wilson maxims instead they are much more deadly than those others and they are easily carried because they have no weight mr garrett not very carefully concealing a smile excuses the presence of the maxims by saying that they were of very substantial use because their sputtering disordered the aim of the boers and in that way saved lives three cannon eight maxims and five hundred rifles yielded a result which emphasized a fact which had already been established that the british system of standing out in the open to fight boers who are behind rocks is not wise not excusable and ought to be abandoned for something more efficacious for the purpose of war is to kill not merely to waste ammunition if i could get the management of one of those campaigns i would know what to do for i have studied the boer he values the bible above every other thing the most delicious edible in south africa is biltong you will have seen it mentioned in olive schreiner's books it is what our plainsmen call jerked beef it is the boer's main standby he has a passion for it and he is right if i had the command of the campaign i would go with rifles only no cumbersome maxims and cannon to spoil good rocks with i would move surreptitiously by night to a point about a quarter of a mile from the boer camp and there i would build up a pyramid of biltong and bibles fifty feet high and then conceal my men all about in the morning the boers would send out spies and then the rest would come with a rush i would surround them and they would have to fight my men on equal terms in the open there wouldn't be any amajuba results [just as i am finishing this book an unfortunate dispute has sprung up between dr jameson and his officers on the one hand and colonel rhodes on the other concerning the wording of a note which colonel rhodes sent from johannesburg by a cyclist to jameson just before hostilities began on the memorable new year's day some of the fragments of this note were found on the battlefield after the fight and these have been pieced together the dispute is as to what words the lacking fragments contained jameson says the note promised him a reinforcement of 300 men from johannesburg colonel rhodes denies this and says he merely promised to send out some men to meet you ] [it seems a pity that these friends should fall out over so little a thing if the 300 had been sent what good would it have done in 21 hours of industrious fighting jameson's 530 men with 8 maxims 3 cannon and 145 000 rounds of ammunition killed an aggregate of 1 boer these statistics show that a reinforcement of 300 johannesburgers armed merely with muskets would have killed at the outside only a little over a half of another boer this would not have saved the day it would not even have seriously affected the general result the figures show clearly and with mathematical violence that the only way to save jameson or even give him a fair and equal chance with the enemy was for johannesburg to send him 240 maxims 90 cannon 600 carloads of ammunition and 240 000 men johannesburg was not in a position to do this johannesburg has been called very hard names for not reinforcing jameson but in every instance this has been done by two classes of persons people who do not read history and people like jameson who do not understand what it means after they have read it ] chapter lxviii none of us can have as many virtues as the fountain pen or half its cussedness but we can try pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar the duke of fife has borne testimony that mr rhodes deceived him that is also what mr rhodes did with the reformers he got them into trouble and then stayed out himself a judicious man he has always been that as to this there was a moment of doubt once it was when he was out on his last pirating expedition in the matabele country the cable shouted out that he had gone unarmed to visit a party of hostile chiefs it was true too and this dare devil thing came near fetching another indiscretion out of the poet laureate it would have been too bad for when the facts were all in it turned out that there was a lady along too and she also was unarmed in the opinion of many people mr rhodes is south africa others think he is only a large part of it these latter consider that south africa consists of table mountain the diamond mines the johannesburg gold fields and cecil rhodes the gold fields are wonderful in every way in seven or eight years they built up in a desert a city of a hundred thousand inhabitants counting white and black together and not the ordinary mining city of wooden shanties but a city made out of lasting material nowhere in the world is there such a concentration of rich mines as at johannesburg mr bonamici my manager there gave me a small gold brick with some statistics engraved upon it which record the output of gold from the early days to july 1895 and exhibit the strides which have been made in the development of the industry in 1888 the output was $4 162 440 the output of the next five and a half years was total $17 585 894 for the single year ending with june 1895 it was $45 553 700 the capital which has developed the mines came from england the mining engineers from america this is the case with the diamond mines also south africa seems to be the heaven of the american scientific mining engineer he gets the choicest places and keeps them his salary is not based upon what he would get in america but apparently upon what a whole family of him would get there the successful mines pay great dividends yet the rock is not rich from a californian point of view rock which yields ten or twelve dollars a ton is considered plenty rich enough it is troubled with base metals to such a degree that twenty years ago it would have been only about half as valuable as it is now for at that time there was no paying way of getting anything out of such rock but the coarser grained free gold but the new cyanide process has changed all that and the gold fields of the world now deliver up fifty million dollars' worth of gold per year which would have gone into the tailing pile under the former conditions the cyanide process was new to me and full of interest and among the costly and elaborate mining machinery there were fine things which were new to me but i was already familiar with the rest of the details of the gold mining industry i had been a gold miner myself in my day and knew substantially everything that those people knew about it except how to make money at it but i learned a good deal about the boers there and that was a fresh subject what i heard there was afterwards repeated to me in other parts of south africa summed up according to the information thus gained this is the boer he is deeply religious profoundly ignorant dull obstinate bigoted uncleanly in his habits hospitable honest in his dealings with the whites a hard master to his black servant lazy a good shot good horseman addicted to the chase a lover of political independence a good husband and father not fond of herding together in towns but liking the seclusion and remoteness and solitude and empty vastness and silence of the veldt a man of a mighty appetite and not delicate about what he appeases it with well satisfied with pork and indian corn and biltong requiring only that the quantity shall not be stinted willing to ride a long journey to take a hand in a rude all night dance interspersed with vigorous feeding and boisterous jollity but ready to ride twice as far for a prayer meeting proud of his dutch and huguenot origin and its religious and military history proud of his race's achievements in south africa its bold plunges into hostile and uncharted deserts in search of free solitudes unvexed by the pestering and detested english also its victories over the natives and the british proudest of all of the direct and effusive personal interest which the deity has always taken in its affairs he cannot read he cannot write he has one or two newspapers but he is apparently not aware of it until latterly he had no schools and taught his children nothing news is a term which has no meaning to him and the thing itself he cares nothing about he hates to be taxed and resents it he has stood stock still in south africa for two centuries and a half and would like to stand still till the end of time for he has no sympathy with uitlander notions of progress he is hungry to be rich for he is human but his preference has been for riches in cattle not in fine clothes and fine houses and gold and diamonds the gold and the diamonds have brought the godless stranger within his gates also contamination and broken repose and he wishes that they had never been discovered i think that the bulk of those details can be found in olive schreiner's books and she would not be accused of sketching the boer's portrait with an unfair hand now what would you expect from that unpromising material what ought you to expect from it laws inimical to religious liberty yes laws denying representation and suffrage to the intruder yes laws unfriendly to educational institutions yes laws obstructive of gold production yes discouragement of railway expansion yes laws heavily taxing the intruder and overlooking the boer yes the uitlander seems to have expected something very different from all that i do not know why nothing different from it was rationally to be expected a round man cannot be expected to fit a square hole right away he must have time to modify his shape the modification had begun in a detail or two before the raid and was making some progress it has made further progress since there are wise men in the boer government and that accounts for the modification the modification of the boer mass has probably not begun yet if the heads of the boer government had not been wise men they would have hanged jameson and thus turned a very commonplace pirate into a holy martyr but even their wisdom has its limits and they will hang mr rhodes if they ever catch him that will round him and complete him and make him a saint he has already been called by all other titles that symbolize human grandeur and he ought to rise to this one the grandest of all it will be a dizzy jump from where he is now but that is nothing it will land him in good company and be a pleasant change for him some of the things demanded by the johannesburgers' manifesto have been conceded since the days of the raid and the others will follow in time no doubt it was most fortunate for the miners of johannesburg that the taxes which distressed them so much were levied by the boer government instead of by their friend rhodes and his chartered company of highwaymen for these latter take half of whatever their mining victims find they do not stop at a mere percentage if the johannesburg miners were under their jurisdiction they would be in the poorhouse in twelve months i have been under the impression all along that i had an unpleasant paragraph about the boers somewhere in my notebook and also a pleasant one i have found them now the unpleasant one is dated at an interior village and says mr z called he is an english afrikander is an old resident and has a boer wife he speaks the language and his professional business is with the boers exclusively he told me that the ancient boer families in the great region of which this village is the commercial center are falling victims to their inherited indolence and dullness in the materialistic latter day race and struggle and are dropping one by one into the grip of the usurer getting hopelessly in debt and are losing their high place and retiring to second and lower the boer's farm does not go to another boer when he loses it but to a foreigner some have fallen so low that they sell their daughters to the blacks under date of another south african town i find the note which is creditable to the boers dr x told me that in the kafir war 1 500 kafirs took refuge in a great cave in the mountains about 90 miles north of johannesburg and the boers blocked up the entrance and smoked them to death dr x has been in there and seen the great array of bleached skeletons one a woman with the skeleton of a child hugged to her breast the great bulk of the savages must go the white man wants their lands and all must go excepting such percentage of them as he will need to do his work for him upon terms to be determined by himself since history has removed the element of guesswork from this matter and made it certainty the humanest way of diminishing the black population should be adopted not the old cruel ways of the past mr rhodes and his gang have been following the old ways they are chartered to rob and slay and they lawfully do it but not in a compassionate and christian spirit they rob the mashonas and the matabeles of a portion of their territories in the hallowed old style of purchase! for a song and then they force a quarrel and take the rest by the strong hand they rob the natives of their cattle under the pretext that all the cattle in the country belonged to the king whom they have tricked and assassinated they issue regulations requiring the incensed and harassed natives to work for the white settlers and neglect their own affairs to do it this is slavery and is several times worse than was the american slavery which used to pain england so much for when this rhodesian slave is sick super annuated or otherwise disabled he must support himself or starve his master is under no obligation to support him the reduction of the population by rhodesian methods to the desired limit is a return to the old time slow misery and lingering death system of a discredited time and a crude civilization we humanely reduce an overplus of dogs by swift chloroform the boer humanely reduced an overplus of blacks by swift suffocation the nameless but right hearted australian pioneer humanely reduced his overplus of aboriginal neighbors by a sweetened swift death concealed in a poisoned pudding all these are admirable and worthy of praise you and i would rather suffer either of these deaths thirty times over in thirty successive days than linger out one of the rhodesian twenty year deaths with its daily burden of insult humiliation and forced labor for a man whose entire race the victim hates rhodesia is a happy name for that land of piracy and pillage and puts the right stain upon it several long journeys gave us experience of the cape colony railways easy riding fine cars all the conveniences thorough cleanliness comfortable beds furnished for the night trains it was in the first days of june and winter the daytime was pleasant the nighttime nice and cold spinning along all day in the cars it was ecstasy to breathe the bracing air and gaze out over the vast brown solitudes of the velvet plains soft and lovely near by still softer and lovelier further away softest and loveliest of all in the remote distances where dim island hills seemed afloat as in a sea a sea made of dream stuff and flushed with colors faint and rich and dear me the depth of the sky and the beauty of the strange new cloud forms and the glory of the sunshine the lavishness the wastefulness of it! the vigor and freshness and inspiration of the air and the sunwell it was all just as olive schreiner had made it in her books to me the veldt in its sober winter garb was surpassingly beautiful there were unlevel stretches where it was rolling and swelling and rising and subsiding and sweeping superbly on and on and still on and on like an ocean toward the faraway horizon its pale brown deepening by delicately graduated shades to rich orange and finally to purple and crimson where it washed against the wooded hills and naked red crags at the base of the sky everywhere from cape town to kimberley and from kimberley to port elizabeth and east london the towns were well populated with tamed blacks tamed and christianized too i suppose for they wore the dowdy clothes of our christian civilization but for that many of them would have been remarkably handsome these fiendish clothes together with the proper lounging gait good natured face happy air and easy laugh made them precise counterparts of our american blacks often where all the other aspects were strikingly and harmoniously and thrillingly african a flock of these natives would intrude looking wholly out of place and spoil it all making the thing a grating discord half african and half american one sunday in king william's town a score of colored women came mincing across the great barren square dressed oh in the last perfection of fashion and newness and expensiveness and showy mixture of unrelated colors all just as i had seen it so often at home and in their faces and their gait was that languishing aristocratic divine delight in their finery which was so familiar to me and had always been such a satisfaction to my eye and my heart i seemed among old old friends friends of fifty years and i stopped and cordially greeted them they broke into a good fellowship laugh flashing their white teeth upon me and all answered at once i did not understand a word they said i was astonished i was not dreaming that they would answer in anything but american the voices too of the african women were familiar to me sweet and musical just like those of the slave women of my early days i followed a couple of them all over the orange free state no over its capital bloemfontein to hear their liquid voices and the happy ripple of their laughter their language was a large improvement upon american also upon the zulu it had no zulu clicks in it and it seemed to have no angles or corners no roughness no vile s's or other hissing sounds but was very very mellow and rounded and flowing in moving about the country in the trains i had opportunity to see a good many boers of the veldt one day at a village station a hundred of them got out of the third class cars to feed their clothes were very interesting for ugliness of shapes and for miracles of ugly colors inharmoniously associated they were a record the effect was nearly as exciting and interesting as that produced by the brilliant and beautiful clothes and perfect taste always on view at the indian railway stations one man had corduroy trousers of a faded chewing gum tint and they were new showing that this tint did not come by calamity but was intentional the very ugliest color i have ever seen a gaunt shackly country lout six feet high in battered gray slouched hat with wide brim and old resin colored breeches had on a hideous brand new woolen coat which was imitation tiger skin wavy broad stripes of dazzling yellow and deep brown i thought he ought to be hanged and asked the station master if it could be arranged he said no and not only that but said it rudely said it with a quite unnecessary show of feeling then he muttered something about my being a jackass and walked away and pointed me out to people and did everything he could to turn public sentiment against me it is what one gets for trying to do good in the train that day a passenger told me some more about boer life out in the lonely veldt he said the boer gets up early and sets his niggers at their tasks pasturing the cattle and watching them eats smokes drowses sleeps toward evening superintends the milking etc eats smokes drowses goes to bed at early candlelight in the fragrant clothes he and she have worn all day and every week day for years i remember that last detail in olive schreiner's story of an african farm and the passenger told me that the boers were justly noted for their hospitality he told me a story about it he said that his grace the bishop of a certain see was once making a business progress through the tavernless veldt and one night he stopped with a boer after supper was shown to bed he undressed weary and worn out and was soon sound asleep in the night he woke up feeling crowded and suffocated and found the old boer and his fat wife in bed with him one on each side with all their clothes on and snoring he had to stay there and stand it awake and suffering until toward dawn when sleep again fell upon him for an hour then he woke again the boer was gone but the wife was still at his side those reformers detested that boer prison they were not used to cramped quarters and tedious hours and weary idleness and early to bed and limited movement and arbitrary and irritating rules and the absence of the luxuries which wealth comforts the day and the night with the confinement told upon their bodies and their spirits still they were superior men and they made the best that was to be made of the circumstances their wives smuggled delicacies to them which helped to smooth the way down for the prison fare in the train mr b told me that the boer jail guards treated the black prisoners even political ones mercilessly an african chief and his following had been kept there nine months without trial and during all that time they had been without shelter from rain and sun he said that one day the guards put a big black in the stocks for dashing his soup on the ground they stretched his legs painfully wide apart and set him with his back down hill he could not endure it and put back his hands upon the slope for a support the guard ordered him to withdraw the support and kicked him in the back then said mr b 'the powerful black wrenched the stocks asunder and went for the guard a reform prisoner pulled him off and thrashed the guard himself chapter lxix the very ink with which all history is written is merely fluid prejudice pudd'nhead wilsons's new calendar there isn't a parallel of latitude but thinks it would have been the equator if it had had its rights pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar next to mr rhodes to me the most interesting convulsion of nature in south africa was the diamond crater the rand gold fields are a stupendous marvel and they make all other gold fields small but i was not a stranger to gold mining the veldt was a noble thing to see but it was only another and lovelier variety of our great plains the natives were very far from being uninteresting but they were not new and as for the towns i could find my way without a guide through the most of them because i had learned the streets under other names in towns just like them in other lands but the diamond mine was a wholly fresh thing a splendid and absorbing novelty very few people in the world have seen the diamond in its home it has but three or four homes in the world whereas gold has a million it is worth while to journey around the globe to see anything which can truthfully be called a novelty and the diamond mine is the greatest and most select and restricted novelty which the globe has in stock the kimberley diamond deposits were discovered about 1869 i think when everything is taken into consideration the wonder is that they were not discovered five thousand years ago and made familiar to the african world for the rest of time for this reason the first diamonds were found on the surface of the ground they were smooth and limpid and in the sunlight they vomited fire they were the very things which an african savage of any era would value above every other thing in the world excepting a glass bead for two or three centuries we have been buying his lands his cattle his neighbor and any other thing he had for sale for glass beads and so it is strange that he was indifferent to the diamonds for he must have pickets them up many and many a time it would not occur to him to try to sell them to whites of course since the whites already had plenty of glass beads and more fashionably shaped too than these but one would think that the poorer sort of black who could not afford real glass would have been humbly content to decorate himself with the imitation and that presently the white trader would notice the things and dimly suspect and carry some of them home and find out what they were and at once empty a multitude of fortune hunters into africa there are many strange things in human history one of the strangest is that the sparkling diamonds laid there so long without exciting any one's interest the revelation came at last by accident in a boer's hut out in the wide solitude of the plains a traveling stranger noticed a child playing with a bright object and was told it was a piece of glass which had been found in the veldt the stranger bought it for a trifle and carried it away and being without honor made another stranger believe it was a diamond and so got $125 out of him for it and was as pleased with himself as if he had done a righteous thing in paris the wronged stranger sold it to a pawnshop for $10 000 who sold it to a countess for $90 000 who sold it to a brewer for $800 000 who traded it to a king for a dukedom and a pedigree and the king put it up the spout [handwritten note from the greek meaning 'pawned it ' m t ] i know these particulars to be correct the news flew around and the south african diamond boom began the original traveler the dishonest one now remembered that he had once seen a boer teamster chocking his wagon wheel on a steep grade with a diamond as large as a football and he laid aside his occupations and started out to hunt for it but not with the intention of cheating anybody out of $125 with it for he had reformed we now come to matters more didactic diamonds are not imbedded in rock ledges fifty miles long like the johannesburg gold but are distributed through the rubbish of a filled up well so to speak the well is rich its walls are sharply defined outside of the walls are no diamonds the well is a crater and a large one before it had been meddled with its surface was even with the level plain and there was no sign to suggest that it was there the pasturage covering the surface of the kimberley crater was sufficient for the support of a cow and the pasturage underneath was sufficient for the support of a kingdom but the cow did not know it and lost her chance the kimberley crater is roomy enough to admit the roman coliseum the bottom of the crater has not been reached and no one can tell how far down in the bowels of the earth it goes originally it was a perpendicular hole packed solidly full of blue rock or cement and scattered through that blue mass like raisins in a pudding were the diamonds as deep down in the earth as the blue stuff extends so deep will the diamonds be found there are three or four other celebrated craters near by a circle three miles in diameter would enclose them all they are owned by the de beers company a consolidation of diamond properties arranged by mr rhodes twelve or fourteen years ago the de beers owns other craters they are under the grass but the de beers knows where they are and will open them some day if the market should require it originally the diamond deposits were the property of the orange free state but a judicious rectification of the boundary line shifted them over into the british territory of cape colony a high official of the free state told me that the sum of $4 00 000 was handed to his commonwealth as a compromise or indemnity or something of the sort and that he thought his commonwealth did wisely to take the money and keep out of a dispute since the power was all on the one side and the weakness all on the other the de beers company dig out $400 000 worth of diamonds per week now the cape got the territory but no profit for mr rhodes and the rothschilds and the other de beers people own the mines and they pay no taxes in our day the mines are worked upon scientific principles under the guidance of the ablest mining engineering talent procurable in america there are elaborate works for reducing the blue rock and passing it through one process after another until every diamond it contains has been hunted down and secured i watched the concentrators at work big tanks containing mud and water and invisible diamonds and was told that each could stir and churn and properly treat 300 car loads of mud per day 1 600 pounds to the car load and reduce it to 3 car loads of slush i saw the 3 carloads of slush taken to the pulsators and there reduced to quarter of a load of nice clean dark colored sand then i followed it to the sorting tables and saw the men deftly and swiftly spread it out and brush it about and seize the diamonds as they showed up i assisted and once i found a diamond half as large as an almond it is an exciting kind of fishing and you feel a fine thrill of pleasure every time you detect the glow of one of those limpid pebbles through the veil of dark sand i would like to spend my saturday holidays in that charming sport every now and then of course there are disappointments sometimes you find a diamond which is not a diamond it is only a quartz crystal or some such worthless thing the expert can generally distinguish it from the precious stone which it is counterfeiting but if he is in doubt he lays it on a flatiron and hits it with a sledgehammer if it is a diamond it holds its own if it is anything else it is reduced to powder i liked that experiment very much and did not tire of repetitions of it it was full of enjoyable apprehensions unmarred by any personal sense of risk the de beers concern treats 8 000 carloads about 6 000 tons of blue rock per day and the result is three pounds of diamonds value uncut $50 000 to $70 000 after cutting they will weigh considerably less than a pound but will be worth four or five times as much as they were before all the plain around that region is spread over a foot deep with blue rock placed there by the company and looks like a plowed field exposure for a length of time make the rock easier to work than it is when it comes out of the mine if mining should cease now the supply of rock spread over those fields would furnish the usual 8 000 car loads per day to the separating works during three years the fields are fenced and watched and at night they are under the constant inspection of lofty electric searchlight they contain fifty or sixty million dollars' worth' of diamonds and there is an abundance of enterprising thieves around in the dirt of the kimberley streets there is much hidden wealth some time ago the people were granted the privilege of a free wash up there was a general rush the work was done with thoroughness and a good harvest of diamonds was gathered the deep mining is done by natives there are many hundreds of them they live in quarters built around the inside of a great compound they are a jolly and good natured lot and accommodating they performed a war dance for us which was the wildest exhibition i have ever seen they are not allowed outside of the compound during their term of service three months i think it is as a rule they go down the shaft stand their watch come up again are searched and go to bed or to their amusements in the compound and this routine they repeat day in and day out it is thought that they do not now steal many diamonds successfully they used to swallow them and find other ways of concealing them but the white man found ways of beating their various games one man cut his leg and shoved a diamond into the wound but even that project did not succeed when they find a fine large diamond they are more likely to report it than to steal it for in the former case they get a reward and in the latter they are quite apt to merely get into trouble some years ago in a mine not owned by the de beers a black found what has been claimed to be the largest diamond known to the world's history and as a reward he was released from service and given a blanket a horse and five hundred dollars it made him a vanderbilt he could buy four wives and have money left four wives are an ample support for a native with four wives he is wholly independent and need never do a stroke of work again that great diamond weighs 97l carats some say it is as big as a piece of alum others say it is as large as a bite of rock candy but the best authorities agree that it is almost exactly the size of a chunk of ice but those details are not important and in my opinion not trustworthy it has a flaw in it otherwise it would be of incredible value as it is it is held to be worth $2 000 000 after cutting it ought to be worth from $5 000 000 to $8 000 000 therefore persons desiring to save money should buy it now it is owned by a syndicate and apparently there is no satisfactory market for it it is earning nothing it is eating its head off up to this time it has made nobody rich but the native who found it he found it in a mine which was being worked by contract that is to say a company had bought the privilege of taking from the mine 5 000 000 carloads of blue rock for a sum down and a royalty their speculation had not paid but on the very day that their privilege ran out that native found the $2 000 000 diamond and handed it over to them even the diamond culture is not without its romantic episodes the koh i noor is a large diamond and valuable but it cannot compete in these matters with three which according to legend are among the crown trinkets of portugal and russia one of these is held to be worth $20 000 000 another $25 000 000 and the third something over $28 000 000 those are truly wonderful diamonds whether they exist or not and yet they are of but little importance by comparison with the one wherewith the boer wagoner chocked his wheel on that steep grade as heretofore referred to in kimberley i had some conversation with the man who saw the boer do that an incident which had occurred twenty seven or twenty eight years before i had my talk with him he assured me that that diamond's value could have been over a billion dollars but not under it i believed him because he had devoted twenty seven years to hunting for it and was in a position to know a fitting and interesting finish to an examination of the tedious and laborious and costly processes whereby the diamonds are gotten out of the deeps of the earth and freed from the base stuffs which imprison them is the visit to the de beers offices in the town of kimberley where the result of each day's mining is brought every day and weighed assorted valued and deposited in safes against shipping day an unknown and unaccredited person cannot get into that place and it seemed apparent from the generous supply of warning and protective and prohibitory signs that were posted all about that not even the known and accredited can steal diamonds there without inconvenience we saw the day's output shining little nests of diamonds distributed a foot apart along a counter each nest reposing upon a sheet of white paper that day's catch was about $70 000 worth in the course of a year half a ton of diamonds pass under the scales there and sleep on that counter the resulting money is $18 000 000 or $20 000 000 profit about $12 000 000 young girls were doing the sorting a nice clean dainty and probably distressing employment every day ducal incomes sift and sparkle through the fingers of those young girls yet they go to bed at night as poor as they were when they got up in the morning the same thing next day and all the days they are beautiful things those diamonds in their native state they are of various shapes they have flat surfaces rounded borders and never a sharp edge they are of all colors and shades of color from dewdrop white to actual black and their smooth and rounded surfaces and contours variety of color and transparent limpidity make them look like piles of assorted candies a very light straw color is their commonest tint it seemed to me that these uncut gems must be more beautiful than any cut ones could be but when a collection of cut ones was brought out i saw my mistake nothing is so beautiful as a rose diamond with the light playing through it except that uncostly thing which is just like it wavy sea water with the sunlight playing through it and striking a white sand bottom before the middle of july we reached cape town and the end of our african journeyings and well satisfied for towering above us was table mountain a reminder that we had now seen each and all of the great features of south africa except mr cecil rhodes i realize that that is a large exception i know quite well that whether mr rhodes is the lofty and worshipful patriot and statesman that multitudes believe him to be or satan come again as the rest of the world account him he is still the most imposing figure in the british empire outside of england when he stands on the cape of good hope his shadow falls to the zambesi he is the only colonial in the british dominions whose goings and comings are chronicled and discussed under all the globe's meridians and whose speeches unclipped are cabled from the ends of the earth and he is the only unroyal outsider whose arrival in london can compete for attention with an eclipse that he is an extraordinary man and not an accident of fortune not even his dearest south african enemies were willing to deny so far as i heard them testify the whole south african world seemed to stand in a kind of shuddering awe of him friend and enemy alike it was as if he were deputy god on the one side deputy satan on the other proprietor of the people able to make them or ruin them by his breath worshiped by many hated by many but blasphemed by none among the judicious and even by the indiscreet in guarded whispers only what is the secret of his formidable supremacy one says it is his prodigious wealth a wealth whose drippings in salaries and in other ways support multitudes and make them his interested and loyal vassals another says it is his personal magnetism and his persuasive tongue and that these hypnotize and make happy slaves of all that drift within the circle of their influence another says it is his majestic ideas his vast schemes for the territorial aggrandizement of england his patriotic and unselfish ambition to spread her beneficent protection and her just rule over the pagan wastes of africa and make luminous the african darkness with the glory of her name and another says he wants the earth and wants it for his own and that the belief that he will get it and let his friends in on the ground floor is the secret that rivets so many eyes upon him and keeps him in the zenith where the view is unobstructed one may take his choice they are all the same price one fact is sure he keeps his prominence and a vast following no matter what he does he deceives the duke of fife it is the duke's word but that does not destroy the duke's loyalty to him he tricks the reformers into immense trouble with his raid but the most of them believe he meant well he weeps over the harshly taxed johannesburgers and makes them his friends at the same time he taxes his charter settlers 50 per cent and so wins their affection and their confidence that they are squelched with despair at every rumor that the charter is to be annulled he raids and robs and slays and enslaves the matabele and gets worlds of charter christian applause for it he has beguiled england into buying charter waste paper for bank of england notes ton for ton and the ravished still burn incense to him as the eventual god of plenty he has done everything he could think of to pull himself down to the ground he has done more than enough to pull sixteen common run great men down yet there he stands to this day upon his dizzy summit under the dome of the sky an apparent permanency the marvel of the time the mystery of the age an archangel with wings to half the world satan with a tail to the other half i admire him i frankly confess it and when his time comes i shall buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake conclusion i have traveled more than anyone else and i have noticed that even the angels speak english with an accent pudd'nhead wilson's new calendar i saw table rock anyway a majestic pile it is 3 000 feet high it is also 17 000 feet high these figures may be relied upon i got them in cape town from the two best informed citizens men who had made table rock the study of their lives and i saw table bay so named for its levelness i saw the castle built by the dutch east india company three hundred years ago where the commanding general lives i saw st simon's bay where the admiral lives i saw the government also the parliament where they quarreled in two languages when i was there and agreed in none i saw the club i saw and explored the beautiful sea girt drives that wind about the mountains and through the paradise where the villas are also i saw some of the fine old dutch mansions pleasant homes of the early times pleasant homes to day and enjoyed the privilege of their hospitalities and just before i sailed i saw in one of them a quaint old picture which was a link in a curious romance a picture of a pale intellectual young man in a pink coat with a high black collar it was a portrait of dr james barry a military surgeon who came out to the cape fifty years ago with his regiment he was a wild young fellow and was guilty of various kinds of misbehavior he was several times reported to headquarters in england and it was in each case expected that orders would come out to deal with him promptly and severely but for some mysterious reason no orders of any kind ever came back nothing came but just an impressive silence this made him an imposing and uncanny wonder to the town next he was promoted away up he was made medical superintendent general and transferred to india presently he was back at the cape again and at his escapades once more there were plenty of pretty girls but none of them caught him none of them could get hold of his heart evidently he was not a marrying man and that was another marvel another puzzle and made no end of perplexed talk once he was called in the night an obstetric service to do what he could for a woman who was believed to be dying he was prompt and scientific and saved both mother and child there are other instances of record which testify to his mastership of his profession and many which testify to his love of it and his devotion to it among other adventures of his was a duel of a desperate sort fought with swords at the castle he killed his man the child heretofore mentioned as having been saved by dr barry so long ago was named for him and still lives in cape town he had dr barry's portrait painted and gave it to the gentleman in whose old dutch house i saw it the quaint figure in pink coat and high black collar the story seems to be arriving nowhere but that is because i have not finished dr barry died in cape town 30 years ago it was then discovered that he was a woman the legend goes that enquiries soon silenced developed the fact that she was a daughter of a great english house and that that was why her cape wildnesses brought no punishment and got no notice when reported to the government at home her name was an alias she had disgraced herself with her people so she chose to change her name and her sex and take a new start in the world we sailed on the 15th of july in the norman a beautiful ship perfectly appointed the voyage to england occupied a short fortnight without a stop except at madeira a good and restful voyage for tired people and there were several of us i seemed to have been lecturing a thousand years though it was only a twelvemonth and a considerable number of the others were reformers who were fagged out with their five months of seclusion in the pretoria prison our trip around the earth ended at the southampton pier where we embarked thirteen months before it seemed a fine and large thing to have accomplished the circumnavigation of this great globe in that little time and i was privately proud of it for a moment then came one of those vanity snubbing astronomical reports from the observatory people whereby it appeared that another great body of light had lately flamed up in the remotenesses of space which was traveling at a gait which would enable it to do all that i had done in a minute and a half human pride is not worth while there is always something lying in wait to take the wind out of it end of the project gutenberg ebook of following the equator complete by mark twain samuel clemens the full project gutenberg license please read this before you distribute or use this work to protect the project gutenberg tm mission of promoting the free 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